1 Earliest Rome

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2.10 One god 12.6a), but it could involve much more philosophical ideas of divine power or of a single divine spirit in which all the various gods and goddesses, even all living things, shared. Modern scholars have called these ideas " benoiheism, from the Greek heis tbeos, 'one god'. Henotheism was in some respects similar to Jewish or Christian 'monotheism, but there was a crucial difference. Heno theism merely implied particular devotion to one god or divine power, without denying the existence of the others. Both Judaism and Christianity insisted that their god was the only god; no others existed. See further: Vol. 1, 255-9, 286-91; Nock (1933); Liebeschuetz (1979) 277-91; MacMullen (1984) 17-24; Lane Fox (1986) 34-5*; Versnel (1990). 2.10a 'What is god?' These verses, written in Greek, were discovered inscribed high up on the atv wall of Oenoanda (in modern Turkey). They date to the third century A.D. and were apparently rhe words of an oracle (probably the oracle of Apollo at Claros -also in Turkey) responding to the question: 'What is god?'. Despite their similarities with Christian ways of conceptualizing god, these are the words of a pagan deity and pagan priests. See further: Robert (1971); Hall (1978); Lane Fox (1986) 168-71*. G. E. Bean, 'Journeys in Northern Lycia', Denkschrifi Oesterr. Akad. der Wiss. Phil-Hist KL 104 (1971), no. 37. 'Self-born, untaught, motherless, unshakeable, Giving place to no name, many-named, dwelling in fire, Such is god: we are a portion of god, his messengers.' This, then, to the questioners about god's nature The god replied, calling him all-seeing Ether: 1 And pray at dawn, looking out to the East. to him then look 1. In Greek 'ether' was the pure air of the highest atmosphere, where the gods lived. In sev eral Greek accounts of the origins of the world, ether is also one of the elements out of which the universe was formed. 2.1 Ob The ass-headed god Some pagans ridiculed both Jewish and Christian notions of god, claiming (for example) that the Christians worshipped the sun, an ass' head or the wooden cross as thcit deity This graffito (height 0.39m., width 0.35m.) from part of the imperial palace on the Palatine (probably third century A.D.) appears to make fun of a Christian called Alexamenos —showing him worshipping a figure with an ass' head on a cross. For Christians at the imperial court, see 12.7c(i). See further: Dinkier (1967) 150-3; Clarke (1974) 216-18*. 57
2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänänen, Graffiti del Paktino (Helsinki, 1966), I no. 246 1. Text (in Greek) 'Alexamenos worships god'. 2.10c One god, invisible Minucius Felix, Octavius 32.1-6 Here Minucius Felix responds to pagan criticisms of the Christian god. See further: Wirken (1984) 83-93, 102-4, 181-3*; on particular aspects of the argumenta offered, Altmann (1968) - man as the image of god; Ferguson (1980) - the spiritualization' of sacrifice. Do you imagine that we are hiding the object of our worship if we have no shrines and altars? What image of god could I make, when, rightly considered, man himself is an image of god? What temple could I build for him, when the whole of this world that is crafted by his handiwork could not contain him? And should I, a person living in rather 58
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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