1 Earliest Rome

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2.1 Gods in human form 2.1a Painting of Venus from Pompeü (third quarter of first Century A.D.) The goddess of love is here shown almost as a female pin-up, displayed on die garden wall of a wealthy Pompeian house (The House of Marine Venus'). The particular pose and setting allude to the myth of the Greek goddess Aphrodite, born from the foam of the sea. Height of painting, 2.43 m.; width 4.54 m. See further: for discussion ofthe Roman Venus and her 'equivalence' with Aphrodite, Dumezü (1970) 421-2*; Schilling (1982) 197-294; for the ränge of representations of Venus at Pompeü, where she was patron of the Roman colonia, M. Grant (1971) 92-5*. 2. lb Jupiter and the emperor Trajan, from Trojans arch at Beneventum (South Italy), A.D. 114 Gods and goddesses were regularly associated with che vows, sacrifices and rituals accompanying Roman warfare. Although Roman historians only rarely suggest that the gods directly participated in the action, their supportive presence could be imagined and sometimes portrayed. On this panel (height 2.49 m.; width 2.67 m.) from Trajans arch at Beneventum, Jupiter is shown literally Standing alongside the emperor, sanctioning a treaty between <strong>Rome</strong> and barbarians. See further: Vol. 1, 31-2; Fears (1981) 917-18*; Simon (1981) 5-6 and 12, n. 48; for the monument in general, D. Ε. E. Kleiner (1992) 224-9*; for an analysis of gods as Citizens', and of their relations with magistrates, Scheid (1984) 51-7. 27
28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan - figure now badly damaged. Right arm originally outstretched to joiii hands with barbarian leader opposite. 2. Barbarian (probabiy German) leader, distinguished by his beard, tunic (not toga) and laced boots. 3. Jupiter, naked to the waist, holding a thunderbok in his left hand. (For Jupirer's role in the solemnization of treaties, see Livy, History 1.24.3—9 with Ogilvie (1970) 110-12.) 2.1c Mercury introduces himself Gods sometimes appeared as characters on the Roman stage. Here, in the pro- logue of his play Amphitryo {c. 195 B.C.), Plautus offers a teasing, humorous portrayal of a god. Mercury is speaking; starting in mock formal style, he lists the benefits he offers to his audience, before explaining (more colloquially) who he is and why he has come. See further: Dumézil (1970) 439-40,492-3*; Combet-Farnoux (1980); for the role ofthe gods in Plautus' comedies, Schilling (1955).
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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