1 Earliest Rome

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12.5 The mysteries of Mithras They assigned the equinoxes to Mithras as his proper seat. For this reason he carries the dagger which belongs to Ares , whose 'house' is in Aries; and rides on a bull — Taurus is the 'house' of Venus, [and Libra], like Taurus, . 8 Mithras, as maker and lord of creation, is placed on the line of the equinoxes , with the north on his right and the south on his left. [Cautes] they assign to the south because it is hot, and [Cautopates] to the north, because of the coldness of the wind. 9 (25) They naturally assign winds to souls coming into creation and departing from it because souls carry spirit with them, as some have believed, and have a similar nature. But the north wind is the appropriate wind for souls coming into creation, and therefore the breath of the north wind revives those who are about to die, while that of the south wind dissolves their souls. 1. On Numenius and Kronios see 12.5d n.2. 2. Porphyry is commenting on the mixing howls (kraters) in the Homeric cave, filled with honey. 3. 'The Persian' means the sixth grade, 'Persian', which was under the protection of the moon: Vcrmaseren (1963) 149-51. 4. Kraters or vessels like punch bowls, which are in the Homeric passage, appear in Mithraic reliefs, especially in Germany (e.g. CIMRM1275, 1292, 1306); a also appears in one of the Santa Prisca paintings, carried by a Lion (C1MRM 481,5) and in a mosaic in a sanctuary at Ostia (12.5a). Cf. 4.6c n.3. The motif is also connected with Mithraic teach ing about salvation and fate of the soul. R. L, Gordon (1976) 122-4; (1989) 58-9. 5. For bees born from cattle, see Virgil, Georgics IV.548-58. For the astronomy, see Ptolemy, TetrabibloslA9;I>orr>hyry, On Abstinence from Animal Food'IV. 16 (= 12.5d). 6. 'Furthers' is a conjectural emendation of a corrupt word: Beck (1984) 2054. 'Oxstealer' may refer to the notion of Mithras stealing a bull and dragging it by its bind legs before sacrificing it (e.g. 4.6b; CIMRM42, scene 10, Dura; 1494 fig. 380, Ptuj). 7. The doctrine appealed to here is that of'planetary houses', which was a means of linking the 7 planets to the 12 zodiacal signs. Apart from sun and moon, each planet has two houses, which read off in each direction (clockwise and anticlockwise) starting from the links Leo-Sun and Cancer-Moon (Ptolemy, TetrabibloslAl). SOUTH Q "c e, NORTH The organization arranges the planets according to their distance from the earth. Porphyry ingeniously links Mithraic iconography with arcane astrological theory: the secrets of the heavens are signs for the secret truths of the Mysteries. For an astrological table from France see Vol. 1, fig. 5-2. 315
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S Genesis refers to this world of becoming, apogenesis to the dissolution of the soul into the 'real' life of the other world. Cf. also 11.6. 8. This passage is notable for irs casual assumption that the figures on the Mithraic relief could be interpreted as having astronomical reference, and second for its use of astrolog ical doctrines. This translation of a corrupt passage accepts Beck's (1976) emendation which inserts the crucial link between Taurus, which is not an equinoctial sign, and Libra, which is. 9. Cautes and Cautopates, restored to the text by brilliant emendation, are the beings who presided over the soul's entry to and departure from creation. In the iconography, Cautes has a raised torch, Cautopates a lowered one. See Beck (I977-8a). Cf. 4.6a; 12.5b n.5 and 12.5h(v), 12.5h Mithraic graffiti from <strong>Rome</strong> These texts were painted onto the walls of the Mithraic sanctuary below the church of Santa Prisca (Vol. 1, Map 3 no.37). They belong to two different periods. The lower layer (12.5h(i-xiv)) dates to c. A.D. 202; the upper layer (12.5h(xv-xvi)) to c. A.D. 220. 12.5h(iv-xiv) are ail in verse, but they ate not continuously placed nor, generally, do any two lines seem to go together. Many are desperately obscure, especially 12.5h(viii~x), which may indicate that the obscurities of Porphyry are to some extent true to the cult. They ate our only substantial body of texts from a Mithraic sanctuary and are very varied in character. The metrical texts may actually be the openings of Mithraic hymns or prayers. The others are acclamations either to all seven Mithraic grades or to the new initiates to the Lion grade. For the importance of initiation to this grade see 12.5d. See further: Vol. 1, 282, 303; Betz (1968) presents New Testament parallels; for colour photographs of the associated paintings, see Bianchi (1979) App.I, pis. 1-12, and for photographs of the texts, see Bianchi (1979) App.n,pls. 13-25- 12.5h(i) Graffito on side wall of cult niche. It may be the horoscope of the dedication of the sanctuary (Guarducci (1979)), but it seems an odd way of referring to it. CIMRM49S; Vermaseren and van Essen (1965) 118 Born at dawn in the consulship of the two Augusti, Severus and Antoninus, twelve days before the Kalends of December . On the day of Saturn, on the eighteenth day of the moon. 316 12.5h(ii) On left wall below fresco of Lions. The names are mainly of Latin formation, their owners of uncertain status. The upper layer of paintings has similar texts, though this time with names of Greek origin (which we have not included in our extracts).
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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9 Individuals and gods: life and de
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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