1 Earliest Rome

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10.2 Cobnies of Rome 10.2c(ii) The Capitolium at Sufetula (Africa) A Capitolium consisting of three similar, but separate temples, placed side by side, and built in the second Century A.D. illustrates the range of possible variations that could be seen as still refleeting the Roman example. The total width of these three facades is c. 35 m. See further: Vol. 1, 334-6; Ward Perkins (1981) 183; Ν. Duval (1982) 606-8; I. Μ. Barton (1982); (1989) 91-3*. 245
1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E 10.3 Republican reiations with foreign powers The Romans did not systematically destroy the native religious traditions oi their empire nor impose their own religion on those they had conquered. Nevertheless, Roman conquest did regularly bring religious changes in its wake: the establishment of particular cults ofloyalry to Rome in the conquered territories and the 'Romanization" of various local traditions. Religion was one of the means through which Rome regulated its relations with its foreign subjects and displayed its power. See further; Vol. I, 145-7, 158-60, ch. 7passim. 10.3a Roma the Goddess (Miletus, c. 130B.c.) From the very early days of Roman rule in the East, Rome herself became a goddess (Dea Roma - in Greek, Thea Rome) widely worshipped in Greek cities. This Greek document from Miletus, on the west coast of Asia Minor, mentions many institutions of the goddess' cult; it is our fullest source of information about sacrifices to Dea Roma, describing month by month the duties ot her priest. It is possible that the document records the decree that first established the cult - or a subsequent reform to the calendar of sacrifices. The inscription now consists of two fragments (A and B), with some text missing in the gap; no doubt the calendar continued after the end of the surviving text. See further: Vol. 1, 158-60, 257-8; on the cult in general, Mellor (1975); (1981); Fayer (1976); Price (1984) 40-7*; on this particular document, Mellor (1975) 53-4, 135; Fayer (1976) 47-9; on rhe calendar of Miletus, Samuel (1972) 114-15. Sokolowski, Lois sacrées d'Asie Mineure no. 49 (A) With good fortune. The man who buys the priesthood of the Roman People and of Roma 1 shall immediately give to the treasurers and kings 2 his nomination to the priesthood of a man at least twenty years old. The man nominated, or another he may offer as his substitute, shall serve for three years and eight months, beginning from the month Metageirnton , during the term of office as stephanephoros of Cratmos, 3 after being consecrated to Zeus Telesiourgos . He shall receive from the treasurer sixty drachmae each year, on the first day of the month ofTaureon , and shall sacrifice a fully grown victim on the first day of the month ofTaureon to the Roman people and to Roma. On the eleventh day of the same month, there shall be another sacrifice of a fully grown victim by the gymnasiarchs taking up office and by the ephebes; and yet another by the gymnasiarchs laying down office, together with rhe ephebes who have completed their training; 4 each group shall provide the priest with the perquisites' as laid down. 246
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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