1 Earliest Rome

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3-3 The calendar ofRome C Kalends of April, F. Women in great numbers worship Fortuna Virilis, lower status [D II] II F [E I] II C women even in the baths, because there men bare exactly that part of their body by which the favour of women is sought. 2 [F] Day before, C. Games to Great Idaean Mother of the Gods. They are called rhe Megalensia because the goddess is called 'Megale' . Reciprocation of dinners among the nobility habitually occurs in great numbers, because the Great Mother was summoned in accordance with the Sibylline Books and changed her place from Phrygia ro Rome. 3 G Nones, N. Games ro Fortuna Publica on the Hill nearer Rome. 4 hi VIII NP. Games. Holiday because on this day Gaius Caesar son of Gaius [conquered] king [juba] in Africa. 5 < 10> D [IIII], N. For two days the principal sacrifice is made to Fortuna Primigenia. On each day her oracle is open; the duoviri sacrifice a calf/' Games in the Circus. Lb the Great Idaean Mother of the Gods on the Palatine, because on that day a temple was dedicated to her. E [111], N. F Day before, [N. Games to Ceres]. G Ides, [NP. Games]. H XIIX,N. [Games]. A XVTI, For[dicidia, NP. Games . . . ] Oscan and Sabine [word . . . ]. Aulus Hirtius, Gaius Caesar's [colleague in power, won at Murina, whence to] our day [one supplicates Victoria Augusta]/ B XVI, N. Games[. . . ] C XV, N. Games. D XIIII, N. Games. E XIII. Cerealia NP. Games in the Circus. H F XII, N.
3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent rust from damaging the crops. 1,2 A sacrifice and games are held for both older and younger runners. It is a celebration lor pimps because the previous day is for prostitutes. D VI, F. Divus Caesar added this day to the calendar. E V, C. F IIII, NP. Games to Flora. Festival by decree of the senate because on this day [an image] and [altar] of Vesta was dedicated in the house of Imperator Caesar Augustus, pontifex maximus, when Quirinius and Valgius were consuls. On the same day a temple of Flora, who presides over the growth of things, was dedicated because of a failure of the crops. 13 G III, C. Games. H Day before, C. Games. 30 66 1. The entry for April starts with a discussion of the etymology of the month's name. 2. This entry records women offering to Fortuna Virilis (the Fortune of Men) on 1 April. Other sources, however, suggest two rituals took place on that occasion: women of the elite worshipping Venus Verticordia (Venus 'who turned the hearts of women to chastity') and women of low status bathing in men's baths, wearing myrtle wreathes, perhaps In honour of Fortuna Virilis. Some scholars have suggested that this inscrip tion (If only by a simple error of the stone cutter) has somehow conflated these two cer emonies (See Champeaux (1982-7) 1.375-95). 3. See 3.3a n.2. 4. See 3.3a n.l. 5. A festival in celebration of Caesar's victory at Thapsus in 46 B.C.; note that the calen dar here suppresses the fact that this was (in part) a victory in civil war, over the Pompeian party, by mentioning only the foreign enemy, juba. 6. 'Primordial' Fortune was the principal cult of Praeneste, and famous for its oracle. ~. There was a temple in Rome to the goddess from 194 B.C., near that of Fortuna Publica, but the title of the magistrates {duoviri) and the mention of the oracle (not found in Rome) show that this entry relates to Praeneste (Vol. 1, 89; Champeaux (1982-7) 1.24-38). 7. See 3.3a n.4. Mutina was the first victory of Octavian against Antony in 43 B.C. 8. See 3.3a n.5- 9. See 3-3a n.6. 10. At the Vinalia new wine (v'wum) was offered to Jupiter. The myth that partly survives in this entry was intended to explain the ritual (see also Ovid, Fasti !V.863~-900). It depicted conflict between Aeneas, son of Venus, and Mezentius, leader of the Etruscans, who agreed to help Aeneas' enemies the Rutulians (under Turnus) in return for wine; Aeneas instead vowed the wine to Jupiter, It is a myth of sovereignty, rather than the opening of the new wine; there was a second Vinalia, on 19 August, which was associated with the growing vines and the announcement of the date of the grape har vest. For associations with Venus see 3.3a n.7 (Schilling (1982) 91-115, 248-62; Dumezil (1970) 183-6; (1975) 87-97, 105-7). 11. The entry was added early in the reign of Tiberius. 12. A dog and a sheep were sacrificed to Robigo. The fifth milestone may once have marked the boundary of Roman territory (Ovid, Fasti IV.905-42). Cf. Vol. 1, 45-7, and 2.2b for the deity Robigo. 13 Originally the festival of the bringing of the first ears of grain to the goddess Flora was of movable date {feriae conceptivae - see 3.1). In 238 B.C. a temple was built by the
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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