1 Earliest Rome

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Rutilius Namatianus, On his Return 1.371-6 12.5 The mysteries ofMithras We halted our weary way at nearby Faleria, although Phoebus had scarcely reached mid point in the sky. As it happened, happy villagers were easing their weariness with joyful rites at the crossroads in the countryside; it was indeed on that day that Osiris was at last restored to life and arouses the seeds readily to yield new crops. 12.5 The mysteries of Mithras The cult of Mithras was widely known throughout the Roman world from around A.D. 100 onwards - though the evidence for its organization and beliefs is complex and often obscure. The surviving remains of the Mithraic sanctuaries, their design and decoration offer a starting-point, but interpretation is often problematic (4.6a; 12.5a-b). There is no surviving writing on the cult from its members themselves, except for some inscriptions and enigmatic painted graffiti and a fragment of a papyrus book seemingly used in Mithraic initiations (see 12.5c and h where we show how this material might be used to help our understanding of Mithraism). Otherwise all surviving writing on Mithras and his worship comes from outside the cult, from those with their own axes to grind; and it is often hard to see how much of what they say is 'really Mithraic'. Porphyry, writing as a neo-Platonic philosopher, devotes considerable space ro Mithraism - but is using it as part of his own philosophical agenda (4.6c, 12.5d and g); the so-called 'Mithras liturgy' took over aspects of the cult of Mithras for magical purposes (11.6); Celsus described Persian mysteries (Mithraism was believed to have originated in Persia) in his polemic against Christianity (12.5f); and Christian writers referred to the cult in their defence of Christianity (Justin, 12.7a #66; Tertullian, 12.5e; Firmicus Maternus, 4.6b). See further: Vol. 1, 277-80, 282-3, 285-8, 293-5. 300-1; Vermaseren (1963); Beck (1984); Hinnells (1985) 74-90*. 12.5a The sanctuary ofFelicissimus at Ostia and Mithraic grades The mosaic on the floor of a sanctuary of Mithras at Ostia (dating to the middle of the third century A.D.) illustrates both the sequence of the 'grades' of initiation in the cult and the tutelary deities associated with each grade. 'The standard sequence of grades through which the initiate passed is (from bottom to top): Raven, Male Bride, Soldier, Lion, Persian, Sun-runner, Father. Of these the Lions were a crucial grade and the Fathers (as the most senior grade) very prominent in our evidence. Sec further: Becatti (1954) 105-12; CIMRM 299; Vermaseren (1963) 138-53*; R. L. Gordon (1976) on astrological symbolism and (1980a) on the grades. Cf, 4.6 for other Mithraic sanctuaries. 305
1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S 306 1. Mixing bowl, witb branches around. 'Felicissimus made it ro fulfil his vow'. 2. Father's staff and bowl, with Mithras' cap and Saturn's sickle (cf. 12.5b n.7). 3. Sun-runner's torch, with whip and halo of the Sun. 4. Persian's sickle and scythe, with the Moon's crescent. 5- Lion's fireshovel (cf. on Lions 12.5c(v) and 12.5h(xiv)), with sacred rattle (sistrum), and thunderbolt of Jupiter. 6. Soldier's kitbag, with lance and helmet of Mars. 7- Male bride, with a lamp and diadem of Venus. 8. Raven, with cup and the staff (caduceus) of Mercury. 9. Mixing bowl, krater(as in 12.5g); flaming altar; two Persian bats with stars, symbols of Cautes and Cautopates (12.5g n.9).
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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