1 Earliest Rome

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10.2 Colonies of Rome be festal, which sacrifices shall be publicly performed and who shall perform them. Whatever shall have been decreed by the majority of those present at the meeting, that shall be lawful and valid, and those sacrifices and those festal days shall be observed in the said colonia.' (65) Whatever sums are levied as fines related to the taxes of the colonia, no one shall have the power to use, give or assign them to anyone, except for the sacrifices offered in the name of coloni, whether within the colonia or anywhere else. Let no one take those sums in any other way without incurring liability and let no one have the right or power to make a proposal about those sums to the decurions or to speak his opinion about them. And the duoviri shall without incurring liability give and assign those sums for those sacrifices that are offered in the name of the coloni, whether within the colonia or anywhere else, and they shall have the right and power to do so. And those to whom the sums are given are permitted to take them without incurring liability. (66) Whosoever shall be appointed pontifices and augures from the colonia Genetiva 3 by Caius Caesar (or by whoever establishes the colonia on Caesar's instruction) let them be pontifices and augures of the colonia Genetiva Julia; let them be pontifices and augures in the colleges of pontifices and augures of the said colonia, possessing all the best rights that pertain or shall pertain to the pontifices and augures in every colonia. Let those pontifices and augures, who shall be members of each college, and their children be sacredly guaranteed freedom from military service and public obligations, in the same way as a pontifex is and shall be in Rome, and all their military service shall be deemed to have been completed."' Concerning the auspices and matters connected therewith, let the jurisdiction and the power of adjudication belong to the augures. The said pontifices and augures shall have the right and power to wear the toga praetexta both at Games celebrated publicly by the magistrates and at public sacrifices of the colonia Genetiva Julia celebrated by themselves; and the said pontifices and augures shall have the right and power to sit amongst the town councillors at the Games and the gladiatorial combats. (67) Whosoever shall be chosen or co-opted as a pontifex ox as an augur oi the colonia Genetiva Jtdia in place of a deceased or condemned member, after the issuing of this law, let him be a pontifex at an augur of the colonia Julia, a pontifex or an augur in the college, possessing all the lights that pertain or shall pertain to the pontifices and augures in every colonia. Let nobody accept, choose or co-opt anybody into the college of the pontifices except when there shall be fewer than three pontifices from among those of the colonia Genetiva. Let nobody accept, choose or co-opt anybody into the college of the augures except where there shall be fewer than three augures from among those of the colonia Genetiva Julia. 5 1. The standard title of die senior magistrates in a colonia, as in 10.1c. 2. Decisions about religious matters are thus entrusted to the town council, without appar ent reference to priests or oracles. 3. Co/ow/W Genetiva Julia was the Roman name of tiie town Urso (now Osuna) - Julia from Julius Caesar, the founder; Genetiva the specific name of the colony (whose precise significance is unclear). 243
IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Military service led to privileges; the priests are to have the privileges without having to perform the service. 5. Three is the maximum number allowed; the next clause (68) speeifies an eleetoral assembly for new priests. 10.2b Foundation ritual of a colonia The ceremonial decoration of rhe cattle and the solemn procession of men in togas suggest that this relief from the Roman colonia of Aquileia (N. Italy) (height 0.44m., width 0.95m.) was meanr ro depict the foundation ritual - presumably that of Aquileia itself. The ritual consisted ofthe ploughing of a furrow round the perimeter of the colonia, to mark its boundary, jusr as Romulus had marked out the perimeter of the city of Rome (see 4.8a). See further: Valeton (1895) 64-72; Thulin (1906-9) IH.5-8; Ε. T. Salmon (1969) 24*. 10.2c The Capitolium of a colonia The custom of building a triple temple (Capitolium) to the three gods of the State triad - Jupiter, Juno and Minerva - spread outwards from Rome to the Italian coloniae and then into the empire as well. (For the Capitolium at Rome, see 1.9b.) See further: Vol. 1,334-7. 10.2c(i) The Capitolium at Cosa Cosa was a colonia founded in Etruria, north of Rome, in 273 B.C. Its central sanetuary reproduced the Roman model carefully, though on a smaller scale. See further: F. Ε. Brown (i960) 48-139; (1980) 51-6*; Τ. Potter (1987) 69-71*.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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