1 Earliest Rome

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Preface Gods in human form, and groups together a painting (2. la), a piece of sculpture (2.1b), a pagan text (2.1c) and Christian polemic (2.Id). The reader is invited to explore the connections between the entries in this particular section, as well as the relation between this section and those that follow. The translations printed are our own (except in a few cases indicated). In turning the original language (mostly Latin or Greek, but occasionally another ancient language) into modern English, we have followed different principles on different occasions. In some difficult texts, where we have been concerned to render as closely as possible the sense of individual words and phrases in the original, we have opted for a relatively literal translation - even at the cost of some clumsiness of expression. In other cases, where we wish to capture the tone and general atmosphere' of the original, we have chosen a freer, more idiomatic style. Not all our extracts are drawn from literary works, that is from the poetry, philosophy, history, orarory and drama that made up the 'high literary culture of the Roman world. Some are much more technical or mundane documents, often inscribed on bronze or stone, or written on papyrus: the rulings of Roman law, lists of cult members, the regulations of the religious calendar. These documents have a very different 'style' from the literary extracts, as different a style (to use a modern Christian analogy) as a page from a marriage register would have from a chapter of the New Testament. We have given these non-literary documents a prominent place in the book. This is partly because, unlike most literary texts, they can offer some insight into the religious world of those outside the topmost echelons of the Roman elite (into the world, for example, of the lowly cult official). But it is also because of our concern with how Romans represented to themselves, defined and debated the nature of the religions of <strong>Rome</strong>. Even an apparently bald inscribed list of cult members was a loaded statement of group identity, a mechanism of incorporation and exclusion. These texts too are a focus of debate. We have also included visual evidence - drawings and plans of temples, as well as photographs of paintings, sculpture and coins — side by side with texts. Images are (and were for the Romans) just as central as texts to the understanding of religious practice and belief. It is impossible, for example, to understand the conduct of Roman festivals without some understanding of the physical environment in which those festivals took place; impossible to understand the significance of Roman sacrifice if we concentrate exclusively on verbal descriptions, ignoring the visual representations in sculpture and on coins. We have therefore consistently treated our visual images as entries in their own right, with preface, bibliography and notes. Each one invites the reader to reflect on the relationship between visual and written images of Roman religion. We imagine that different readers will use this book in very different ways. Some will consult a particular chapter or chapters, some just individual texts; and we have arranged the book so that there is no need to start at the beginning. In fact, for reasons that will become obvious, the first chapter on XI
Preface xii the religion of early <strong>Rome</strong> is one of the most technically difficult, one which the newcomer to the subject is likely to find the hardest. Nonetheless, we hope that we have written more than just a sourcebook to be quarried; and that the interaction between ancient texts and interpretation amounts to a thematic analysis of Roman religion that complements the chronological treatment of our companion volume. W.M.B. J.A.N. S.R.F.P.
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
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4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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J. D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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J, D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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8. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
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S. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
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9 Individuals and gods: life and de
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9- I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
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O.. I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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10. R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E A
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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