1 Earliest Rome

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12.5b Mithraic iconography 12.5 The mysteries of Mithras A depiction of Mithras slaying a bull was a standard feature of all Mithraic sanctuaries and was perhaps associated with the idea of salvation. This relief, dating to A.D. 172 (cf. CIMRM648), stood at the far end of the Mithraic sanctuary at Nersae In central Italy (height 0.81 m., width 1.04 m.). Flanking the central image are six side panels, apparently depicting mythological scenes. These are a common feature of the main Mithraic 'icon' and scholars have often tried to use them to produce a narrative of the life of Mithras. However, the selection of such scenes is always different on different monuments and there was no standard sequence - which makes the reading of a single, orthodox narrative impossible. See further: Vol. 1, 285-6, 302-4, 307; 4.6a; CIMRM 650; Vermaseren (1963) 67-106*; R. L. Gordon (1980b). (D © © 1. Mithras killing bull, with raven on cloak. 2. Dog, snake and scorpion below bull, perhaps symbols of constellations. 3. Figure of the sun with whip of charioteer. 4. Figure of the moon with crescent moon and quiver. 307
12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S 5. Caiues (with raised torch) and Cautopar.es (with lowered torch). Cf. 4.6a n.4; 12.5g n.9. 6. Jupiter fighting two snake-tooted giants. 7. Saturn with sickle (as in 12.5a n.8) dreaming under a fig tree. 8. Birth of Mithras from rock; two shepherds adoring him. 9. Mithras on the back of a bull. 10. Naked Sun kneeling on left with downturned dagger, grasping hand of Mithras hold ing Persian sickle (as n. 7 ); flaming altar in centre. 11. Mithras dubs kneeling Sun with shoulder of bull (cf. Hinnells and Gordon (1977-8) 213-19). 12. 'Apronianus the civic treasurer made it at his own expense'. 12.5c Mithraic inscriptions This selection of texts ilhisttates various aspects of the Mithraic cult: the social standing of members (12.5c(i), (ii), (vii) imperial ex-slaves; 12.5c(v-vi), (viii) soldiers); the grades of initiation (12.5c(ii—iv), (vi)); the theology of the cult (12.5c(i) Persian word; 12.5c(viii) sacred cave); and its history (12.5c(ii) is the earliest extant text which presupposes a graded structure of initiation, 12.5c(iv) illustrates the revival of the cult in the fourth century). 12.5c(i) Mithras' order to an imperial slave. A marble plaque found near Hadrian's villa outside Tivoli. ILS4237; CIMRM2U; Insc. Italiaeiv.67 To Sun unconquerable Mithras, just as he himself ordered in a dream his image (?) to be repaired-, Victorinus a slave steward of our emperor undertook its repair for the ever present deity at his own expense and dedicated it. Hail to all. The attendant was [ . . .Jims Magnus. CIMRM 362; IGUR 179 1. Nama is the one certainly Persian word attested in the cult (the other probable one is nabarze, 'victorious'). The cult claimed its origins in Persia (cf. 12.5d). 12.5c(ii) An imperial ex-slave and his Father. On an altar (?) from <strong>Rome</strong>, possibly as early as A.D. 100. See further: R. L. Gordon (1978) 151-3. To Sun unconquerable Mithras, donated by Titus Flavius Hyginus Ephebianus, freedman of the emperor. To Helios Mithras Titus Flavius Hyginus, through Lollius Rufus, his own Father. 308
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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