1 Earliest Rome

More documents

Recommendations

Info

2.8 Becoming a god emperors divine status; for Hercules himself was originally, so it was said, a mortal hero who achievedúxc rank of a god at his 'death'. Height, 1.18 m. See further: for the association of Commodus and Hercules, Vol. 1, 210; Beaujeu (1955) 400-10; Speidel (1993); for the sculpture and its context, Stuart Jones (1926) 139-42*; Fittschen and Zanker (1985) 85-90; TranquUle dimore(l986) 37-56, 88-91; D. Ε. E. Kleiner (1992) 276-7*. 1. Club and lionskin of Hercules. 2. In Commodus/Hercules' hand, the golden applcs of die Hesperides - which Hercules retrieved as one of his labours. 3. Globe, surrounded by a zodiacal band - showing Taurus, Capricorn and Scorpiu. The exact reference of these signs is uncertain; they presumably alluded to particularly important dates in Commodus' life and career. See Hannah (1986). 4. Crescent shicld, with points ending in eagles' heads: a type particularly associated with Amazons, the mychical race of warrior women. Towards the end of his life Commodus took the title Amazonius. 5. Crossed cornucopiae, heaped with fruit, symbolizing plenty. 6. Fcinale figure, pcrhaps an Amazon; the matching figure on the right is lost. 53
2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E 2.8d Euhemerism: a theory of the human origin of the gods One strand of ancient philosophical thinking argued that all the major gods of mythology had a human origin; that the gods had been great kings or benefac tors, deified on their death by a grateful people. This idea was particularly asso ciated with the name of Euhemerus, whose Greek account of the mortal descent of the gods (written 311-298 B.C.) was translated into Latin by the poet Ennius. 'Euhemerism' later, of course, played into the hands of Christian opponents of paganism, who saw it as a pagan admission that their gods were not really gods. Here the Christian Lactantius quotes a 'euhemeristic' account of the death of Jupiter. Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.11.44 See further: Drachman (1922) 110-13*. So if we grasp the fact that - judging by his deeds and character — Jupiter was a man and ruled as king on earth, it only remains now to investigate his death as well. In Ennius' Holy History, once he has described all rhe deeds carried out by Jupiter during his life time, he has this to say at the end: 'Then, after Jupiter had travelled around the earth five times, divided his rule between his friends and relations, bequeathed laws and customs to men, provided corn and done many other good deeds, he was endowed with immortal glory and renown and left his friends eternal memorials of his reign. In extreme old age, he departed this life in Crete and went away to join the gods; and his sons, the Curetcs, tended and adorned his body. His tomb is in Crete in the town of Cnossus, a place said to have been founded by Vesta; and on his tomb there is an inscription in archaic Greek letters, reading ZAN KRONOU - that is, in Latin, "Jupiter son of Saturn".' 54 2.9 <strong>Rome</strong> and 'barbarian' deities The expansion of the Roman empire beyond the Graeco-Roman heartland of the Mediterranean brought the Romans into contact with a yet wider range of 'native' deities. This contact between Roman and native religions often resulted in the merging of the different traditions and their various gods and goddesses. This process (now sometimes referred to as 'syncretism 1 ) was not new. The early contacts between <strong>Rome</strong> and the Greek world had, after all, resulted in that range of equivalences between Roman and Greek deities that we now take for granted (Zeus and Jupiter; Aphrodite and Venus; Hermes and Mercury etc.). But wider expansion of the empire led to a process of syncretism on a much wider scale. See further: Vol. 1, 339-48; Fevrier (1976); R. L. Gordon (1990c)*.
Page 2:
VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements We would like to e
Page 7 and 8:
Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
Page 9 and 10:
Preface xii the religion of early R
Page 11 and 12:
Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
Page 13 and 14: I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
Page 15 and 16: 1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
Page 17 and 18: I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
Page 19 and 20: T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
Page 21 and 22: I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
Page 23 and 24: I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
Page 25 and 26: I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
Page 27 and 28: I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
Page 29 and 30: I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
Page 31 and 32: I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
Page 33 and 34: I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
Page 35 and 36: I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
Page 37 and 38: 2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
Page 39 and 40: 28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
Page 41 and 42: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
Page 43 and 44: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
Page 45 and 46: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
Page 47 and 48: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
Page 49 and 50: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
Page 51 and 52: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
Page 53 and 54: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
Page 55 and 56: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
Page 57 and 58: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
Page 59 and 60: 2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
Page 61 and 62: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
Page 63: 1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
Page 67 and 68: 2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
Page 69 and 70: 2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
Page 71 and 72: 3 The calendar 60 The official stat
Page 73 and 74: 3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
Page 75 and 76: 3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
Page 77 and 78: 3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
Page 79 and 80: 3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
Page 81 and 82: 3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
Page 83 and 84: 3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
Page 85 and 86: 3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
Page 87 and 88: 3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
Page 89 and 90: 4 Religious places 78 This chapter
Page 91 and 92: 4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
Page 93 and 94: 4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
Page 95 and 96: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
Page 97 and 98: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
