Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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part of a metal hoard that was stashed under the threshold of the high priest’s house near the Baal and Dagon temples. 322 The surfaces of several adzes were inscribed in Ugaritic, thus recording a dedication to the city’s high priest. Regional total MBA LBA General 2 nd millennium Crete 1 1 - - Mainland 0 - - - Islands 0 - - - Cyprus 0 - - - Anatolia 5 1 4 - Syria-Palestine 9 - 9 - Shipwrecks 0 - - - Total 15 2 13 0 Table 4.2: Shaft-hole adze distribution C: Double axes (Plates 4.4-4.9) While shafted axes with single blades are typical of tool repertoires from the eastern Mediterranean and Anatolia, shaft-hole axes with two blade ends are distinctly Aegean. The double ax is more effective than single-blade tools because “it does not have to be sharpened as often and is perfectly balanced for swinging.” 323 The tool occurs as early as the third millennium on Crete and the Greek mainland. Verification of the tool’s early manufacture comes from a double ax mold in an EM IIB context at Vasiliki. Physical examples of the tool appear in the early carpenter hoards, such as the EM II-MM II Selakanos and Samba (Pediados) hoards, as well as the Thebes EH hoard. 324 The regional and chronological distribution of double axes is outlined in Table 4.3. By the MBA, the tool type is well documented on Crete, but its presence is sporadic elsewhere. Indeed less than ten percent of the known double axes are dated to the MBA, as the implement is predominately restricted to the LBA. The dramatic increase in double 322 Schaeffer 1956, 251-275. 323 Shaw 2009, 40. 324 Four or five double axes from the Selakanos hoard: see Branigan 1969, 2-4; Branigan 1974; Deshayes 1960, entries 736, 737, 2038, 2018, 2045. One double ax from the Samba (Pediados) hoard: see Branigan 1968; Branigan 1969. One double axes from the Thebes EBA hoard: see Renfrew 1967; Branigan 1969; Branigan 1974, 134, 153; Maran 1989. 138
axes (as well as corresponding molds) on Crete by the LBA is recognized by Evely: “it is not until the Neo-Palatial period that the trickle of actual examples becomes a flood.” 325 Beyond Crete, the increase of double axes over time is quite dramatic on the mainland, but also recognizable in Anatolia and Cyprus. The reason for this sudden and intensified consumption of double axes during the LBA is unclear. The paucity of examples from Cyprus, Anatolia, and Syria-Palestine provides a stark contrast to the rich quantities recovered in the Aegean. Due to the popularity of shafted single axes and trunnion/lugged axes in areas other than the Aegean, a strong market for the double ax never materialized in the eastern Mediterranean or Anatolia. Therefore, five Gelidonya and two Uluburun double axes should be understood as implements typical of Aegean assemblages rather than of the eastern Mediterranean. 326 Shaft-hole and trunnion/lugged axes were more accessible than double axes in the eastern Mediterranean, and despite the regional preference for the single-blade tools, the double axes were found on the ships. It is very possible, but not certain, that these double axes were originally manufactured in the Aegean before ending up on an international vessel. The reason for these tools aboard the vessels remains a mystery, but perhaps they were a tool kit, as argued for in Chapter 5. Regional total MBA LBA General 2 nd millennium Crete 327 235 25 (7 are EBA-MBA) 137 70 Mainland 112 3 (1 is EBA-MBA 104 5 Islands 12 2 8 2 Cyprus 4 0 4 0 Anatolia 12 1 9 2 Syria-Palestine 3 1 2 0 Shipwrecks 7 - 7 - Total 382 32 270 79 Table 4.3: Double ax distribution 325 Evely 1993, 54. 326 This supposition does not claim that the shipwreck double axes were manufactured in the Aegean, but merely indicates the regional selection tendencies for the double ax. 327 For a list and discussion of Minoan double ax molds, see Evely 1993, 41-55, figures 20-21, plates 14-15. 139
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
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y region may reflect social and cra
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database entries whose contextual c
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accurately account for the internal
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given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
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the larger and stronger metal types
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hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
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ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
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ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
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The relative absence of Aegean digg
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goods were redistributed in two dis
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Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113: frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115: mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117: patterns occur despite the fact tha
Page 118 and 119: is even more striking when compared
Page 120 and 121: quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123: The presence of metallurgical tools
Page 124 and 125: metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127: Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129: is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131: the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133: cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135: due in large part to 1) palatial li
Page 136 and 137: punches, borers, undefined implemen
Page 138 and 139: include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141: egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143: instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145: Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147: Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149: Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151: distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153: differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155: comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157: probably influenced from the east,
Page 158 and 159: Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
Page 160 and 161: 4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 164 and 165: Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167: few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169: specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171: conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173: functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175: The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177: their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179: mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181: were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183: Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185: Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187: carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
Page 190 and 191: the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193: worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195: the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197: Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199: of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201: in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203: mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205: The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207: siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209: egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211: together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
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General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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