Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi Gunnis Hoard; Nicosia Museum 499 Plate 4.34: Double adze from Enkomi Maison des Bronzes, Nicosia Museum 499 Plate 4.35: Ax-adze from Enkomi Trésor de Bronzes; Louvre Museum, AM 2187 500 Plate 4.36: Ax-adze from Enkomi; Nicosia Museum, CM Met 2175 500 Plate 4.37: Double hammer from Gournia, Heraklion Museum #965 500 Plate 4.38: Adze-hammer, Enkomi Trésor de Bronzes, Louvre Museum,AM2188 500 Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze-hammer and ax-adze. Louvre museum. 501 Plate 4.40: Adze-hammer; Brunnen 212 hoard, Nicosia Museum 501 Plate 4.41: 2 pick adzes, Ayia Triadha. Photographs in Shaw 2009, fig. 37 501 Plate 4.42: Drill, Nicosia Museum, Fr. 1960, inv. 265 501-02 Plate 4.43: Saw type 1: Prosymna; Athens National Museum, #13146 502 Plate 4.44: Saw type 2: Knossos, South house hoard; Heraklion Museum 1803 502 Plate 4.45: Andronianoi hoard saw; Athens National Museum 10797 502 Plate 4.46: Saw type 3: Gournia, Heraklion Museum 571 502 Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-Hattusha; Çorum Museum, Bo. 77/146 503 Plate 4.48: Saw type 4: Kalapodi band saw; saw fragment in Felsch 1996, plate 63 entry 2236; reconstruction in Küpper 1996, Plate 128 middle. 503 Plate 4.49: Saw type 4: Orchomenos hoard: Chaironeia Museum #544 503 Plate 4.50: Saw type 4: Orchomenos hoard: Chaironeia Museum #582 503 Plate 4.51: Knossos saw; round tip, Stratigraphical Museum, Evans’ Box 1877 503 Plate 4.52: Rasp from Mochlos; photograph in Shaw 2009, 252 Plate 47 504 Plate 4.53: File from Athens Acropolis hoard; Acropolis Museum #7004 504 Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard – Ioannina Museum 505 Plate 5.2: Kalydon-Psorolithi hoard – Agrinio Museum 505 Plate 5.3: MX 502; double ax frag.; Orchomenos hoard - Chaironeia Museum 505 xv
Plate 5.4: MX 503; double ax frag.; Orchomenos hoard - Chaironeia Museum 506 Plate 5.5: MX 509; double ax frag.; Orchomenos hoard - Chaironeia Museum 506 Plate 5.6: MX 524; double ax frag; comparison to MX 503; Chaironeia Museum 506 Plate 5.7: MX 541; double or single ax frag.; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia 507 Plate 5.8: MX 515: broad chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard, Chaironeia 507 Plate 5.9: MX 516: chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard, Chaironeia Museum 507 Plate 5.10: MX 517; chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 508 Plate 5.11: MX 518-21; chisel fragments; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 508 Plate 5.12: MX 518, chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 508 Plate 5.13: MX 519, chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 509 Plate 5.14: MX 520, chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 509 Plate 5.15: MX 521, chisel fragment; Orchomenos hoard; Chaironeia Museum 509 Plate 5.16: MX 601, manipulated vessel fragment, Orchomenos hoard, Chaironeia 509 Plate 5.17: Mycenae Poros Wall hoard implements, Athens National Museum 510 Plate 5.18: Mycenae Tsountas hoard, Athens National Museum 510-11 Plate 5.19: Athens Acropolis hoard, Athens National Museum 511-12 Plate 5.20: 2 double ax fragments; Athens National Museum, #6905-6 512 Plate 5.21: Double ax fragment; Kalydon hoard, Agrinio Museum, AM 79 513 Plate 5.22: Anthedon hoard, Athens National Museum 513 Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment; Anthedon hoard, #18180 513 Plate 5.24: Double hammer, Enkomi Foundry hoard, British Museum 1/1468 514 Plate 5.25: Double adze; Enkomi Gunnis hoard, Cyprus Museum, L39 514 Plate 5.26: Double adze; Enkomi Gunnis hoard, Cyprus Museum, L37 514 Plate 5.27: Double adze detail, Enkomi Gunnis hoard, Cyprus Museum L37 515 Plate 5.28: Mycenae Mylonas hoard tool kit; Mycenae Museum 515 xvi
Page 1: Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
Page 4 and 5: investigation of the carpentry/maso
Page 6 and 7: Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
Page 8 and 9: Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
Page 12 and 13: Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
Page 14 and 15: Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
Page 18 and 19: Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
Page 20 and 21: Several fellowships provided financ
Page 22 and 23: administrative staff at the college
Page 24 and 25: MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
Page 26 and 27: in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
Page 28 and 29: een easier with metal tools than st
Page 30 and 31: extremely scarce and the dearth of
Page 32 and 33: extraordinary number of metal tools
Page 34 and 35: this observation is astonishing sin
Page 36 and 37: Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
Page 38 and 39: Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
Page 42 and 43: cited as evidence for metallurgical
Page 44 and 45: ecycled items. Final products like
Page 46 and 47: ich published dataset, only a few s
Page 48 and 49: Quantities of raw metal were widely
Page 50 and 51: Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
Page 52 and 53: The method for interpreting data fr
Page 54 and 55: second millennium BC. Such cases ar
Page 56 and 57: study area (from Cyprus), and its i
Page 58 and 59: are sufficiently differentiated fro
Page 60 and 61: his reconsideration of third millen
Page 62 and 63: to Catling, a violent purpose for t
Page 64 and 65: Different tool names may imply diss
Page 66 and 67:
chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
Page 68 and 69:
detail for the carpentry/masonry to
Page 70 and 71:
Isthmia region throughout the histo
Page 72 and 73:
Gender responsibilities are investi
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
Page 76 and 77:
double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
