1 Earliest Rome

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7.5 Sibylline Oracles 7.5 Sibylline Oracles The oracular books bought, aecording to legend, by King Tarquin (1.8) were an important part of Roman state divination. Kept on the Capitoline hill, in the charge of the quindeeimviri sacris faciundis, they were consulted on the Instructions oi the senate after prodigies (2.6c; 6.6b; 7.3) or in other moments of crisis. The Books seem regularly to have recommended particular rituals to be carried out in reponse to the prodigy; but in the middle Republic (particularly in the third century B.C.) a series of consultations ofthe Books led to the introduction of new deities from the Greek world to <strong>Rome</strong>. See further: Vol. 1, 27, 62-3; Diels (1890); North (1976) 9*; Parke (1988) 136-51, 190-215. 7.5a A Sibylline Oracle of the Roman Republic Eighty lines of Greek verse, secming to be a Sibylline Oracle trom the official collection, are preserved in a book of Wonders, by the second-century A.D. writer Phlegon, an ex-slave of the emperor Hadrian. There has been some argument about whether this is a genuine oracle or not, because the Sibylline Books were usually kept secret. But Phlegon's story is that it was produced by 179
7- D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N E R S the priests themselves in 125 B.C. and the content seems broadly compatible with that date. It may be, however, that some of the text is a great deal older, perhaps being built up gradually into its present form over many years. The text is thoroughly obscure and baffling (and must have been so for the Romans too); it would have called for skill, effort and a good deal or laich from its interpreters. The first line (as we know from Cicero, On Divination 11.111-12 was the custom in these oracles) is an acrostich: that is, it is com posed of the first letter of each of the remaining lines of the oracle, reading downwards. The great bulk of the text is a description of an elaborate ceremo nial ro be carried out, but the end of this extract provides a riddling reference to a war, seemingiy with the Greeks. Only the firsr half of the text is translated here. The translation is speculative at times, since the text has gaps and many uncertainties. The speaker is the Sibyl herself. See further: MacBain (1982) 129-31; Breglia Pulci Doria (1983); Parke (1988) 137-9. Pblegon of Tralles, On Wonders 10, in Diels (1890) 111-13 and R Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (1923-58), II B no.257, ft. 36.10.A.1-28 Since I know the Fates, and know where each man's destiny shall take him, 1 and know the wonders and griefs Fate has in store, all these things I can reveal through the power of my loom,' if you will meditate on these things in your heart, putting your trust in the loom's power. I tell you that a woman shall give birth to a hermaphrodite, having all the parts of males, but also those of females. 3 1 shall no longer conceal, but explain in detail, the sacrifices for Demeter and chaste Persephone. The Goddess herself is misrress ol the loom, if you place your trust in these things, lor the most holy Demeter and the chaste Persephone. First of all, gather together a treasure of coined money, Irom the cities and from yourselves as you wish, then order the making of a sacrifice for Demeter, Mother of the Maiden. Then I bid you at public expense thrice nine bulls . . /' . . . sacrifice splendid , with fine horns and white hides, the ones you judge most beautiful of all. Bid the maidens, the number I have already said,^ perform these bv the Greek rite, 6 calling upon the Queen Immortal with sacrifices, chastely and purely. Then after that let there be sacred gifts from your wives and let these — trusting in my loom - carry torches for the most holy Demeter. Then nexr, let the older women (knowing well the sacrifices) take thrice the same number of libations - wineless ones - and place them on a slender flame. And let the others (the young ones with a carefree spirit) taking as many to Persephone, Pluto's wife, let them pray to her, the most holy, the all-learned one, to remain in the fatherland while the war goes on, and pray for forgetfulness to fall upon the Greeks both of the city and of her . R 180
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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