Page 99 and 100: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
Page 101 and 102: 4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
Page 103 and 104: 4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S Si
Page 105 and 106: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
Page 107 and 108: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 96
Page 113 and 114: 4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
Page 115 and 116:
RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
Page 117 and 118:
4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
Page 119 and 120:
4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 10
Page 121 and 122:
4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 11
Page 123 and 124:
4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
Page 125 and 126:
A C E S come to venerate the apostl
Page 127 and 128:
5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
Page 129 and 130:
5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139 and 140:
Page 141 and 142:
5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
Page 143 and 144:
5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
Page 149 and 150:
Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
Page 155 and 156:
5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
Page 157 and 158:
5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
Page 159 and 160:
6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
Page 161 and 162:
6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
Page 163 and 164:
6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
Page 165 and 166:
6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
Page 167 and 168:
6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
Page 169 and 170:
6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
Page 171 and 172:
6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
Page 173 and 174:
6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
Page 175 and 176:
6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
Page 177 and 178:
7 Divination and diviners 166 This
Page 179 and 180:
7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
Page 181 and 182:
7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
Page 183 and 184:
J. D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Page 189 and 190:
J, D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
Page 191 and 192:
Page 193 and 194:
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
Page 207 and 208:
8. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
S. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
9 Individuals and gods: life and de
Page 229 and 230:
9- I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
O.. I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
Page 257 and 258:
1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
Page 259 and 260:
10. R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E A
Page 261 and 262:
1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269 and 270:
Page 271 and 272:
11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
Page 273 and 274:
I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
IT. T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M A
Page 291 and 292:
Page 293 and 294:
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
Page 301 and 302:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S A
Page 303 and 304:
1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
Page 305 and 306:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
Page 307 and 308:
12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
Page 309 and 310:
12. R E U G I O U S G R O U P S I a
Page 311 and 312:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S a
Page 313 and 314:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S I
Page 315 and 316:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S t
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S 5
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S a
Page 327 and 328:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S G
Page 329 and 330:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S L
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O L I P S
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S (
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S T
Page 345 and 346:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S S
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S G
Page 351 and 352:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S I
Page 353 and 354:
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S T
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
Page 361 and 362:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
Page 363 and 364:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.2a A
Page 365 and 366:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S accordi
Page 367 and 368:
13. P E R S P E C T I V E S drenche
Page 369 and 370:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.5 d
Page 371 and 372:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.7 A
Page 373 and 374:
13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
Page 375 and 376:
13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
Page 377 and 378:
decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
Page 379 and 380:
eligio (proper religious observance
Page 381 and 382:
Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
Page 383 and 384:
Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
Page 385 and 386:
Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
Page 387 and 388:
Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
Page 389 and 390:
Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
Page 391 and 392:
Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
Page 393 and 394:
Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
Page 395 and 396:
Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
Page 397 and 398:
Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
Page 399 and 400:
Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
Page 401 and 402:
Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
Page 403 and 404:
Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
Page 405 and 406:
Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
Page 407 and 408:
(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
Page 409 and 410:
Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
Page 411 and 412:
Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
Page 413 and 414:
Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
Page 415 and 416:
Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
Page 417 and 418:
Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
Page 419 and 420:
CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
Page 421 and 422:
General index References are to tex
Page 423 and 424:
General index Dioscuri, see Castor
Page 425 and 426:
General index festivals, sacrifices
Page 427:
General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
show all

1 Earliest Rome

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?