Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal Tools from the Aegean, Eastern ...

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egion. The proportions of carpentry/masonry tools for LBA Crete, Anatolia and Syria- Palestine are also impressive. The Cretan and Anatolian percentages increased slightly, while a palpable reduction in the percentage of carpentry/masonry tools is detectable in Syria-Palestine, though they remained popular in that area. The prominence of carpentry/masonry tools in these regions is unmistakable and coincides with the architectural developments of the late second millennium. The Greek mainland yielded a distribution of carpentry/masonry tools that one would expect for that region: a relatively low number of examples (16 tools) during the MH era when architectural developments lagged behind, and a dramatic increase in the LH period (306 examples) when Mycenaean palaces and impressive tombs decorated the landscape (Fig. 3.26b). The Cypriot pattern, however, defies expectations. The development of 13 th and 12 th century urban sites with well-cut masonry should correspond to major changes in the carpentry/masonry tool quantities and types. 287 Yet there is only a meager increase in the consumption of these implements on Cyprus, from 167 to 183 tools. The incidence of construction tools throughout the Cypriot second millennium varied minimally, falsely implying that the associated construction industries remained relatively consistent. Yet this pattern of tool dispersal suggests that the carpentry/masonry industries on LBA Cyprus probably developed indigenously. Despite this intra-island perspective, the regional percentage of the LBA wood- and stone- working tools on Cyprus (34%) parallels the proportions found on the Greek mainland (32.3%) and the shipwrecks (30.8%). Regarding the shipwreck data, we must acknowledge that the sample is vanishingly small with only two wrecks. Metal hoards with carpentry/masonry tools are typical of both Cyprus and the mainland, and this is 287 For an overview of these major sites in the LC IIC-IIIA period, see Knapp 2008, 211-239. 116
surely one reason for the similar tool proportions in the LBA. The shipwreck metal accumulations closely parallel the Cypriot and Aegean caches; this resemblance suggests that the shipwreck metals should be considered hoard-like assemblages. Evidently, comparable tool selections were made for metal assemblages in Cyprus, the Greek mainland and on the ships. The LBA tool preferences within the Cretan, Anatolian, and Syria-Palestinian implement assemblages illustrates that those carpentry/masonry implements were even more popular than on Cyprus or the Greek mainland. Over half of the carpentry/masonry tools were discovered at large sites, comparable to the agricultural and metallurgical distributions (Fig. 3.27). Although the carpentry/masonry utensils are well dispersed throughout the study region, their concentration in large urban centers questions whether differing levels of society could obtain the tools. What factors governed the dispersal of the carpentry/masonry implements, and can distributions demonstrate that a tool’s availability and craft work depended upon an urban center? These are natural, but difficult, questions that arise from probing the tool data. An overwhelming number of tools appear in settlement contexts, while hoards represent a secondary context (Fig. 3.28). Burials are the third prominent setting, and the depositional behavior for this context shifts from the MBA and LBA. Of the MBA carpentry/masonry tools, 34% (155 out of 455) were found in burials while only 9.1% (132 out of 1444) of the LBA carpentry/masonry implements were attributed to mortuary contexts (see Figs. 3.31a-f). Carpentry/masonry tools are rare in the Shaft Graves and other contexts from the early Late Helladic period. The implements are more common in Mycenaean burials of the 14 th and 13 th centuries, but their existence as LH III burials goods remained atypical. The depositional shift in wood- and stone-working 117
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Middle and Late Bronze Age Metal To
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investigation of the carpentry/maso
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Volume 1 CHAPTER 1: TABLE OF CONTEN
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Sites from the Greek islands 202 Si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Shaft-hol
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Figure 3.12: Distribution of metall
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Figure 4.28: Map showing MBA carpen
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Plate 4.33: Double adze from Enkomi
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Plate 5.29: Orchomenos tool kit, Ch
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Several fellowships provided financ
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administrative staff at the college
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MBA 2000- 1600 LBA 1600- 1050 CHRON
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in the Aegean. 2 Small copper imple
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een easier with metal tools than st
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extremely scarce and the dearth of
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extraordinary number of metal tools
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this observation is astonishing sin
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Danube (IVe au IIe millénaire). Wh
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Mycenaean tool repertoire, yet some
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Chapter 2: Avenues for metallurgica
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cited as evidence for metallurgical
