1 Earliest Rome

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priests, traditional Roman 13.3; on Ara Pacis 4.3b; in coloniae 10.2a; origins 1.2; election of 8.2c; emperors as 8.5; and politics 7.2, 8.2; trickery 1.5d; see also under individual priestly titles. prodigies 1.5d, 1.7a(i), 2.6c, 6.6b, 7.3, 7.4a, 7.5(intro); pontifices and 1.2 prophecy, Christian 7.6b; see aho divination, oracles prophets, Christian 7.6b; at Didyma 7.6c(ii) & (iii); see aho diviners Proserpina Persephone Pythagoras, Pythagoreanism 11.1 quindecimvirisacrisfaciundis {decemviri, duoviri): on Ara Pacis 4.3b; duties 5.5b, 7.3a, 7.5(intro), 7.5c, 10.4a; in later empire 8.9; at Saecular Games 5.7b; and cult of Magna Mater 6.7b, 10.4b Quirinus 1.6a(intro), 2.8a, 13.3; see aho Romulus religio ch. 11 {passim) rex sacrorum 8.1a rituals ch. 3 & ch. 5 {passim); Bacchic 12.1; Christian 12.7d(i); conservatism 5.5a; early Roman 1.4; innovation 5.1, 5.5; at Iguvium (Gubbio) 1.4b; Isiac 12.4b, 12.4e; warfare and 1.4a, 5.4, 5.5d, 5.8; see aho sacrifice and under individualfestivab Robigalia (April 25) 3.3a & b Robigo 2.2b Roma, dea Roma (the Goddess <strong>Rome</strong>) 10.3a, 10.5b Romulus (king, traditionally 753-715 B.C.) 1.6a, 2.8a, 4.2a, 4.8a, 5.1, 5.2a, 7.1a; see aho Quirinus rose festivals (Rosalia) 3.5, 3.7 sacred spring {ver sacrum) 6.5 sacrifice ch. 6 {passim); by Aeneas 4.3c; by Arval Brothers 4.5; and Christianity 6.8, 11.14; to Diana 1.5d; disruption 7.4a; and divination 7.4b-d; human 6.6; Jewish 12.6c(ii); nonanimal 6.4; after prodigies 7.3a; at Saecular Games 5.7b; recommended by Sibylline Books 7.5a; see also taurobolium Saecular Games {ludi SaecuLares) 5.7b Salius {Salii) 1.2, 4.2d, 5.4; Salian hymn 5.4c; title 8.1a General index Salus (Public Safety) 7.4c Sarapia (also Serapia, Serapeia) 3.3c & d Sarapis (also Serapis) 5.6c, 12.6f Satricum 1.6b Saturn 2.1d, 7.4a, 13.8; identified as Jewish god 12.6a; in cult of Mithras 12.5a & b; 12.5h(xv); see aho Saturnalia Saturnalia (December 17—23) 5.3, 7.3a Scipio Aemilianus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Aemilianus, consul 147, 134 B.C.) 9.1d Scipio Africanus (Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, consul205, 194 B.C.) 9.1a, 9.1c&d Secular Games, see Saecular Games sellisternium 5.7b; see also lectisternium senate 7.1b, 7.2, 7.3a, 7.4c, 7.5 (intro), 8.2b, 12.1a&b Septimius Severus (emperor, A.D. 193-211): on arch at Lepcis Magna 6.Id; and divination 11.7b (intro); regulation on clubs 11.9 Serapis, Serapia see Sarapis, Sarapia Servius Tullius (king, traditionally 578-535 B.C.) 1.7a seviri Augustales 8.6b; and cult of Magna Mater 6.7b Sibylline Books; see books, religious Sibyls and Sibylline tradition 7.5; see also books, religious Simon of Samaria (magician, arguably Christian) 12.7a(i) slaves: as Christians 12.7c(i); ex-slaves (offering to Feronia) 7.3a; in cult of Jupiter Dolichenus 12.3a; in cult of Mithras 12.5c(i) & (ii) sodales 77^78. la spells 11.5 & 6 spolia opima 1.3 Stoic theology 2.4a, 13.2a, 13.56 critique of 12.2b Sulla (Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, consul88, 80 B.C., dictator 82-79 B.C.) 9.1b; regulation of magic 11.2 suovetaurilia 6.2, 6.3a superstitio ch. 11 {passim) synagogues 12.6c(ii), 12.6d(iii); at Dura Europus 4.14b; at Ostia 4.14a 'syncretism' 2.9 tablets, religious see books, religious 415
