- Page 1: Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
- Page 4 and 5: investigation of the carpentry/maso
- Page 6 and 7: Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
- Page 8 and 9: Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
- Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
- Page 12 and 13: Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
- Page 14 and 15: Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
- Page 18 and 19: Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
- Page 20 and 21: Several fellowships provided financ
- Page 22 and 23: administrative staff at the college
- Page 24 and 25: MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
- Page 26 and 27: in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
- Page 28 and 29: een easier with metal tools than st
- Page 30 and 31: extremely scarce and the dearth of
- Page 32 and 33: extraordinary number of metal tools
- Page 34 and 35: this observation is astonishing sin
- Page 36 and 37: Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
- Page 38 and 39: Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
- Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
- Page 42 and 43: cited as evidence for metallurgical
- Page 44 and 45: ecycled items. Final products like
- Page 46 and 47: ich published dataset, only a few s
- Page 48 and 49: Quantities of raw metal were widely
- Page 50 and 51: Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
- Page 52 and 53: The method for interpreting data fr
- Page 54 and 55: second millennium BC. Such cases ar
- Page 56 and 57: study area (from Cyprus), and its i
- Page 58 and 59: are sufficiently differentiated fro
- Page 60 and 61: his reconsideration of third millen
- Page 62 and 63: to Catling, a violent purpose for t
- Page 64 and 65: Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
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frequency of these tools, however,
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mandated a striking implement. Wood
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patterns occur despite the fact tha
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is even more striking when compared
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quantities, actual smiths are menti
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The presence of metallurgical tools
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metal smiths moved throughout the l
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Site size and contextual analysis s
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is significant, as both regions wer
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the prominent LBA object type (53.6
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cannot always aid functional interp
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due in large part to 1) palatial li
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punches, borers, undefined implemen
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include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
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egion. The proportions of carpentry
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instruments during the course of th
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Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
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Despite the greater tool diversity,
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Syria-Palestine. The status of the
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distribution, as the category is qu
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differences in the consumption of t
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comparable to modern rulers and tap
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probably influenced from the east,
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Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
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4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
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part of a metal hoard that was stas
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Whether the double ax was an implem
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few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
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specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
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conveys how chisels, single axes, s
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functional differences. An implemen
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The tool type is common in Anatolia
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their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
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mortuary contexts, thus confirming
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were incorporated into double-ended
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Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
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Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
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carving out deep mortises in wooden
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Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
- Page 268 and 269:
Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
- Page 272 and 273:
often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
- Page 276 and 277:
lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
- Page 288 and 289:
The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
- Page 326 and 327:
tool distribution patterns in hoard
- Page 328 and 329:
only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
- Page 334 and 335:
are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
- Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
- Page 340 and 341:
number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
- Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
- Page 358 and 359:
specifically adze variations (e.g.
- Page 360 and 361:
likelihood, these implements were u
- Page 362 and 363:
Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
- Page 364 and 365:
cutting edges wider than the object
- Page 366 and 367:
are collectively known from Crete a
- Page 368 and 369:
The distribution of shaft-hole axes
- Page 370 and 371:
this form are unknown in the Aegean
- Page 372 and 373:
artisans trained in a Minoan style?
- Page 374 and 375:
transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
- Page 378 and 379:
the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
- Page 380 and 381:
traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
- Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
- Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
- Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
- Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
- Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
- Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
- Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
- Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
- Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
- Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
- Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
- Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
- Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
- Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
- Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
- Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
- Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
- Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
- Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
- Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
- Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
- Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
- Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
- Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
- Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
- Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
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Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
- Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
- Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
- Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
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Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
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Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
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General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
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Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
- Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
- Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
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Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
- Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
- Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
- Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
- Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
- Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
- Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
- Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
- Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
- Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
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Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
- Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
- Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
- Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
- Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
- Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
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Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
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Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
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Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
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Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
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Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
- Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
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Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
- Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
- Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
- Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
- Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
- Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
- Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
- Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
- Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
- Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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