1 Earliest Rome

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Piautus, Amphitryo 1-25 2.1 Gods in human form According as you wish me, gladly granting you favour, to endow you with profit in all the purchasing and purveying of your wares, and to assist you in all your affairs; and according as you wish me to speed a happy outcome for you all in your matters of business both at home and in foreign lands and to increase for evermore with fine and glorious profit those endeavours which you have begun and those which you are about to begin; and according as you wish me to endow you and yours, every one, with glad tidings, bringing before you and proclaiming only those things which may contribute best to your common weal (for verily you have long known that it is an honour granted and bestowed upon me by the other gods that 1 should hold sway over messages and profit); according as you wish me to bless these matters, to strive that eternal riches may forever be in store for you . . . then let's just have a bit of hush for the show and you'll all give it a fair hearing. No short change here. (17) Now I will tell you on whose orders J am here, why I have come - and at the same time I'll introduce myself. I'm here on Jupiter's orders; Mercury's the name. My father sent me here to beg a favour from you - or I suppose you might say 'issue a command', because he knew that you would do whatever you were told. After all, he's well aware that you fear and dread him - as you're bound to fear Jupiter. All the same be asked me to put this request to you as a favour, ever so nicely, really politely. 1 1. The favour turns out to be that they ensure the dramatic prizes are awarded fairly and there is no hired applause for any individual actor — particularly as Jupiter himself is to appear as a character in the play. 2.1 d Christian ridicule of pagan gods Minucius Felix, Octavius 22.5-23.1 Christian polemicists poured scorn on the apparently human characteristics of traditional deities, on the inconsistencies of their portrayal, and on the immorality of the myths attached to them. Immoralities of pagan gods are a particular theme of 12.7a (i-ii). Here Minucius Felix pedantically tries to expose the absurdities in the presentation of those traditional deities. See further: Vol. 1,227, 261,310; R. P. C. Hanson (1980) 920-4*. What? Don't their very forms and features betray the absurdity and indignity of your gods? Vulcan is lame and crippled; Apollo for all his years is beardless; Aesculapius sports a full beard even though he is the son of the ever-youthful Apollo. Neptune has blue- green eyes; Minerva eyes like a cat; Juno like an ox. Mercury has winged feet; Pan is hoofed; Saturn ] has his feet in chains. Janus in all truth has two faces, as if he could walk backwards. Diana is sometimes a huntress with her skirt tucked up high; while at Epbesus : she is loaded with breasts and teats; and as Trivia 1 she is a dreadful creature with three heads and many hands. Why, your own Jupiter himself sometimes stands beardless. 29
2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is set up bearded. And when he goes under the name of Hammotf he has horns; when he's Capitolinus, then he wields thunderbolts; when Latiaris,' he is drenched in blood; when Feretrius, he is not heard. 6 In fact, not to go through the whole crowd of Jupiters any longer, his strange manifestations are as numerous as his names. Erigone hanged herself with a noose, to shine as Virgo among the stars. 7 Castor and his twin die in turn so that each may live. 51 Aesculapius is struck by lightning so that he may rise to godhead. Hercules, to cast off his human mortality, is burnt up on the fires of Oeta. 9 (23) These are the stories and falsehoods that we both learn from ignorant parents, and (worse still) elaborate ourselves, In our own studies and learning — especially in the works of poets, who have used all the influence they can to distort the truth itself. 30 " , 1. According to Graeco-Roman myth, the father of Jupiter — overthrown as 'king of the gods' by his son. In the course of rhe conflict, Jupiter bound his feet. 2. For images, and discussion, of'many-breasted' Diana (Greek Artemis) of the Ephesians, see Fleischer (1973). 3. For Diana as Trivia (Greek Hekate), see 1.5c(H); Virgil, Aeneidw.5\ 1; Alfoldi (I960). 4. A native deiry of Egypt and North Africa commonly identified with Jupiter. Representations of Jupicer-Hammon show him with ram's horns. 5. Jupiter Latiaris was a major deity of the Latins, worshipped at the Alban Mount (1.5). Christian writers claimed that a human victim was sacrificed ro him at the Feriae Latinae (12.7a(ii); Minucius Felix, Octavius 30; Lactantius, Divine Institutes 1.21). 6. The Latin text is uncertain here. According to Roman tradition (see Livy, HistOfylAQ), a victorious genera] who had killed an enemy commander in single combat dedicared his spoils to Jupiter Feretrius in his temple on the Capitol. .See 1.3. 7. According to myth, she killed herself when she found the body of her murdered father; she was then taken into the sky as the constellation Virgo. 8. In one version of their myth, Castor and Pollux were said to have 'shared' immortality with each other, alternating half the year in the Underworld and half on Mount Olympus. 9. The gods Aesculapius and Hercules were believed to have been born mortal - ' Aesculapius gaining immortality only after being struck by Jupiter's thunderbolt; Hercules after being taken up to heaven from his funeral pyre on Mount Oeta. 2.2 Deities of different types The character of Roman deities was much more varied than any simple picture of larger than life personalities, with their almost human attributes and adventures, might suggest. Some deities had no closely defined personality and remained outside the traditions of myth and legend. Although, to us, they may seem more 'shadowy' for that reason, they were not necessarily less important in Roman terms. 2.2a Statuettes of the Lares Lares, protecting spirits of place, were worshipped in various contexts: in the house, at the crossroads, in the city (as guardians of the state). The Lares 'familiares' (gods of the house and its members) are the best known of these -
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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