1 Earliest Rome

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8.6 Priests of the imperial cult statue of Victory — to which each senator makes an offering of incense and pours a libation of wine on entering the senate house. And he commanded that all Roman magistrates and anyone else conducting public sacrifice should invoke the new god Elagabalus before the other gods whom they called upon in their rites. And, when he arrived at Rome in the garb already described, the Romans - who had become used to it in the picture - looked on it as nothing unusual. ILS 9250 1. Grandmother of Elagabalus. 2. That is, when she noticed Elagabalus' continued habit of wearing extravagant eastern clothes, not traditional Roman dress. Elagabalus had been hailed emperor at Emesa in Syria; at this point he is on his way from the East to Rome. 8.6 Priests of the imperial cult The new cults associated with the worship of the Roman emperors brought with them a new range of priestly offices. Some of these priesthoods were filled in the traditional way by members of the Roman elite; but others involved men of much lower social status. See further: Vol. 1, 357-9; Nock (1933-4); Duthoy (1978); Fishwick (1987-) II.1.609-16*; Ostrow (1985)*; for regulations concerning the priest hood of a provincial cult of the emperor, see 10.4e. 8.6a Priests of the wards of Rome To the Augustan Lares In the city of Rome Augustus transformed the old neighbourhood cults of the crossroads (Lares Compitales) into a focus of loyalty to his own rule - by intro ducing in 7 B.C. the worship of his own household gods (Lares August!) and his genius {genius Augusti). The officials of these local cults were almost exclusively slaves and ex-slaves, as in this altar dedicated in 2 B.C. See further: for full publication and photographs, Gatti (1906); and, on such altars more generally, Hano (1986); for the transformation of the neigh bourhood cults, Vol. 1, 184-6; Ryberg (1955) 53-6; Niebling (1956); Liebeschuetz (1979) 70-1*; for the idea of the genius and its cult, Warde Fowler (1914) 17-22; Fishwick (1969). the officials of year six 1 Felix slave of Lucius Crautanius Florus slave of Sextus Avienus Eudoxsus slave of Gams Caesius Polyclitus slave of Sextus Ancharius 2 207
8. P R I E S T S A N D P R I E S T E S S E S In the consulship of Lucius Caninius Gallus and Gaius Fufius Geminus , 14 days before the Kalends of October . (a similar inscription appears on the back face of the altar) 1. That is, the sixth year after the foundation of this cult. The inscription on the rear includes the name of rhe ward ivicus) ro which these officials belong - 'the ward of Stata Mater' (probably named after a statue of the goddess Stata Mater nearby). 2. These names appear inside a carved oak wreath — an allusion to the oak wreath that, by senatorial decree, decorated Augustus' house. 8.6b The drunken Augustalis' In the towns of Italy and the western provinces, there emerged in the early Empire groups known as the Augustales, often consisting largely of ex-slaves, men normally excluded from other forms of public office-holding in their towns. Sometimes (as in this passage) they formed small associations of seviri (six men); sometimes they were much larger organisations, of up to several hundred members. Although some of these groups certainly had responsibility for various aspects of cult of the emperors, it is a matter of debate how far they should be seen as priests in any strict sense; they are probably best regarded as 'status groups', who may have had (but did not necessarily have) a religious role. Here Petronius presents a fictional, satiric picture of a local sevir, arriving late at a dinner party, already completely drunk. Such officials were not always treated with solemn respect; they could be made figures of fun. See further: Vol. 1, 357—8; Veyne (1961); for the literary 'construction' of the priest's entry, Averil Cameron (1969); for the social status of local Italian * seviri, D'Arms (1981) 126-48. See also 11.5c. Petronius, Satyricon 65 In the middle of all this, a iictor 1 knocked at the dining-room door; and some reveller came in dressed in white with a great crowd of followers. P was really scared by this lordly entrance and assumed the chief magistrate had come to call. So I tried to get up and put my bare feet on the ground. Agamemnon 3 laughed at my fright and said, 'Pull yourself together, you idiot. Habinnas here is a sevir, a stone-mason too.' Feeling better at this news, I went back to reclining and watched Habinnas' entrance with absolute astonishment. Drunk long since, he'd got his hands on his wife's shoulders; he was wearing a whole load of garlands and the perfume was streaming over his forehead into his eyes.' 5 He put himself down in the place of honour and straightaway demanded wine and warm water. Trimalchio, 5 delighted at all this fun and games, demanded a bigger cup for himself and asked what kind of entertainment he'd had. 'Everything was there, except you,' he said. 'The apple of my eye was here. All the same it was bloody good. Scissa was holding the nine-day feast 6 for her poor little slave that she'd freed on his deathbed. I guess she's got a right fuss on her hands with the taxman; because they reckon 208
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES Livy, H
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•). FESTIVALS AND CEREMONIES 136
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5- F E S T I V A L S A M D C E R E
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6 Sacrifices 148 Animal sacrifice,
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6. SACRIFICES 150 Frieze from the a
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6. . S A C R I F I C E S 8. Addenda
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6. S A C R I F I C E S 6.3c The exp
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.2a A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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