1 Earliest Rome

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7.4 The haruspices different gods were placated according to its particular marks and characteristics. See further: Dumézil (1970) 650-9*; Pallottino (1975) 138-47*; van der Meer(1987). 7.4c Reading the entrails Livy, History XLl.14.7 and 15.1-4 Oddities in the entrails of sacrificial victims could signify disaster for the sacrificer - or, if he was a major magistrate, for the city as a whole. Here the senate orders the consuls to continue sacrificing until they find a victim with satisfactory organs and achieve favourable omens. (Compare also the events in 6.6a.) See further: Schilling (1962); Linderski (1986) 2174-5; Rosenstein (1990) 89-90. In the consulship of Gnaeus Cornelius and Quintus Petilius, on the very day they entered office
J, D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N E R S (15.1) While the senate was engaged on this business, Gnaeus Cornelius was called out by his attendant; he left the temple, but shorrly returned with dismay in his face to tell the senators that the liver of the ox he was sacrificing had dissolved. The victimarius 1 told him about this, but he could not believe what he had heard and therefore had the water in which the entrails were being cooked poured out of the cauldron, and saw for himself that the other entrails were still complete, but that the whole liver had been consumed by some unspeakable corruption. The senators were appalled by this prodigy and Petilius (whose victim's liver had lacked its lobe) added to the gloom by reporting that he had sacrificed three more oxen and still not achieved favourable omens. The senate bid him complete the sacrifice using rhe greater victims. 2 They tell that all the other sacrifices achieved favourable omens, but that Petilius' sacrifice to Salus 3 178 never did. Then the consuls and praetors drew lots for the provinces. 1. For the victimarius. see 6.1a. 2. See 7.3a n.3. For the disappearance of vital organs at the moment of sacrifice, see 13-2. 3. Salus has not been mentioned before in Livy's account-only Jupiter; but the absence of had a satisfactory sacrifice to Salus would be particularly damaging and the senate may have ordered it when things started to go wrong. Petilius was later defeated and killed on cam paign, amidst allegations of ritual mistakes: see Livy, History Y.U. 18.7-14. 7.4d The extispicy relieffivm Trajan's Forum (early second century A.D.) This sculptured panel, now in Paris, came originally from Trajan's Forum at <strong>Rome</strong>. In general, depictions of the examination of entrails are rare in Roman art (despite taking place in some form after almost every sacrifice); so the sub- -• ject may well have had a particular point in the context of the Forum. It is a likely guess that the scene shows the sacrifice before the emperor Trajan ser our on campaign, and that the entrails here being examined predicted the victory that the Forum was built to celebrate. Our photograph shows a plaster-cast of the relief, which assembles fragments of the original currently held in different museums in Paris. Original height, c. 3 m.; width 4.05 m. See further: Wace 0907) 229-49; Ryberg (1955) 128-30; Koeppel (1985) 154-7, 204-12: D. E. E. Kleiner (1992) 223-4*.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'Pythian Apo
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R ] privileg
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 4.
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4. R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 3-
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A G E S 96
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S an
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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I O . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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1 0 . R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E
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10. R O M E O U T S I D E R O M E A
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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I I . T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M
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IT. T H R E A T S T O T H E R O M A
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S A
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1 2 . R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S
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12. R E L I G I O U S G R O U P S s
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12. RELIGIOUS GROUPS Patron Suaerri
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.2a A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S drenche
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.5 d
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S 13.7 A
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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