Page 78 and 79:
The link between a craftsperson and
Page 80 and 81:
specialized and intended for specif
Page 82 and 83:
III: The relationship of stone, bon
Page 84 and 85:
durability. Stone cutting objects b
Page 86 and 87:
information together. In the Aegean
Page 88 and 89:
In addition to greater amounts of t
Page 90 and 91:
y region may reflect social and cra
Page 92 and 93:
database entries whose contextual c
Page 94 and 95:
accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97:
given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
Page 98 and 99:
the larger and stronger metal types
Page 100 and 101:
hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
Page 102 and 103:
ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
Page 104 and 105:
ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
Page 106 and 107:
The relative absence of Aegean digg
Page 108 and 109:
goods were redistributed in two dis
Page 110 and 111:
Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113:
frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115:
mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117:
patterns occur despite the fact tha
Page 118 and 119:
is even more striking when compared
Page 120 and 121:
quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123:
The presence of metallurgical tools
Page 124 and 125:
metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127:
Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129:
is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131:
the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133:
cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135:
due in large part to 1) palatial li
Page 136 and 137:
punches, borers, undefined implemen
Page 138 and 139:
include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 140 and 141:
egion. The proportions of carpentry
Page 142 and 143:
instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145:
Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147:
Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149:
Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151:
distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153:
differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155:
comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157:
probably influenced from the east,
Page 158 and 159:
Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
Page 160 and 161:
4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 162 and 163:
part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165:
Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167:
few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169:
specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171:
conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173:
functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175:
The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177:
their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179:
mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181:
were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183:
Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185:
Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187:
carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189:
Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
Page 190 and 191:
the socket may be that a wooden sha
Page 192 and 193:
worn and battered from use; this da
Page 194 and 195:
the early 12 th century: “It may
Page 196 and 197:
Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
Page 198 and 199:
of shafted double hammers is also f
Page 200 and 201:
in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
Page 202 and 203:
mainland and may have aided drillin
Page 204 and 205:
The tubular drill was first devised
Page 206 and 207:
siderópetra (hard limestone known
Page 208 and 209:
egularly considered to be absent fr
Page 210 and 211:
together two sides of a handle, a f
Page 212 and 213:
implement, it was employed from tim
Page 214 and 215:
70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
Page 216 and 217:
3. Saws with a straight blade top a
Page 218 and 219:
ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
Page 220 and 221:
consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
Page 222 and 223:
and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
Page 224 and 225:
Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
Page 226 and 227:
Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
Page 228 and 229:
are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
Page 230 and 231:
the island in the MBA. The distribu
Page 232 and 233:
MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 234 and 235:
eported here. Despite this caveat,
Page 236 and 237:
MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
Page 238 and 239:
4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
Page 240 and 241:
diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
Page 242 and 243:
(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
Page 244 and 245:
Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
Page 246 and 247:
common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
Page 248 and 249:
double ax forms, implies that the c
Page 250 and 251:
carpentry/masonry tools contribute
Page 252 and 253:
organized.” 530 My assertion rega
Page 254 and 255:
type of diversity that may mark a t
Page 256 and 257:
of fragmentation practices restrict
Page 258 and 259:
final stage of the metal working: t
Page 260 and 261:
shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
Page 262 and 263:
workshops were easier to identify i
Page 264 and 265:
definition of a hoard as “a group
Page 266 and 267:
some hoards contained thousands of
Page 268 and 269:
Discerning founders’ hoards from
Page 270 and 271:
