Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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implement, it was employed from time to time in stone work, especially for hard stones, such as microcrystalline limestone and conglomerate. Before considering the saws in the catalogue, it is necessary to discuss a specialized stone-cutting saw, which is interpreted from tool marks alone. 471 Strong cutting devices were required to fashion and cut hard rocks like conglomerate, hard limestone, basalt, and gabbro. Preserved saw marks from Mycenaean and Hittite masonry bear witness to the LBA existence and use of a large machine-like pendulum saw and possibly a convex-shaped hand saw. In Mycenaean architecture, harder stones—especially conglomerate—were selected and cut for critical locations 472 including “antae, column bases, thresholds, jambs, and lintels.” Visible saw marks on anta blocks at Tiryns were initially thought to be made by a sawing knife (Messersäge) because of their long, arcing cuts. 473 Küpper, who followed Schwandner’s earlier hypothesis, meticulously examined the Tiryns marks and deduced a massive machine whereby a large curved saw blade swung back and forth in a pendulum-like motion. The radii of this apparatus’ pendulum blade are as large as 7.5 meters in some reconstructions. 474 In order for the blade to swing, it had to be suspended, possibly from a wooden A-frame. This grandiose implement would have been impressive to behold, and though several reconstructions of the device exist, its exact form is unknown. 475 Wright recognized the pendulum saw as “probably the most technologically advanced device used in architecture during the second millennium.” 476 The saw’s cutting motion was 471 Stone-cutting saws are attested in Egypt. See Moores 1991 for the Old Kingdom drag saw. 472 Wright 2006, 17, 33. 473 Dörpfeld 1885, 263-24; Müller 1930, 183-185; Seeher 2007, 30-31. 474 Küpper 1996, 16-25; Schwandner 1991, 219-223. 475 Schwandner 1991, 220-221, figures 6-8; Küpper 1996, 217 figure 142, 286 plate 12.2. 476 Wright 2006, 34. 188
aided by an abrasive such as sand or emery, but the primary advantage of the pendulum saw over handheld implements was the length of the saw cut as well as the applied and consistent pressure created by the swinging motion of the blade. Traces of pendulum saw operations have been identified on anta blocks, thresholds, posts and lintels at Tiryns, Mycenae (within the citadel itself and the Atreus and Klytemnestra tholoi), and Gla. 477 The pendulum saw was originally purported to have fashioned a large block from Boğazköy-Hattusha in the Great Temple’s northeastern adyton, thereby providing a technological link between the Mycenaean and Hittite worlds. 478 A reinvestigation of the Boğazköy tool marks by Seeher concluded that a pendulum saw, like the one reconstructed by Küpper for the Mycenaean world, was not utilized by the Hittites. Experimental cutting operations suggested that a short, handheld convex saw created the tool marks on the adyton block. 479 To date, there are no known physical specimens of this reconstructed curved saw, and it remains to be seen whether Seeher’s analysis will be fully accepted by other scholars. The pendulum and convex saws are hypothetical and based entirely upon the curvature of the impressions left on the masonry blocks. Clearly the full range of saw types that were available to 13 th -century craftspersons has not been recovered in the archaeological record. The number of extant saws from the Aegean and eastern Mediterranean is meager in comparison to the chisel and ax series. The tool is sporadic during the MBA, but more prominent during the latter half of the second millennium. As with double axes, Crete produced the greatest assemblage of metal saws—and the highest quality—with nearly 477 Küpper 1996, 22-25. The marks on threshold blocks at Gla are debatable as to whether they were cut by a pendulum saw. 478 Schwandner 1991, 220-223 figures 9-10; Neve 2002, 93-94; Wright 2006, 33-34. 479 Seeher 2007; Seeher 2008a; 2009, 141-144. 189
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 162 and 163: part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165: Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167: few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169: specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171: conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173: functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175: The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177: their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179: mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181: were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183: Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185: Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187: carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
Page 190 and 191: the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193: worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195: the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197: Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199: of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201: in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203: mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205: The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207: siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 214 and 215: 70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217: 3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229: are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231: the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235: eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237: MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239: 4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241: diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243: (like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245: Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247: common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249: double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251: carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253: organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255: type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257: of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259: final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261: shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
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The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381:
traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383:
A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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