1 Earliest Rome

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Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights•vi.l. 1-6 9.1 Late republican dynasts of the Republic (see Vol. 1, 86). Scipio may himself have created the impression of having a special relationship with gods, and/or such stories may have originated in contemporary abuse of him - implying that he was seeking unacceptable power through his special connections with the divine. "Whichever is the case, the image of Scipio marks a stage in the evolution of religio-political power in <strong>Rome</strong>. See further: Vol. 1, 84-5; Walbank (1967); Scullard (1970) 20-3*; Seguin (1974). It is recorded that the mother of Scipio Africanus, the elder, had the same experience as Olympias, Philip the Great's wife and Alexander the Great's mother, according to the records oi the Greek historians. 1 For Gains Oppius* and Julius Hygmus, 3 and other writers on Africanus' life and achievements, tell us that his mother had long been believed sterile and that Publius Scipio, 4 her husband, had despaired of having children. Then, while her husband was away and she was sleeping on her own, a huge snake was seen beside her, in her room and in her bed; when those who saw this snake shouted out in terror, it vanished and could not be found. Scipio consulted the haruspices about this and they held a sacrifice and gave a response that children would be born. Not long after the sighting of the snake, the woman began to show all signs of being pregnant; in the tenth month, she gave birth to this Publius Africanus, the man who defeated Hannibal and the Carthaginians in the Second Punic War. But it is much more because of his achievements than because of that prodigy that he also is thought to be a man of godlike quality. It is worth adding that the same authorities also record that this same Africanus used to go up on to the Capitol in the dead of night, before dawn had appeared, and have the shrine of Jupiter opened for him; he would remain there for a long time, as though he was consulting with Jupiter about the state of the Republic. The caretakers of the temple were often astonished that the temple dogs never barked or rushed at Scipio despite the time of night, though they always savaged anybody else. 9.1b Sulla 1. For Alexander's birth, see Plutarch, Life of Alexander!. 2. Friend and supporter of Julius Caesar, who wrote biographies, including one of Africanus. 3. Ex-slave of Augustus, a writer of Exempla - improving tales of the great deeds of the Roman past. 4. Consul of 218 B.C. Sulla was a deeply controversial figure in the history of the late Republic. After reaching the consulship in 88 B.C., he fought a sticcessful war in the East, recovering lands lost to Mithridates, King of Pontus. On his return, he seized power in <strong>Rome</strong> - taking the office of'dictator' - and carried through extensive reforms in the interest of the conservative group in the senate. The following 217
9- I N D I V I D U A L S A N D G O D S Plutarch, Life of Sulla 34 entries illustrate various ways the divine associations of Sulla were paraded. See further: Vol. 1, 131, 144; Fears (1981) 877-82*; Keaveney (1983). 9.1b(i) Sulla the'Felix' Plutarch's Life of Sulla (which drew on Sulla's own autobiography) is a major source of information about Sulla's religious ideas. In this passage Plutarch dis cusses his display of (divinely inspired) good fortune. (See also Plutarch, Life of Sulla 6; Appian, Civil Wars 1.97.) See further: Vol. 1, 131, 144 and n. 84; Balsdon (1951); Champeaux (1982-7) n.216-36; Keaveney (1982) 40-2*. His triumph however was certainly lavish because of the extravagance and originality of the king's booty; but its greatest glory and its most beautiful sight was the returned exiles. 5 For the most noble and powerful of the citizens followed in the procession, wearing garlands and hailing Sulla as 'Saviour and Father', since it had been through him that they had returned to the fatherland and brought back their wives and children. Also, when the celebration had been completed, he gave an account of his actions at an assembly in which he listed examples of his good fortune with no less enthusiasm than he did those of his own merits. Moreover, he told them to call him the 'fortunate' one, for that is what the name 'Felix' really means. Meanwhile, when writing to or doing business with the Greeks, he called himself 'Epaphrodkos' and on the trophies he set up amongst us , he is inscribed as: 'Lucius Cornelius Sulla Epaphroclitos'. 2 "What is more, when his wife Metella bore him twins, he called the boy Faustus and the girl Fausta. For the Romans call 'faustus' what we call lucky or happy Altogether"he put his trust not in his actions but in his good fortune: for instance, although he had had many people eliminated and there had been so many revolutionary changes, he made no use of the power he held to control the consular elections without attending them himself, but rather went down into the Forum just like an ordinary citizen, offering himself to be challenged by anyone who wished to. 218 1. That is, the Romans who had been banished in the civil conflicts that surrounded Sulla's rise to power. 2. The name 'Epaphrodkos' parades a special relationship with the goddess Aphrodite (Roman Venus), but also apparently serves as the Greek equivalent of the Latin Felix (see 9.1c). 9. lb(ii) Sulla's honours The coinage associated with Sulla marks an important stage in the evolution of more extreme religious honours for the individual. It was not until Julius Caesar that Roman leaders started to place their own features on coins, where only those of gods and goddesses had appeared before. But Sulla came close to representing himself by representing his statue on this aureus (minted 80 B.C., during the period of his dictatorship). The statue itself, apparently inscribed
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Servius
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5. F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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6. S A C R I F I C E S not be vowed
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6. S A C R I F I C E S than human,
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6. S A C R I F I C E S Augustan His
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6. S A C R I F I C E S lap in perso
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6. S A C R I F I C E S same number
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.2a A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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