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ecycled items. Final products like
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ich published dataset, only a few s
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Quantities of raw metal were widely
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Turkey. Upon touring these sites, i
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The method for interpreting data fr
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second millennium BC. Such cases ar
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study area (from Cyprus), and its i
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are sufficiently differentiated fro
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his reconsideration of third millen
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to Catling, a violent purpose for t
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Different tool names may imply diss
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chisels. Categories 2 and 4 occur f
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detail for the carpentry/masonry to
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Isthmia region throughout the histo
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Gender responsibilities are investi
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Chapter 3: Metal tools in the secon
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double adze from the Enkomi Gunnis
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The link between a craftsperson and
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specialized and intended for specif
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III: The relationship of stone, bon
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durability. Stone cutting objects b
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information together. In the Aegean
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In addition to greater amounts of t
Page 90 and 91: y region may reflect social and cra
Page 92 and 93: database entries whose contextual c
Page 94 and 95: accurately account for the internal
Page 96 and 97: given to stockpiled tools. Thirty-f
Page 98 and 99: the larger and stronger metal types
Page 100 and 101: hoes/plowshares were preferred in b
Page 102 and 103: ather than a shipwreck. 165 Yet, li
Page 104 and 105: ideograms. 173 The Linear B ideogra
Page 106 and 107: The relative absence of Aegean digg
Page 108 and 109: goods were redistributed in two dis
Page 110 and 111: Bronze Age Mediterranean climate is
Page 112 and 113: frequency of these tools, however,
Page 114 and 115: mandated a striking implement. Wood
Page 116 and 117: patterns occur despite the fact tha
Page 118 and 119: is even more striking when compared
Page 120 and 121: quantities, actual smiths are menti
Page 122 and 123: The presence of metallurgical tools
Page 124 and 125: metal smiths moved throughout the l
Page 126 and 127: Site size and contextual analysis s
Page 128 and 129: is significant, as both regions wer
Page 130 and 131: the prominent LBA object type (53.6
Page 132 and 133: cannot always aid functional interp
Page 134 and 135: due in large part to 1) palatial li
Page 136 and 137: punches, borers, undefined implemen
Page 138 and 139: include bandages, pack-saddles, rei
Page 142 and 143: instruments during the course of th
Page 144 and 145: Cretan patterns (Fig. 3.31a): The r
Page 146 and 147: Despite the greater tool diversity,
Page 148 and 149: Syria-Palestine. The status of the
Page 150 and 151: distribution, as the category is qu
Page 152 and 153: differences in the consumption of t
Page 154 and 155: comparable to modern rulers and tap
Page 156 and 157: probably influenced from the east,
Page 158 and 159: Palestine and Anatolia. There are n
Page 160 and 161: 4.2). 316 Similar blades are known
Page 162 and 163: part of a metal hoard that was stas
Page 164 and 165: Whether the double ax was an implem
Page 166 and 167: few select palaces (e.g. Mycenae, A
Page 168 and 169: specimens (Evely’s Type 4 lists s
Page 170 and 171: conveys how chisels, single axes, s
Page 172 and 173: functional differences. An implemen
Page 174 and 175: The tool type is common in Anatolia
Page 176 and 177: their size alone (Fig. 4.4), and th
Page 178 and 179: mortuary contexts, thus confirming
Page 180 and 181: were incorporated into double-ended
Page 182 and 183: Phornou Korifi, Myrtos, and Ayia Ph
Page 184 and 185: Size 1 (0.5 cm or less) Size 2 (0.6
Page 186 and 187: carving out deep mortises in wooden
Page 188 and 189: Mycenaean and Cypriot contexts, whi
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the socket may be that a wooden sha
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worn and battered from use; this da
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the early 12 th century: “It may
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Syria-Palestine 2 - 2 - Shipwrecks
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of shafted double hammers is also f
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in the Brunnen 212 hoard was conver
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mainland and may have aided drillin
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The tubular drill was first devised
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siderópetra (hard limestone known
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egularly considered to be absent fr
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together two sides of a handle, a f
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implement, it was employed from tim
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70 percent of the catalogue (79 out
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3. Saws with a straight blade top a
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ounded tip end with teeth (Plate 4.
