Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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mortuary contexts, thus confirming a significant social shift in mortuary behavior during the second millennium, not to mention changing predilections in tool selection. Considering the examples from all regions and periods, the contextual distribution for single/flat axes, in order of greatest quantity, is as follows: settlements (118 examples), burials (110), hoards (86), unknown or surface contexts (50), and cult or sanctuary contexts (4). Although the consumption of single/flat axes declined in Cyprus by the LBA, the preference for these tools remained steady from the MBA to the LBA in Syria-Palestine and Anatolia. The ax’s distribution in the Aegean reveals a notable increase in its selection during the LBA. The simple design of the tool leaves little room for embellishment or variation, making it difficult to identify regionally-specific traits. The distinctive regional distributions of the single/flat axes imply a shared craft tradition between Cyprus and Syria-Palestine, but the Levantine blades were usually longer (Fig. 4.7). The average length of single axes falls between 11.5 and 17 cm, while the cutting edge width hovers around 4.6 cm (Fig. 4.7). This simple ax is not as popular in Anatolia as it is in Cyprus or Syria-Palestine, perhaps because a similar product, the trunnion/lugged ax, had already been adopted in Anatolia. Likewise, the propensity for double axes in the Aegean probably precluded any need for single/flat axes. Consequently, single/flat axes share a basic regional pattern with shaft-hole axes; they are prominent in Syria-Palestine and Cyprus (and to some extent Anatolia) yet comparatively rare in the Aegean. Conversely, double axes, omnipresent in the Aegean, are anomalies in the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia. 154
D3: Single/flat adzes (Plate 4.16) The single/flat adze undoubtedly developed out of the single/flat ax, leading Catling to observe that the “two forms are closely related.” 370 Yet scholars may be reluctant to label a blade an ax or an adze. 371 The importance of adzes to carpentry is readily apparent in the Egyptian evidence, for adze blades are well preserved and are commonly depicted in scenes of carpentry and shipbuilding. 372 Only 29 single/flat adzes are listed in the dataset, far less than the number of axes (Table 4.6; for an example from Enkomi, see Plate 4.16). Some single/flat adzes are perhaps misidentified as axes, meaning that the adze type may be more prevalent than the current data convey. Catling recognized the rarity of single/flat adzes on Cyprus and attributed the type’s origin to Egypt or the Near East. 373 While single/flat axes were multi-functional in their chopping operations, adzes were probably restricted to woodworking and specifically used to pare a surface smooth. Regional total MBA LBA General 2 nd millennium Crete 3 1 2 - Mainland 1 - 1 - Islands 0 - - - Cyprus 5 1 4 - Anatolia 2 - 2 - Syria-Palestine 0 - - - Shipwrecks 18 - 18 - Total 29 2 27 0 Table 4.6: Single/flat adze distribution The consumption of single/flat adzes took place in regions where shaft-hole adzes were unavailable: specifically Crete, the mainland and Cyprus. The existence of single- bladed adze implements in Cyprus and the Aegean is unsurprising, since adze profiles 370 Catling 1964, 86. 371 For Petrie’s helpful distinction between axes and adzes, see footnote 347. 372 Petrie 1917, 16-18, plates XV-XVII; Scheel 1989, 49-50, figures 53-54, 57; Killen 2000, 355. For shipbuilding scenes with adzes from Old Kingdom Egypt, see: Rodgers 1992; Steffy 1994, 30-31, Pl. 3-8. 373 Catling 1964, 87. Shaw (2009, 40) also notes that single/flat adzes are atypical on Crete. 155
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129: is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131: the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133: cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135: due in large part to 1) palatial li
Page 136 and 137: punches, borers, undefined implemen
Page 138 and 139: include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141: egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143: instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145: Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147: Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149: Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151: distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153: differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155: comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157: probably influenced from the east,
Page 158 and 159: Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
Page 160 and 161: 4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 162 and 163: part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165: Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167: few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169: specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171: conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173: functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175: The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177: their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 180 and 181: were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183: Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185: Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187: carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
Page 190 and 191: the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193: worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195: the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197: Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199: of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201: in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203: mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205: The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207: siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213: implement, it was employed from tim
Page 214 and 215: 70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217: 3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219: ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221: consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223: and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225: Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227: Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
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BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
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Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
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(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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