General index Tarquin the Elder (king, traditionally 616-579 B.C.) 1.8, 7.1a, 7.5 (intro) Tarquin the Proud (king, traditionally 534-510 B.C.) 1.9b taurobolium 6.7, 8.9 Tellus (Earth) 7.4a temple buildings: in Roman forum 4.7; Mars Ultor 4.2; Portunus 4.1; at Pompeii 4.10; at Praeneste 4.9; uses of 4.2c & d templumAA, 13.3; at Iguvium (Gubbio) 1.4b; as the universe 9.Id Terminus 1.1b Terra (Earth) 5.7b Theodosius (emperor, A.D. 379-395), ban on sacrifice 11.14 theology 9.5d, 13.9; see also Stoic, Epicurean Tiberius (emperor, A.D. 14-37), triumph 10.6a Torah4.l4, 12.6g Trajan (emperor, A.D. 98-117), and Jews 12.6F triad: archaic 1.3; Capitoline 1.9; Iguvine 1.4b; see also Capitolium triumph 1.9a, 5.8 Veii: Juno of 2.6a; old man of 7.1b Vediovis 1.6a Venus 2.1a, 2.2c, 3.3b & c, 6.3b; on coins of Julius Caesar 9.2b(ii) & (iii); Generrix 4.2 (intro), 4.2a; Lubentina 2.3a; in cult of Mithras 12.5a ver sacrum, see sacred spring Vesta 2.5, 3.3b, 5.1a, 6.2, 13.8; temple of 4.7 Vestal Virgins 2.5, 2.7b (intro), 6.If, 6.6b, 8.4, 13.3, 13.7 & 8; and Bona Dea 8.2b; Christian ridicule of 8.10a; house of 4.7; origin of 1.2, 8.4a 416 victimarius (victimarii) 6.1, 7.4c &: d Victoria (Victory) 2.3a; on coins of Julius Caesar 9.2b(ii) & (iv); statue in senate house 8.5c; temple of 2.7a Vinalia (April 23, August 19) 3.3a & b Virtus (Virtue) 2.3, 13.3 vows 9.5a & b; in cult of Mithras 12.5a, 12.5c(vi) Vulcan 1.7c, 2.Id warfare, and religion: celebration of victory (triumph) 1.9a, 5.8; declaration of war (fetial ritual) 1.4a, 5.5d dedication of spoils (spolia opima) 1.3; evocatio of gods during warfare 2.6a, 10.3b; during Hannibalic war 7.3a; prodigies before battle 7.3a & c; rituals of the Salii5A; self-sacrifice of general (devotio) 6.6a; see also army women, religious roles: in Bacchic rituals 12.1a & b; Christian 7.9b, 12.7c(iii), 12.7f(i) & (ii), 11.11c; and divine epiphanies 7.6c(i); ex-slaves 7.3a; in Isiac cult 12.4d; in cult of Julia Domna 10.5c; in magic 11.4; in cult of Magna Mater 2.7; maidens 7.5a; Mithraic cult, excluded from 12.5d; at oracle of Apollo (Didyma) 7.6c(i); satirized 13.4; and superstitio 11.10; wives and matrons 2.7a, 5.7b, 7.3a, 7.5a; see also Bona Dea, festival of; Vestal Virgins Zeus, in cult of Mithras 12.5f; see aho Jupiter Zodiac 2.8c Zoroaster 4.6c
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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Page 395 and 396: Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
Page 397 and 398: Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
Page 399 and 400: Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
Page 401 and 402: Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
Page 403 and 404: Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
Page 405 and 406: Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
Page 407 and 408: (1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
Page 409 and 410: Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
Page 411 and 412: Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
Page 413 and 414: Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Page 417 and 418: Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
Page 419 and 420: CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
Page 421 and 422: General index References are to tex
Page 423 and 424: General index Dioscuri, see Castor
Page 425: General index festivals, sacrifices
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1 Earliest Rome

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