1 Earliest Rome

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3.5 A military calendar (A.D. 223-227) [IUI Ides May] [On this day the temple of Mats was dedicated??] SuppUcatio to Mars' Moles . [Villi Kal. June] [Birthday of Germanicus Caesar.] SuppUcatio to Vesta. [ . . . ] [ . . . SuppUcatio to ???], Mars Ultor, Venus [Genetrix ] . 4 [ . . . ] [ . . . ] SuppUcatio to Jupiter. < . . . > 1. The starting-point of this calendar is uncertain: evidently nor 1 January, but some time in July or August. 2. Sacrifice directly 'to' the living emperor, rather than 'on his behalf or 'for his well being", would have implied his divinity and would thus have been unacceptable in the official religious practices of the city or Rome: Vol. 1, 208-10. 3. It was an ancient Roman practice for troops to acclaim a victorious general as 'Imperator'. In addition, the word became established as part of imperial nomenclature, 4. The date does not correspond to the dates for sacrifices to Mars Ultor or Venus Cenetrix at Rome, but could be the birthday of Julius Caesar (12 July). See Vol. 1, 199-200. 3.5 A military calendar from Dura Europus (A.D. 223-227) This papyrus calendar of an auxiliary cohort of the Roman army, stationed on the eastern frontier, consists mainly of records of imperial anniversaries, from Julius Caesar to the reigning emperor Severus Alexander. Many of these are the same anniversaries as are recorded on official Roman calendars (3.3) or are celebrated in the written records of the Arval Brothers at Rome (4.5; 6.2) — suggesting that this calendar was dependent on a central Roman source. We give the dates of the imperial birthdays and accessions in diamond brackets, though the birthdays normally entered the calendar only once the person acceded to the throne. See further: Vol. 1, 324-8; Fink, Hoey and Snyder (1940) give a detailed commentary. Fink, Hoey and Snyder (1940); Dura Final Reports no.54; R. O. Fink, Roman Military Records on Papyrus (American Philological Association, 1971) no.l 17. Kal. Jan. [...] III Nones Jan. Since vows are fulfilled and undertaken both for the welfare of our Lord Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus and for the eternity of the empire of the Roman people, [to Jupiter Optimus Maximus an ox, to Juno Regina a cow, to Minerva a cow, to Jupiter Victor] an ox, [to Juno Sospes? a cow, ... to Mars Pater a bull, to Mars Victor] a bull, to Victoria a cow [ . . . ] VII Ides Jan. [Because honourable discharge with the enjoyment of 71
3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileges [is given to men who have served their time] or salary is paid [to the soldiers, to Jupiter Optimus Maximtis an ox, to Juno a cow, to Minerva] a cow, to Salus a cow, to Mars Pater a bull [. . . ] VI Ides Jan. For the birthday of the diva [...], to the diva [ . . . ] a supplicatio.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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