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consumer. Cretan carpentry/masonry
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and Knossos, seemingly reflecting t
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Ayia Marina 1 1 chisel Gona (Macedo
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Ithaka-Polis 3 - 3 - 1 single/flat
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are reported from Ayia Irini, altho
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the island in the MBA. The distribu
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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eported here. Despite this caveat,
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MBA site Total carpentry - masonry
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4.21). Minoan double axes and saws
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diameters are 5 cm and greater) mus
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(like Minoan types) as opposed to t
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Although traces of Anatolian or Ana
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common to Crete and Cyprus. The sin
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double ax forms, implies that the c
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carpentry/masonry tools contribute
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organized.” 530 My assertion rega
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type of diversity that may mark a t
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of fragmentation practices restrict
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final stage of the metal working: t
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shaped razor. 545 A similar collect
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workshops were easier to identify i
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definition of a hoard as “a group
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some hoards contained thousands of
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Discerning founders’ hoards from
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most assemblages were destined for
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often selected according to certain
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economic approach to hoarding must
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lacks contextual information or chr
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of objects from Mochlos also produc
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unrelated objects; and 3) the tradi
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as rare. Only two Cretan hoards con
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of comparison, there are 87 double
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data coded in this manner, it becam
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The similarity of the Tiryns hoard
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axes, and drills. Awls/engravers an
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functional interpretation of that a
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e-casting metal, which required hot
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524) has shaft-hole sidewalls of di
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were consciously formed and likely
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saws, ax-adzes, a broad chisel, dou
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oxhide ingot fragments and metallur
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metallurgical and agricultural tool
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Tsountas (Mycenae), Kalydon-Psoroli
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Carpentry or masonry utensils repre
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stone-working tools included sixtee
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tools. One has a wide, deformed ham
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tool kit). Diversity is a hallmark
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V. The metal objects from shipwreck
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Tool or object Uluburun (total 65+)
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occurrence is a definite sign of a
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implements in one context comes fro
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Foundry and Sinda hoards, but other
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tool distribution patterns in hoard
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only sporadically in burials and wo
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combination adze forms (double adze
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produced a monograph specifically o
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are currently in progress and will
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thriving metallurgical and craft in
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of Middle Cypriot tools, however, i
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number of utilitarian and small cra
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extremely limited in comparison to
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metallurgical operations are plenti
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absent. 758 The Linear B tablets at
Page 348 and 349:
The Cypriot copper industry reached
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implements comprise 45% of the regi
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the preferences commonly found with
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possible that merchants, metal smit
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Syria-Palestine is not accidental,
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specifically adze variations (e.g.
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likelihood, these implements were u
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Two elongated chisels from Mycenae
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cutting edges wider than the object
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are collectively known from Crete a
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The distribution of shaft-hole axes
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this form are unknown in the Aegean
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artisans trained in a Minoan style?
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transfer of painted plaster moved f
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producing and consuming metal tools
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the Argolid acquired specialized Hi
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traveled from region to region prac
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A complete study of metal tools req
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Dissertation Bibliography Agouridis
Page 386 and 387:
BC, edited by A. B. Knapp. Altamont
Page 388 and 389:
Austin: Université de Liège; Univ
Page 390 and 391:
Calder, W. M., and D. A. Traill, ed
Page 392 and 393:
Cline, E., and A. Yasur-Landau. 200
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des maisons et quartiers d'habitati
Page 396 and 397:
Ellis, R. S. 1968. Foundation Depos
Page 398 and 399:
Gale, N. H., and Z. A. Stos-Gale. 1
Page 400 and 401:
Laffineur and P. P. Betancourt. Li
Page 402 and 403:
Homerica, edited by H.-G. Buchholz
Page 404 and 405:
Marinatos. Stockholm: Svenska Insti
Page 406 and 407:
———. 2004. Wheat, Barley, Flo
Page 408 and 409:
London, G. A. 2002. Women Potters a
Page 410 and 411:
33: 61-87. Moran, W. L., ed. 1992.
