1 Earliest Rome

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ILLRP 1271a 1.7 Greeks and Greek influence This is a reconstruction of a statue group (1.4m high), found in the excavations near St Omobono; though in a fragmentary state, enough connections remain between the fragments to demonstrate the relative position of the figures. It represents Hercules and Minerva (identifiable by the lion-skin and helmet respectively); and the style clearly shows the influence of contemporary Greek art of the later sixth century B.C. See further: Sommella Mura (1977); Enea nel Lazio {V)cl\) 115-22; Cornell (1980) 84-5. 1,7b Castor and Polln,x The divine twins, Castor and Pollux, were also known as the Dioscuri, a name derived from the Greek 'Dios kouroi', or 'sons of Zeus'; and according to Greek legend were native to the city of Sparta. This inscription on a bronze tablet is a dedication to them found at Lavinium near the monumental altars (see 1.5b(ii)). The text is written in archaic Roman letters (probably of the sixth to fifth centuries B.C.); but the form of the names and in particular the word 'qurois' (virtually a transliteration of the Greek word 'kourois') shows that it was to all intents and purposes a Greek inscription. It offers clear evi dence of direct Greek influence in cult in central Italy in this early period, if not the presence of Greeks themselves at a major sanctuary. See further: Vol. 1, 12; Weinstock (I960) 112-14*; Castagnoli (1975) 442-3; Dubourdieu (1989) 285-92. To Castor and Pollux, the Dioskouroi. Castorei Podlouqueique qurois 1.7c TbeVolcanal In the Roman Forum, at the west end, in the area known as the comitium (4.7 n. (•>.), was an ancient shrine of the god Vulcan - the Volcanal. It was covered by a later paving of the Forum, but excavations have revealed here also clear Greek influence. See further: Vol. 1, 12; Coarelli (1983-5) 1.161-78. 1.7c(i) Reconstruction of the Volcanal The surviving archaeological traces, combined with literary evidence, suggest this possible reconstruction of the sixth-century Volcanal: an altar (1) similar in form to those discovered at Lavinium (1.5b(ii)); next to it a column (2), which probably held a statue. 21
I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephaestus at the Volcanal This fragment of a Greek (Athenian) pot, 570-560 B.C., is the most ancient of the objects to be found associated with the Volcanal. It depicts the Greek god Hephaestus - who (as has always been known) was eventually 'identified' with the Roman Vulcan, as the god of fire and of metalworking - returning to Olympus, riding on a donkey. The presence of this fragment at the site suggests chat the identification of the Roman with the Greek god, far from being late or literary, was made already in the sixth century B.C.
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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