most assemblages were destined for
Page 272 and 273:
often selected according to certain
Page 274 and 275:
economic approach to hoarding must
Page 276 and 277:
lacks contextual information or chr
Page 278 and 279:
of objects from Mochlos also produc
Page 280 and 281:
unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
Page 282 and 283:
as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
Page 284 and 285:
of comparison, there are 87 double
Page 286 and 287:
data coded in this manner, it becam
Page 288 and 289:
The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
Page 290 and 291:
axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
Page 292 and 293:
functional interpretation of that a
Page 294 and 295:
e-casting metal, which required hot
Page 296 and 297:
524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
Page 298 and 299:
were consciously formed and likely
Page 300 and 301:
saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
Page 302 and 303:
oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
Page 304 and 305:
metallurgical and agricultural tool
Page 306 and 307:
Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
Page 308 and 309:
Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
Page 310 and 311:
stone-working tools included sixtee
Page 312 and 313:
tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
Page 314 and 315:
tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
Page 316 and 317:
V. The metal objects from shipwreck
Page 318 and 319:
Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
Page 320 and 321:
occurrence is a definite sign of a
Page 322 and 323:
implements in one context comes fro
Page 324 and 325:
Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
Page 326 and 327:
tool distribution patterns in hoard
Page 328 and 329:
only sporadically in burials and wo
Page 330 and 331:
combination adze forms (double adze
Page 332 and 333:
produced a monograph specifically o
Page 334 and 335:
are currently in progress and will
Page 336 and 337:
thriving metallurgical and craft in
Page 338 and 339:
of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
Page 340 and 341:
number of utilitarian and small cra
Page 342 and 343:
extremely limited in comparison to
Page 344 and 345:
metallurgical operations are plenti
Page 346 and 347:
absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
Page 350 and 351:
implements comprise 45% of the regi
Page 352 and 353:
the preferences commonly found with
Page 354 and 355:
possible that merchants, metal smit
Page 356 and 357:
Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
Page 358 and 359:
specifically adze variations (e.g.
Page 360 and 361:
likelihood, these implements were u
Page 362 and 363:
Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
Page 364 and 365:
cutting edges wider than the object
Page 366 and 367:
are collectively known from Crete a
Page 368 and 369:
The distribution of shaft-hole axes
Page 370 and 371:
this form are unknown in the Aegean
Page 372 and 373:
artisans trained in a Minoan style?
Page 374 and 375:
transfer of painted plaster moved f
Page 376 and 377:
producing and consuming metal tools
Page 378 and 379:
the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
Page 380 and 381:
traveled from region to region prac
Page 382 and 383:
A complete study of metal tools req
Page 384 and 385:
Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
Page 394 and 395:
des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
Page 438 and 439:
Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
Page 440 and 441:
Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
Page 442 and 443:
Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
Page 444 and 445:
Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Page 446 and 447:
Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
Page 448 and 449:
2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
Page 452 and 453:
Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
Page 464 and 465:
Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
Page 466 and 467:
Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
Page 468 and 469:
Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
Page 470 and 471:
Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
Page 472 and 473:
Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
Page 474 and 475:
Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
Page 476 and 477:
Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
Page 478 and 479:
Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
Page 480 and 481:
Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
Page 482 and 483:
Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
Page 486 and 487:
Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
Page 488 and 489:
G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
Page 490 and 491:
F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
Page 492 and 493:
F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
Page 494 and 495:
1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
Page 509 and 510:
40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
Page 541 and 542:
L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
Page 543 and 544:
Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
Page 545 and 546:
Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
Page 551 and 552:
Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
Page 553 and 554:
15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
Page 565 and 566:
cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
Page 567 and 568:
Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
Page 569 and 570:
Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
Page 571 and 572:
Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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