1 Earliest Rome

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Imperium supreme executive power of Roman magistrates. Glossary lararium household shrine of Lares. lectisternium pi. lectisternia banquet in honour of gods, at which statues of deities themselves reclined on couches; see septemviri. lictor, pi. lictores attendant(s) of Roman magistrates, priests and others. htCUS woodland clearing, commonly site of shrines and temples. ludi games as part of festivals of the gods, either circenses (chariot racing) or scaenici (theatrical). lupercus, pi. luperci officiant(s) of festival of Lupercalia. magus, pi. magi menorah mundas nefastus, pl. ne fasti numen, pi. numina learned priest, originally Persian; pejoratively 'magician' seven-branded candlestick, symbol of Judaism, world; heavens; pit in the Roman Forum, thought of as gateway to the underworld. day(s) marked on Roman calendar; technically those neither fastusnox comitialis; popularly thought of as illomened, divine power(s). patera shallow bowl, often used for pouring libations of wine. pomerium religious boundary of <strong>Rome</strong>. pontifex, pi. pontifices Roman priest(s) with wide-ranging religious and administrative duties (including the administration of the calendar and tomb-law); 9 in 300 B.C.; 16 by end of Republic; the pontifex maximus was head of the college. popa, pi. popae attendant(s) at sacrifice, who killed the animal. praetextati those wearing toga praetexta. praetor, pi. praetores Roman magistrate(s) immediately below the rank of consul, with chiefly judicial functions; p. urbanus, responsible for administration of justice in the city of <strong>Rome</strong>. proconsul originally an ex-consul granted imperium to command an army in a province; under the Empire the regular title of governor of certain provinces. quaestor, pi. quaestores junior Roman magistrate(s); from 81 B.C. (the dictatorship of Sulla) the quaestorship was the automatic qualifying office for membership of the senate; many of the duties of the quaestores were financial. quindecimviri (sacris faciundis) 'fifteen men for the performance of rites'; Roman priests with responsibility for Sibylline Books, and some supervision of foreign cults; originally 2 (duoviri), 10 (decemviri) from 367 B.C., 15 by 51 B.C.; number later increased further, though the title remained 'fifteen'. Quirites ancient collective title for Roman citizens. religio religion; we have sometimes (esp. chap. 11) retained the Latin word, to emphasize a Roman contrast between 367
eligio (proper religious observance) and superstitio (improper, excessive or illicit observance); see Vol. 1, 215-27. rostra speakers' platform in Forum. Salii Roman priests who performed a ritual song and dance in March and October; in charge of ancilia. septemviri epulonum Roman priests; 'seven men in charge of feasts for the gods' (epulum Iovis); originally 3, 7 under Sulla, 10 by the end of the Republic, though the title remained 'seven'. sestertius, pi. sestertii Roman alloy (orichalchum) coin; Augustus made the financial qualification of senatorial status 1, 000, 000 sestertii; in the second century A.D. a legionary soldier earned 1, 200 per year. sevir (Augustalis), pi. seviri (one of a) board of'six men'; regularly ex-slaves, found in towns of Italy and western provinces, with general public duties and honours (inc. lictores), and sometimes an official role in local imperial cult. They were not restricted to small groups. In some towns, Augustales (not seviri) might number several hundred; see Vol. 1, 257-8. simpuvium (or simpulum) earthenware ladle, used in religious rituals. solitaurilia multiple sacrifice, perhaps identical with suovetaurilia. suovetaurilia sacrifice of pig, ram and bull. superstitio see religio. supplicatio, pi. supplicationes offering of incense and wine to deity; thanksgivings after victory. taurobolium sacrifice of bull in cult of Magna Mater. templum, pi. templa an area of sky within which divine signs were observed; a place on earth from which signs in heavens might be observed; a piece of ground formally marked out by the augures. toga, pi. togae official dress of Roman citizens; with a purple border (praetexta) worn by some magistrates, and by boys, before taking the plain toga (virilis) on reaching maturity. victimarius, pi. victimarii assistant(s) at sacrifice, handling the victim. virgines Vestales virgin Roman priestesses; charged with tending sacred hearth of city in Forum; 6 in number appointed by pontifex maximus for 30 years; subject to death penalty for breaking vow of chastity. votum, pi. vota vow(s) made to a deity.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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J, D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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8. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T
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9 Individuals and gods: life and de
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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Page 385 and 386: Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Page 393 and 394: Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
Page 395 and 396: Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
Page 397 and 398: Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
Page 399 and 400: Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
Page 401 and 402: Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
Page 403 and 404: Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
Page 405 and 406: Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
Page 407 and 408: (1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
Page 409 and 410: Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
Page 411 and 412: Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Page 417 and 418: Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
Page 419 and 420: CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
Page 421 and 422: General index References are to tex
Page 423 and 424: General index Dioscuri, see Castor
Page 425 and 426: General index festivals, sacrifices
Page 427: General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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