1 Earliest Rome

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12.6f Jews and Greeks in Alexandria (Egypt) 12,6 The Jews The relations between Jews and Greeks in Alexandria were tense, with a long- running dispute about the status of the Jewish community there: how far were the Jews to be regarded as full citizens of Alexandria, sharing in all the privi leges that marked out the Alexandrian Greeks from the native Egyptians. These disputes came to Roman attention most prominently in the reigns of the emperors Gaius and Claudius, when Greek and Jewish embassies went to Rome to present their opposing cases (see 10.6b and 12.6c(ii) for part of a text presenting the Jewish case). But Greek and Jewish rights remained an issue until the third century; and from this later period there survive papyrus frag ments of an extensive literature, written in Greek, about the Greek heroes who stood up to the emperor in defence of their rights against the Jews. The following text dates from the third century, but is a (largely fictional) account of an embassy to the emperor Trajan (A.D. 98-117). This account claims Roman favouritism towards the Jews and (in the voice of one of the ambassadors) urges that the Romans should support their own kind (i.e. the Greeks). See further: Vol. 1, 362; Musurillo (1954) 161-78; Schurer (1973-87) 1.389-94, 398, 529-33, III. 1.92-4, 127-9; for the literary form compare the Christian versions of trials of Christians (12.7f). CP/II no.157; Acta Alexandrinorum, ed. H. Musurillo (Leipzig, 1961) 32-5 [ . . . ] Dionysios who had served in many procuratorships, and Salvius, Julius Salvius, Teimagenes, Pastor a gymnasiarch, 1 Julius Phanias, Philoxenos a gymnasiarch-elect, Sotion a gymnasiarch, Theon, Athenodoros, Pauios originally from Tyre, who volunteered as advocate for the Alexandrians. When the Jews learned this , they too elected ambassadors from their own race: Simon, Glaukon, Theudes, Onias, Kolon, Iackoumbos, and Sopatros, originally from Antioch, as advocate for the Jews. So they set sail from the city , each bearing their own gods, the Alexandrians [a bust of Sarapis, 2 and the Jews their sacred books? . . . ] [ . . . J He < ?the governor of Egypt> conversed with their companions, and when winter was over they arrived at Rome. The emperor learned that the ambassadors of the Jews and Alexandrians were present, and appointed the day on which he would hear both sides. Plotina lobbied the senators to oppose the Alexandrians and support the Jews. The Jews, who entered first, hailed the emperor Trajan, and the emperor hailed them very warmly, as he too had already been won over by Plotina. The ambassadors of the Alexandrians entered after them and hailed the emperor. But, instead of going to meet them, he said: 'How dare you greet me, like people who merit a greeting from me in spite of all the trouble you have ventured to cause the Jews. But proceed and [...'] 327
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S (Col. 3) [ . . . Trajan said: '. . . ] You are asking ro be killed, having such contempt for death that you replied so insolently even to me.' 1 Hermaiskos said: 'But we are upset that your council' 1 is filled with impious Jews.' The emperor said: 'Look, this is the second time I am telling you, Hermaiskos. You are answering me insolently, taking advantage of your birth.' Hermaiskos said: 'In what way do I answer you insolently, greatest emperor? Tell me.' The emperor said: 'Because you claim my council is full of Jews.' Hermaiskos: 'So the name of the Jews is offensive? In that case you should support your own kind and not be the advocate for the impious Jews.' While Hermaiskos was saying this, the bust of Sarapis which the ambassadors were bearing suddenly broke into sweat. Trajan was amazed at the sight. And soon crowds gathered in Rome, numerous shouts rang forth, and everyone began to flee to the highest parts of the hills [...j (Col. 4) [ ... J Claudius Athen[odoros? . . . ] 'under Claudius the god . . .'. He said: 'They are unworthy [ . . . ] being [im]pious [...]' 328 1. The gymnasiarch was an annual magistrate, responsible for the running and financing of a gymnasium where the sons of the Greek elite received the final stage of their education. Of. 10.3a. 2. The name of the Alexandrian god Sarapis is plausibly restored here, to form the basis for the miraculous intervention of the statue at the end. 3. The text has moved on to dialogue between Trajan and Hermaiskos, one of the Alexandrian Greek ambassadors. 4. That is, the ad hoc group of senators advising the emperor. 5. In this very fragmentary section the speakers probably refer to the earlier hearings before the emperor Claudius, and the alleged unwordiiness of the Jews. 12.6g The boundary with non-Jews in Palestine Jewish law as given in theTorah (the first five books of the Old Testament) was elaborated and extended in a series of rulings by experts in Jewish Law (rabbis) living in Palestine. The rulings from A.D. 70 onwards (when the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem began the shift of focus of Judaism from temple sacrifices towards rabbinic teachings) were compiled and reworked c. A.D. 200 in the Mishnah ('teaching of the law'). One section of the part of the Mishnah on 'Damages' is devoted to the problem of contact with non-Jewish cults (Alien worship). This extract concerns 'idolatry' (image worship) of three types: general public festivals, private festivals and public festivals in particular towns. Similar problems arose throughout the empire, but these injunctions apply only to Syria and Palestine. The extract cites three rabbis who taught in the first half of the second century A.D., and 'the sages', that is other rabbis unnamed by the editor of the Mishnah. See further: Elmslie (1911); Schurer (1973-87) 1.70-7, n.339-46; Lane Fox (1986) 486-7 on Jews and Dionysos at Smyrna.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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