1 Earliest Rome

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11.7 Regulations about divination 11.7 Regulations about divination Although divination by Roman state officials was part of the established tradi tions of Roman religion (7.1-4), rhere were fears about private divination, whose predictions might be used to subvert or challenge imperial (or domes tic) authority (cf. 7.7). In the imperial period there were attempts to control private divination (by astrology or sacrifice), and these were continued in the fourth century by Christian emperors (compare their hostility to magic, 11.2). At the end of the century, however, the controls were extended: public divina tion and all forms of sacrifice were banned (11.13). See further: Vol. 1, 21-4, 155-6, 231-3, 235-6, 374-5; Mommsen (1899) 861-5; Cramer (1954) 248-81;T. Barton (1994a) 38-52*. 11.7a Control of astrologers and soothsayers (early third century A.D.) The jurist Ulpian included the control of astrologers, soothsayers and other types of private diviners in his discussion of the duties of Roman provincial governors. By his time governors were expected to follow precedents estab lished in <strong>Rome</strong>. Comparison of Mosaic and Roman Law XV. 2, in FIRA II, pp.579-80 Ulpian, On the Duty of the Proconsul, Book VII, 'On astrologers and soothsayers' 1 : Furthermore, a ban is put on the cunning deceit and persistent convictions of astrologers. This ban is not an innovation, but an ancient prohibition. For there is extant a decree of the senate passed in the consulship of Pomponius and Rufus by which astrologers, Chaldaeans, 2 prophets and others who undertake similar things are banned from water and fire and have all their goods confiscated; and if it is a foreigner who does this, he shall be executed. But there used to be a debate about whether people of this type should be punished for merely knowing the subject, or only for the practice and profession of their art. The older authorities claimed that it was the profession, not the knowledge, that was prohibited; thereafter, opinions varied. One cannot deny that at times it became customary for them actually to practise their profession and publicly offer their services. This arose more from the defiance and temerity of the clients and the practitioners than from the fact that it was legally sanctioned. Indeed, almost all emperors have very frequently prohibited people from engaging in stupidities of this sort, and those who have practised it have been punished in various ways, depending of course on the type of consultation. Those who made a consultation about the well-being of the emperor have been executed or have received some other severe penalty; the penalty is lower for those who have consulted about themselves or their family 5 These prohibitions include soothsayers, and they too are also to be punished, since they sometimes practise their scandalous arts so as to jeopardize public order and the imperial rule of the Roman people. For there is extant a decree of divusV'ms
I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M A N O R D E R Pius> to Pacatus, governor of the province of Gallia Lugdunensis; the hill text of the ruling being lengthy, I append a short extract from its ending. 4 Then divas Marcus banished to the island of Syrus the man who had prophesied during the revolt of Cassius and had made many utterances allegedly by divine inspiration.' Indeed, people of this type should not escape punishment; pretending divine guidance, they make, circulate or knowingly fabricate pronouncements. 1. Ulpian is here quoted in a later legal treatise. 2. Chaldaeans was another term for astrologers, because of the alleged origins of the art in Chaldaea (southern Babylonia). 3. Consultations about the well-being of the emperor were felt to offer dangerous knowl edge of the portending death of the ruler; similar knowledge about one's own family was equally threatening to the authority of the head of the family. Cf. 11.7b. 4. The exrract has either dropped out, or appears as the last sentence ot our text. 5. The revolt took place in A.D. 1 75. 11.7b A ban on divination (A.D. 198-199) The governor of Egypt issued this circular to the local administrators forbidding divination. Some scholars connect the ban with the visit of Septimius Severus to Egypt in A.D. 199 (though we do not know that the ban in fact preceded the visit). Septimius is known to have been hostile to consultations of astrologers about his death, and such consultations were covered by the circular. But the ban is cast in quite general terms with no direct reference to consultations about the well-being of the emperor, and fits into the general context of 11.7a. EColl.Youtielno.30; ZPE27 (1977) 151-6; G. H. R. Horsley, New Documents Illustrating Early Christianity (North Ryde, 1981) no. 12 [Since I have met many people] who believe they have been deceived by means of divination, [I thought it necessary], so that no danger should follow from their foolishness, immediately to proclaim here clearly to everyone that they should refrain from indulging a curiosity that brings danger. Therefore, let no one pretend to know about the supernatural or proclaim his expertise about the obscurities of the future, whether it be through oracles (that is, written documents allegedly originating in the presence of the divine) or through the procession of images or such-like trickery, 1 nor let anyone give his services to those who want to know about it, or give any reply at all. But if anyone is discovered persisting in this profession, let him be sure that he will be sentenced to the ultimate penalty. Each of you must have a copy of this letter, written in clear and legible script, set up on white boards in public in the regional centres (metropolis) and in each village, and each of you must continually make enquiries; if you find someone breaking the prohibitions, you must send him under guard for my cognizance. For you too will be at risk if I learn again that such behaviour is being disregarded in the areas under your 272
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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8 Priests and priestesses 194 There
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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