Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry tools Tool types Troy 23 17 chisels; 3 single/flat axes; 2 saws; 1 gouge Kültepe 18 7 shaft hole axes; 6 trunnion/lugged axes; 1 single/flat ax; 2 chisels; 1 socketed chisel; 1 double ax Alishar Höyük 14 9 chisels; 2 socketed chisels; 1 drill (socketed); 1 shaft hole ax; 1 single/flat ax Beycesultan 11 4 trunnion/lugged axes; 1 single/flat ax; 5 chisels; 1 socketed chisel Alaca Höyük 11 6 chisels; 3 socketed chisels; 1 single/flat ax; 1 drill Acemhöyük 6 4 shaft hole axes; 1 trunnion/lugged ax; 1 socketed chisel Boğazköy, Hattusha 4 2 chisels; 1 drill; 1 shaft hole adze Kusura 5 4 chisels; 1 single/flat ax Tarsus 5 1 chisel; 1 shaft hole ax; 1 trunnion/lugged ax; 1 single/flat ax; 1 drill (socketed) Mersin 4 3 chisels; 1 trunnion/lugged ax Dündartepe (Samsun) 3 1 shaft hole ax; 1 trunnion/lugged ax; 1 socketed chisel Kayseri 3 3 trunnion/lugged axes Sakçagözü 3 3 shaft hole axes Alalakh 2 2 single/flat axes Karahöyük 1 1 trunnion/lugged ax Table 4.27: MBA Anatolia: carpentry/masonry tool distribution by site (sites with one tool are excluded unless they are major palatial or urban sites) Sites from the Anatolian LBA: There is a notable increase in the number of Anatolian carpentry/masonry tools from the MBA to the LBA. The most striking pattern, however, is the overwhelming quantity of tools from Boğazköy in comparison to other Anatolian centers (Table 4.28). Chisel and chisel-like implements constitute the majority (231 of 330) of Anatolian carpentry/masonry tools from this period. The LBA Anatolian chisel series includes tools with extremely small cutting edges (0.5 cm and under), which are distinctive in Anatolia and rare elsewhere. Trunnion/lugged axes and socketed chisels are MBA tools that became more popular in the LBA, while shaft-hole axes/adzes appear just as frequently in MBA and LBA contexts. The distribution of solid drills is restricted to Boğazköy. It is unclear if problems in tool identification caused this unusual pattern or if solid drills were unknown outside the Hittite capital. Although circular mortises are found in masonry 208
from numerous Hittite sites, only three Anatolian metal hollow cylinders (potential tubular drill bits) are known—all from Hattusha. Nine double axes exist from LBA Turkey, but eight are from Troy and Şarköy; these sites are better linked to Aegean cultural spheres than Hittite ones. Only one double ax came from the rest of Anatolia (Tarsus), confirming that the Aegean predilection for the double ax was never shared by Hittite craftspersons. With the popularity of the trunnion/lugged axes and the shaft-hole axes in Anatolia, the double ax perhaps was deemed an unnecessary implement. An indisputable Aegean implement, a Minoan-like saw, was uncovered at Boğazköy. 513 Conceivably more surprising than the presence of this foreign tool in central Anatolia is the otherwise total absence of saws from this region during the LBA. Regardless of the rarity of actual Hittite saws, tool marks on architectural foundations at Boğazköy and other sites (like Eflatun Pınar) confirm that Hittites used the saw in stone cutting. 514 The uneven distribution of tools in central Anatolia may largely result from the extensive excavation and publication at Boğazköy. Nevertheless, tools must have been easier to acquire within the capital city given the site’s numerous metallurgical 515 workshops. Even so, the dearth of carpentry/masonry implements at other major Hittite sites (e.g. Maşat Höyük, Ortaköy-Şapinuwa, and Kuşaklı) is unexpected, given the vast quantity of tools at Hattusha. Some sites like Ortaköy-Şapinuwa and Kuşaklı are known through preliminarily publications, so greater numbers of tools may survive than what is 513 Neve 1989. 514 Seeher 2007. 515 Metallurgical workshops are known from the Old Hittite and empire periods at Boğazköy. For Old Hittite: see, Müller-Karpe 1994, 72-73, figures 46, 47, plates 4.3, 5.2, 5.5; Yildirim and Gates 2007, 296. For metallurgical activity at Boğazköy from the Hittite empire period, especially within the Oberstadt, see Müller-Karpe 1994, 73-74, 82-84, figures 49 and 57; Neve 1999, 112, 123-124, 127-132, 137-143, figures 60, 66, 67. 209
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183: Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185: Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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Page 192 and 193: worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195: the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197: Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199: of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201: in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203: mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205: The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207: siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213: implement, it was employed from tim
Page 214 and 215: 70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217: 3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229: are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231: the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 234 and 235: eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239: 4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249: double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259: final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263: workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265: definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267: some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269: Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271: most assemblages were destined for
Page 272 and 273: often selected according to certain
Page 274 and 275: economic approach to hoarding must
Page 276 and 277: lacks contextual information or chr
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
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Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
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Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
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Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
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Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
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London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
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33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
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Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
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Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
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Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
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Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
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General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
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Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
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Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
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Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
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Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
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Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
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Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
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Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
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Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
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Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
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Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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