1 Earliest Rome

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Deities and their epithets Roman and Greek deities Greek writers regularly referred to Roman deities under Greek names; and by the late Republic, at least, it was assumed that each major Roman god or goddess had a Greek 'equivalent' (Aphrodite for Venus; Ares for Mars, etc.). The most common are listed here: Roman Greek Aesculapius Asclepius Apollo (Phoebus) Apoll Bacchus Dionysus Ceres Demeter Diana Artemis Fortuna Tyche Juno Hera Jupiter Zeus Magna Mater Cybele Mars Ares Mercurius Hermes Minerva Athena Neptunus Poseidon Pluto Hades Venus Aphrodite Vesta Hestia Vulcan Hephaestus In our translations we have sometimes used the standard English equivalents of Roman names (e.g. Mercury for Mercurius); and have sometimes retained Greek spellings (e.g. Asklepios for Asclepius). Divine epithets Some of the best-known deities of Roman religion were given additional titles, or epithets, that referred to a particular aspect of their power or to a particular form of their cult. This list explains the most important, or puzzling, of those that occur elsewhere in the book. It omits the epithets Mater and Pater ('Mother' and 'Father'), which were applied to a wide variety of deities, sometimes in combination with the epithets given below (e.g. Mars Pater Victor). Diana: Tifatina - of the town of Tifata, near Capua (S. Italy) 369
Deities and their epithets 370 Fortuna: Primigenia - Primordial; particularly associated with Fortuna at the oracular shrine of Praeneste, near Rome (see 4.9) Publica — of the state Redux — of safe returns; in her role of ensuring safe return home Virilis — of men Juno: Lucina - title of Juno in her role as protectress of women in childbirth Regina — Queen; title of Juno at a famous temple on the Aventine hill, Rome (see 2.6a) Sospita (Sospes) - Saviour; particularly associated with the cult of Juno at the town of Lanuvium, near Rome (see 2.4b) Jupiter: Capitolinus - of the Capitoline hill, Rome (where Jupiter's greatest temple was located) Dolichenus - of the town of Doliche, Syria; for the cult of Jupiter under this title, see 12.3 Feretrius - ancient title of Jupiter, associated with a temple on the Capitoline hill, said to have been dedicated by Romulus; exact meaning unknown Grabovius — ancient title of Jupiter at the town of Iguvium, central Italy (H)ammon — as identified with Hammon, a North African deity Latiaris — of the Latin people, worshipped at the Alban Mount, near Rome; sometimes seen as the deified form of King Latinus, founder of the Latins Libertas — as god of'Freedom' Optimus Maximus - Best and Greatest Sempiternus — Everlasting Victor — Victorious, or Giver of Victory Lares: Augusti — of the emperor (see 8.6a) Compitales - of the crossroads (see 8.6a) Mars: Grabovius — ancient title of Mars at the town of Iguvium, central Italy Gradivus — ancient title of Mars, perhaps associated with 'stepping out' or 'marching' Ultor — Avenger (see 4.2) Victor — Victorious, or Giver of Victory Venus: Erucina - of the town Eryx, in Sicily Genetrix — Ancestress; a title applied to the goddess in her role as ancestress of the Roman people - or, more specifically, of the Julian gens Lubentina- Delightful; Bringer of Pleasure Verticordia - Turner of Hearts; sometimes explained by Romans as 'turning the hearts of women to chastity' Victrix — Victorious, or Giver of Victory
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
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4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 96
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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J. D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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J, D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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8. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
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9 Individuals and gods: life and de
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9- I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
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O.. I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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10. R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E A
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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IT. T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M A
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S A
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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Page 401 and 402: Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
Page 403 and 404: Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
Page 405 and 406: Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
Page 407 and 408: (1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
Page 409 and 410: Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Page 421 and 422: General index References are to tex
Page 423 and 424: General index Dioscuri, see Castor
Page 425 and 426: General index festivals, sacrifices
Page 427: General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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