Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry tools Tool types Byblos 47 35 single/flat axes; 8 chisels; 3 saws; 1 gouge Megiddo 18 7 single/flat axes; 6 shaft-hole axes; 4 chisels; 1 double ax Ras Shamra, Ugarit 11 8 shaft-hole axes; 2 single/flat axes; 1 chisel Jericho 3 3 single/flat axes Gezer 2 1 single/flat ax; 1 trunnion/lugged ax Tell Siyannou 1 1 shaft-hole ax (crescent shaped and fenestrated) Tell el Ajjul 1 1 trunnion/lugged ax Table 4.29: MBA Syro-Palestinian carpentry/masonry tool distribution by site Sites from the Syro-Palestinian LBA: While the demand for single/flat axes declined on Cyprus by the LBA, the implement remained the preferred carpentry/masonry tool among LBA Syro-Palestinians. Ras Shamra (Ugarit) produced the overwhelming majority of wood- and stone-working implements from the region, similar to the disproportion of tools found at Mycenae, Enkomi, and Boğazköy (Table 4.30). Given the socio-political organization of the Levant in the LBA, one would expect a more evenly scattered distribution of tools reflective of a peer-polity arrangement, akin to what is seen on Neopalatial Crete. Perhaps the restricted tool pattern in Syria-Palestine may be attributed to the thorough excavation and publication of Ugarit. The tools from LBA Ugarit included single/flat axes, chisels, shaft- hole axes/adzes, drills, and trunnion/lugged axes; this selection recalls implement types from MBA Syria-Palestine and generally from Anatolia. On the other hand, there are hardly any signs of tool similarities between Ugarit and the Aegean. Comparison of the Cypriot and Ugaritic carpentry/masonry tools indicates a few similarities, the best being the continued use of the single/flat ax into the LBA. Several shafted double-sided implements from LBA Megiddo (double axes, ax-adzes, and ax-hammers) are logical possibilities of Aegean imports or inspirations. In summary, the LBA Syro-Palestinian 212
tools changed minimally from the previous period, and any foreign traits in the tool assemblages find their closest parallels in Anatolia or Cyprus. LBA site Total LBA Ras Shamra, Ugarit tools Early LBA 1600-1400 Peak LBA 1400-1200 Late LBA 1200-1050 Tool types 80 3 70 - 50 single/flat axes; 9 chisels; 9 shaft hole adzes; 6 shaft hole axes; 4 drills; 1 socketed chisel; 1 trunnion/lugged ax Megiddo 26 6 8 6 14 chisels; 6 single/flat axes; 2 double axes; 2 ax-adzes; 1 axhammer; 1 shaft hole ax Beth Shan 3 - 3 - 1 shaft hole ax; 1 trunnion/lugged ax; 1 single/flat ax Gezer 4 1 - 1 1 single/flat ax; 2 Minet el-Beida Ugarit 2 - 1 - trunnion/lugged axes; 1 saw 2 chisels Kibbutz Hahotrim (shipwreck?) 2 - 2 - 2 chisels Nahariya 1 1 - - 1 trunnion/lugged ax Baisan 1 - 1 - 1 trunnion/lugged ax Beth Shemesh (Ain Shems) 1 - 1 - 1 trunnion/lugged ax Byblos (dates 59 - - - 39 single/flat axes; 10 chisels; 4 unknown) shaft hole axes; 2 drills; 2 Egyptian axes; 1 trunnion/lugged ax; 1 saw Qatna (date unknown) 1 - - - 1 trunnion/lugged ax Table 4.30: LBA Syro-Palestinian carpentry/masonry tool distribution by site III: Summary of the broad regional carpentry/masonry tool preferences Crete (Fig. 4.21): Cretan carpentry/masonry tools are by and large distinctive and easily differentiated from implements in other regions. There are no substantial changes in the repertoire of tools from the Protopalatial to the Neopalatial/Final palatial periods, though the quantity of each tool changed over time. The three primary Minoan carpentry/masonry tools are double axes, chisels, and saws (see C, E1, and H in Fig. 213
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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Page 194 and 195: the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197: Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199: of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201: in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203: mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205: The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207: siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213: implement, it was employed from tim
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Page 216 and 217: 3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229: are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231: the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235: eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 238 and 239: 4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249: double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253: organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259: final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263: workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265: definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267: some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269: Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271: most assemblages were destined for
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Page 280 and 281: unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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Page 284 and 285: of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
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Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
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Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
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Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
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Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
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Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
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Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
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Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
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Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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