1 Earliest Rome

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Ovid, to'vi.249-300, 319-48 2.5 Interpretations of Vesta sophical principles; or, more likely, the same person could give the same deity quite different senses in different contexts. Ovid's account of the goddess Vesta well illustrates the range of possible interpretations. It is, of course, a highly literary treatment: very few Romans in 'real life would ever have thought all these things about Vesta - certainly not all at the same time. But it gives a clear sense of how widely diverse the 'meanings' of a deity could be. See further: Brelich (1949); Dumezil (1970) 311-26*; Guarducci (1971); Hommel(1972). Vesta, grant us your favour. It is in homage to you that we now open our mouths, if we may come to your sacred festival. I was deep in prayer. I felt the presence of the heavenly deity, and the glad earth radiated a purple light. Not of course that I actually saw you, my lady (none of the usual poets' lies here! 1 ), and it was not in any case proper that a mortal should look upon you; but my ignorance and my errors were corrected spontaneously, without the aid of any instructor. (257) It is said that <strong>Rome</strong> had celebrated the Parilia' forty times when the goddess, the guardian of the flame, was received in her temple. It was the work of the peaceful king, the most god-fearing character ever born in the Sabine land. 3 The buildings you now see roofed in bronze, m that long distant time you would have seen roofed in thatch, and the walls were woven with tough osiers. This little spot which now supports the Hall of Vesta was then the great palace of unshaven Numa. Yet the shape of the temple, as it still exists today, is said to have been the same as in those early days, and a good reason underlies that choice of shape. (267) Vesta is the same as the earth. Perpetual fire constitutes them both. Earth and the hearth both stand for her dwelling place. 4 The earth is like a ball, resting on no support; its enormous weight hangs on the air that stretches beneath. Its own rotation keeps the sphere in balance, and it has no angle that might push it in one direction. And seeing that it is placed in the centre of all things and touches no side more or less, if it were not spherical in shape, it would be nearer to one side than another, and the universe would not have the earth as its central weight. It is just like that globe that stands suspended by Syracusan skill in its enclosed space, a small model of the vast vault of heaven; and there too the earth is equally distant from top and bottom - its spherical shape ensuring that position. 5 The appearance of the temple is the same: it has no projecting angle; a dome protects it from the showers of rain. (283) Why, you ask, is the goddess tended by virgin priestesses? 6 1 will discover the proper reasons for this also. It is said that Ceres and Juno were born of Ops 7 from the seed of Saturn; Vesta was the third daughter. The first two married; and both are said to have borne children. Of the three only one remained who refused marriage. Is it surprising if a virgin goddess delights in a virgin priestess and allows only chaste hands to enter her sacred rites? Think of Vesta as nothing other than living flame, and you see that 39
2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance is born of flame. Rightly, therefore, is she a virgin goddess - who produces no seed, nor takes any, and loves the company of virgins. (295) Fool that I was - for a long time I believed that there were statues of Vesta. Then I learned that there are none under the curved dome. An undying flame is hidden in that temple, but there is no image of Vesta herself nor of the fire. The earth stands by its own force. The name Vesta comes from Vi stando'
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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