1 Earliest Rome

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12.3 Jupiter Dolichenus 12.3 Jupiter Dolichenus Jupiter Dolichenus was a god whose name proclaimed his origin in the small town of Doliche in northern Syria. About seventeen of his sanctuaries have been found, ranging from eastern Syria (Dura Europus) to Germany, and over 550 inscriptions, plaques and statues relating to the cult have survived. The best known sanctuary in the empire is that on the Avcmine hill in Rome (Vol. 1 Map 2 no.12), and the two texts that follow illuminate the organization or the cult there. In other places, however, the cult may not have had such a complex structure. See further: Vol. 1, 275, 281; Merlat (1960) 190-7; H6rig(1984). 12.3a Patrons and Initiates (A.D. 200-250) This text presents a list of the initiates ('brothers') of the sanctuary. After the heading there follow six columns with the names of a patron and candidates. The terminology of the hierarchy is important. The candidates seem to form an intermediate category between the ordinary worshippers and the priesthood to which they aspire. The patrons, whose names were written in larger letters (immediately under the title 'Patron'), were themselves candidates, but of superior wealth and social status to those listed under them. The father of the candidates mentioned in the hist paragraph was responsible for their initiation. The names are the mixture of Roman, Greek and other (Semitic: Bacradis, lor Barcadis; perhaps Celtic: Aturmarurius) characteristic of Rome at this period (cf. Vol. 1, 245-7, 293-4). Three, with single names, were slaves, the rest citizens (whether freebom or ex-slave is unclear). /i£(1940) 75; Horig and Schwertheim (1987) no.373 Good Fortune By order of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus eternal preserver, Annius Julianus and Annius Victor, patrons of this place, put up a marble plaque as a gift in honour of their brothers, both patrons and candidates, through Marcus Aurelius Oenopio Acacius, priest and father of the candidates. 1 Patron Aurelius Magnesius Lamrpias Patron Memmius Leo 2 Patron Aurelius Sarapiacus Geminus Felix Vibius Eutycianus Cornelius Crescentianus Aurelius Victorianus Aurelius Timotheus Patron Aurelius Asclepiodotus Marcus Aurelius Eutyces Aturmarurius Titus Annius Nicevitus Florus Aelianus Campanus Iunior 295
12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerrius Clodianus Aurelius Anroninus Aurclius Antoninus Iunior Gelasius the gilder 5 Aurelius Gelasius Acacius Granius Deuterius Patron Flavius Campanus Suetrius Extiperas Suetrius Primus Suetrius Ampliattis Aurelius Roman us priest 4 Aurelius Maximus priest 4 Suetrius Bacradis Patron Aurelius Vitalio Aurelius Masctdinus Aurelius Fortunatus Bulcacius Festus 1. Oenopio, whose full name is given in 12.3b, was probably responsible for dedicating the plaque. He has a Greek name (Oenopio), and his additional name Acacius (shared by Aurelius Gelasius), is also derived tram the Greek, akakios 'without evil', and may be a 'speaking name'. Other devotees ot die cult (in Austria) bear names which also may be moralizing: Justa (Just), V'cia ( True) and Victtira (Conqueror). 2. This column includes the names of two patrons only, no candidates. 3. Gelasius probably gilded the religious monuments of the sanctuary. 4. The description of the two candidates as priests is surprising. They might have attained that rank in another sanctuary, but be only candidates in Rome (cf. Apuleius. Metamorphoses XI.26-7). Or. Sac/Sacer might be abbreviations of the name Sacerdos. father than the title 'priest' (= sacerdos). 12.3b Divine Calling and the Hierarchy of the Sanctuary This inscription, which is a little later than 12.3a (Oenopio has advanced to a higher level within the cult), amplifies the picture offered by the earlier text. It shows the involvement in the cult of a high-ranking Roman citizen, Lucius Tettius Hermes - whose benefaction to the sanctuary is recorded here; it mentions a wide range of religious offices, probahlv listed in (descending) hierarchical order, from 'recorder' down. /IS 4316; Hdrig and Schwertheim (1987) no.381 Good Fortune By order of Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus Eternal, for the preserver of the firmament and for the pre-eminent divinity, invincible provider,' Lucius Tettius Hermes, Roman knight, candidate and patron of this place, for the welfare of himself, his wife Aurelta Resrituta, his daughter Tettia Pannuchia and his family, and his dearest brother Aurelius Lampadus, and for the welfare of the priests and candidates and worshippers of this place: he presented a marble plaque with irs setting and columns. Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus chose the following to serve him: 2 Marcus Aurelius Oenopio Onesimus, called Acacius, as recorder* and Septimius Antonius called Olympius as rather of the candidates; as patrons dearest brothers and most honourable colleagues: Aurelius Magnesius, Aurelius Serapiacus, Antonius Marianus, Marcus lulius Floreutinus as leaders of this place; 4 and Aurelius Sever us Veteranus as guardian of the temple; and Aurelius Aiuiochus as priest. Geminus Felix and Vibius Eutychianus, litter- 296
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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