1 Earliest Rome

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CIMRM473; IGUR1Q6 12.5 The mysteries of Mithras 12.5c(iii) Ravens, Fathers and Lions. On a marble slab from Rome (Vol. 1, Map 3 no.36) To Zeus Helios great unconquerable Mithras and the deities dwelling with him were given two bronze lamps, each with six wicks, by Casttis father and Castus son, 1 holy 'Raven', and dedicated with the following attendants: Lucius Saturius Sporus and Pactumeius Lausus Fathers, Modestus, Paralius, Agathemerus, Felix, Apamenius, Keloidi (?) Lions. 2 /IS 4267b; CIMRM4Q1 1. Castus and Cascus seem to be kin, though the first Castus might also be a Mithraic Father. 2. 'Lions' is in larger letters, indicating that the previous six men were all members of this important grade. 12.5c(iv) One of a series of inscribed altars and bases from a sanctuary in Rome recording initiations performed between A.D. 357 and 376 by a father and son, each of them also Mithraic Fathers. See further: Vol. 1, 383-4 (on involvement in the cult by senators); Vol. 1, Map3no.22; 8.9; Gallo (1979). In the consulships of Datianus and Cerealis Nonius Victor Olympius, of senatorial rank, Father of Fathers, [and] Aurelius Victor Augentius, of senatorial rank, Father, transmitted the symbols of the Persian grade on the day before the Nones of April with good fortune. In the above mentioned consulships they transmitted the symbols of the Sun's grade 16 days before the Kalends of May with good fortune. Ciotti(1978) 234 The Lion Place, 1 12.5c(v) The building of a Mithraic shrine by Lions. On a marble plaque from San Gemini in the territory of ancient Carsulae 80 km. north of Rome (A.D. 250-300?). See further: Ciotti (1978). adorned with sculpture and other fittings, by permission of the most holy council, 2 was made from scratch at their own expense by the Lions, who had been consummated' 3 by Egnatius Reparatus legitimate priest and contributor: Titus Lepidius Honorinus, Alexander and Amicus imperial , Watchmen , the two Luch Vicrii - Severus and Speratus - Titus Satrontus Sabinianus, Publius Vatinius Iustus, Lucius lulius Felix, Lucius Longinius Stachys Engineer for 5, 000 sestertii? The place was given by decree of the town council. 1. 'Lion Place' (Leonreum) seems to be a term for the whole Mithraic sanctuary, derived from the importance of the Lion grade: Brashear (1992) 27-8. 2. I.e. rhe local rown council, not as Burkert (1987) 42, a central authority of the cult. 309
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S 3. I.e. initiated. See I2.5h(xiv) on the Lions and on initiation. 4. This sum falls at the lowest end of the range of attested figures for building works in Italy. 12.5c(vi) Soldiers and Mithras. On a small altar from a Roman military base at Bingium (modern Bingen, near Mainz in Germany). CIMRM1243; E. Schwertheim, Die Denkmäler orientalische Gottheiten im römischen Deutschland, EPRO 40 (Leiden, 1974) no. 108c. In honour of the imperial house, to the unconquerable god Mithras the altar was established as a result of a vow to the god 1 at their own expense by Aulus Gratius Iuvenis Father of the rites and Aulus Gratius Potens, soldier of the XXII legion, Fire Officer. The brothers dedicated it when Africanus was consul . 7154198; CIMRM1438 1 'As a result of a vow to the god' was inscribed on top of an earlier text which read 'and temple'. This may suggest that the couple had originally hoped to pay for both an altar and a temple. 12.5c(vii) Customs officials and Mithras. On an altar from Virunum (north-east of Klagenfurt in Austria), the original administrative centre of the province of Noricum (formerly a client kingdom), where there was an important imperial customs post. The cult of Mithras is often found among customs officials in the Danube region. See further: Beskow (1980); Piccottini (1994). For the well-being of the emperor, in honour of the divine house, to Sun unconquerable Mithras, Hilarus, ex-slave of the emperor, customs officer of the steward of the Norican kingdom "and Epictetus, cashier of our emperor, repaired the temple which had collapsed through age at their own expense, along with its painting, when the emperor our master Gordianus Augustus and Aviola were consuls , with the priest Licinius Marcellus as father [of the rites?]. Dedicated eight days before the Kalends of July ... 12.5c(viii) The building of a Mithraic sanctuary in the Greek world. On a marble slab from Istros, modern Histria in Romania (A.D. 159-60?). The men, though mainly lacking the three names of Roman citizens, seem to have belonged to the local elite. Though the cult was not common in Greek cities, here at least it was of high standing. See further: Pippidi (1978). CIMRM2296; SEGXXVU.369; InscriptionesScythiaeMinoris\.\31 Good Fortune. To Sun unconquerable Mithras. In the priesthood of Iuhos Severos governor 1 the following contributed to the building of the sacred cave and displayed their piety, through the service of the pious Father Meniskos son of Numenios: 310
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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9 Individuals and gods: life and de
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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10. R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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