1 Earliest Rome

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inauguration? Pick your day; choose the priest to act; we are all your colleagues; none of us will refuse. 2 9,2 Emperor worship How hateful a man you are - whether as priest of a tyrant or priest of a dead man. So I ask another question: do you not know the date today? Do you not know that this is the fourth day of the Roman Games in the circus? Was it not you yourself who proposed the law that the fifth day of the games should be in Caesar's honour? Why are we not wearing the togapraetexta?. Why are we letting an honour lapse that was carried by your own law? Or are you happy to see the supplication desecrated by adding days, but not so happy about desecrating the sacred couch? 5 Either you should abolish religious scruple everywhere or respect it everywhere. You ask me, do I approve of the sacred couch, the statue, the gable on his house, the special flamen? No, I disapprove of it all; but you are the one who are defending all the Acts of Caesar 4 - how can you explain defending some and not bothering about some others? Unless you are going to admit that your actions are to be measured not by his dignity, but by your own profit. 1. All these are symbols borrowed from the cult of the gods, unprecedented for a man. 2. Both Antony and Cicero himself were members of the college of augures, any of whom could act in the ceremony. 3. Cicero tries to imply that Antony was proposing some improper honours for Caesar, but inconsistently not implementing those voted. For the idea of adding in Caesar's honour an extra day to all supplicationes, see Philippic LH-li. 4. Antony was at this time enacting controversial legislation claiming that it had formed part of Caesar's Acts', uncompleted at the time of his death. 9.2b Representations of power The sequence of coinage of the late Republic, securely dared year by year, pro vides a good index of the gradual assimilation of rulers to divine roles. Caesar was following his ancestors in advertising the Julian family's descent from Venus, through her son Aeneas, and his son lulus (i). But he broke with tradi tion when his own head appeared on the coinage at the end of his life (see above 9.2a), and the star may well be a symbol of his new status as a god (ii). Octavian, like his competitors, used his own heroic portrait as a coin-type and added his now deified father divas Julius to the traditional claim of divine ancestry through Venus (iii). Finally (iv) in asserting his claim to supreme power in the world, Octavian had himself represented in the guise of one of the 'traditional' gods. See further: Vol. 1, 143-5; Kraft (1969); Weinstock (1971) 253-6, 274-5, 370-84; Crawford (1974) 734-44; Wallace-Hadrill (1986); Zanker (1988) 53-7*. 223
O.. I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O D S 224 (i) Denarius of Caesar, 47/6 B.c. (ubv.) Head of Venus (rev.) Aeneas, bearing Anchises on his shoulders and the palladium (the statue of Athena rescued from Troy) in his right hand. CAESAR (ii) Denarius issued by Publius Sepullius Macer, 44 B.C. (obv.) Head of Caesar, wreathed; (rev.) Venus holding Victory in right behind, star. CAESAR hand, sceptre in left. P. SEPULLIUS IMP(ERATOR) MACER s (iii) Denarius of Octavian, before 31 B.C. (obv.) I lead of Octavian (rev.) Venus, holding the arms of Mars. CAESAR D1VI F(ILIUS)
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
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4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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7 Divination and diviners 166 This
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7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V
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7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.2a A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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