Page 412 and 413:
Nebelsick, L. 2000. Rent Asunder: R
Page 414 and 415:
Oldest Capital City of the Hittites
Page 416 and 417:
Poursat, J.-C. 1978. Travaux de L'
Page 418 and 419:
Ruscillo, D. 2006. Catalogue of Mis
Page 420 and 421:
———. 2006a. Catalogue of Misc
Page 422 and 423:
Stewart, J. 1961. The Early Bronze
Page 424 and 425:
Metallurgy in the Bronze Age. Proce
Page 426 and 427:
Walberg, G. 1998. Excavations on th
Page 428 and 429:
Seventh International Symposium at
Page 430 and 431:
Volume 2 APPENDIX 1: Figures (diagr
Page 432 and 433:
Total quantity 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Page 434 and 435:
Carpentry/ masonry 2253 (42.4%) Fig
Page 436 and 437:
Figure 3.5b - Agricultural tools: q
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Figure 3.9d - Cyprus LBA quantities
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Medium, 67 Figure 3.11 - Distributi
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Billet = 1 Mold = 1 Wedge, socketed
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Percentage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
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Quantity Quantity 1400 1200 1000 80
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2 nd mill. (n=17) Spatula/scraper =
Page 450 and 451:
General 2 nd millennium (n=20) Knif
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Total quantity 400 300 200 100 0 17
Page 454 and 455:
Figure 3.26b: Carpentry/Masonry too
Page 456 and 457:
Single/flat ax (n=370) 185 (40.7%)
Page 458 and 459:
General 2 nd millennium (n=21) Sing
Page 460 and 461:
General 2 nd millennium (n=89) Shaf
Page 462 and 463:
Figure 4.1: Shaft-hole axes: region
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Figure 4.2: Doubles axes: regional
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Cutting edge width (cm) 12 10 8 6 4
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Tool series N Mean of ratio Standar
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Figure 4.7: Single/flat axes: regio
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Cutting edge width (cm) 8 7 6 5 4 3
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Figure 4.10: Chisels: Scatter plots
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Cutting edge width (cm) 7 6 5 4 3 2
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Chisels by size Number Ratio Mean S
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Cutting edge width (cm) 3 2.5 2 1.5
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Figure 4.17: Ax-adzes: regions meas
Page 484 and 485:
Figure 4.19: Hollow cylindrical met
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Figure 4.20 continued: Saw measurem
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G,1 (30) F3, (2) F2, (2) E2, (2) E1
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F3, (7) F2, (9) F1, (11) G1, (37) E
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F2, (2) F3, (1) G1, (4) E1, (27) E2
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1-5 6-15 16-30 31-50 51-100 100 + S
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Figure 5.1: Tool frequencies and di
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Figure 5.2 continued - Hoards from
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Figure 5.3 continued - Hoards from
Page 502 and 503:
Hoards: 1 - 13 are from Crete 1: Sa
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40 51 19 38 34 45 48 33 36 46 28 29
Page 511 and 512:
Proximity Matrix for the tool types
Page 513 and 514:
Narrow chisel Flat/single ax Shaft-
Page 515 and 516:
Plate 4.3: Shaft-hole ax from Cypru
Page 517 and 518:
Plate 4.9: Andronianoi (Euboea) dou
Page 519 and 520:
Plate 4.15 Single/flat ax from Kata
Page 521 and 522:
Plate 4.22: Chisel of size 3; Enkom
Page 523 and 524:
Plate 4.33: Double adze: from the G
Page 525 and 526:
Plate 4.39: Trésor de Bronzes adze
Page 527 and 528:
Plate 4.47: Saw type 3: Boğazköy-
Page 529 and 530:
Plate 5.1: Katamachi hoard - Ioanni
Page 531 and 532:
Plate 5.7: MX 541 - Double or singl
Page 533 and 534:
Plate 5.13: Chisel fragment; MX 519
Page 535 and 536:
Tsountas hoard, double axes 9 doubl
Page 537 and 538:
Plate 5.23: Double ax fragment-Anth
Page 539 and 540:
Plate 5.27: Enkomi Gunnis Hoard - (
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L: hammer-adze R: double adze fragm
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Appendix 3: Second Millennium BC Me
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Carpentry/masonry tools 1 total: 1
Page 547 and 548:
Tool count and frequency 4 (14.3%)
Page 549 and 550:
Other objects 2 awls, 1 large scrap
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Tool count and frequency 4 (44.4%)
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15 th -14 th century: LH II - IIIA1
Page 555 and 556:
Other objects 1 bronze weight with
Page 557 and 558:
Likelihood of hoard Definite 46. Gr
Page 559 and 560:
Nicosia, Cyprus Museum (inv. Enkomi
Page 561 and 562:
Bibliography Taylor 1957, 20, 86-90
Page 563 and 564:
(…/1520.12,13,14,15); 18 castings
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cauldron fragments), 1 ingot fragme
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Other objects 45 sickles, 3 swords,
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Context and date of 46.3, 47.1-4 Pi
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Sites & Object types Specific date
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Sites & Object types Specific objec
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Sites & Object types Lefkas: genera
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Sites & Object types Specific perio
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