1 Earliest Rome

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Livy, History YXN37.5-9 7.4 The haruspices scientific ideas, while in fact it is the Greeks who turned out to he prey to superstitious fears. See further: Cramer (1954) 48-50*; Walbank (1957-79) in.386-7; on the details of the chronology, Oost (1953); Meloni (1954). When the camp was fully fortified, Gaius Sulpidus Gallus, who had been praetor the previous year and was now military tribune in the second legion,' called a meeting of the troops with the consul's consent; he told them not to take it as a bad omen that there was going to be an eclipse of the moon between the second and fourth hours of the coming night. He said this was a regular natural phenomenon and could therefore be predicted. It surprised nobody, he said, that the moon should sometimes be full and sometimes a slim crescent, since the rising and setting of the moon and the sun are regular occurrences; in the same way they should not regard it as a prodigy that the moon should be obscured when it was hidden by the earth's shadow. On the night of 3 September
J. D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N E R S places in his speech. The first two clauses specify the religious action required; the next five give the religious offences that have caused the gods to be angry and require appeasement; the last four list the public dangers that need to be averted by religious action. See further: Vol. 1, 19-20,101-2, 137-8; R. Bloch (1963) 50-5; Lenaghan (1969); Dumezil (1970) 671-2*; Wiseman (1974) 159-69. Composite text from Cicero's speech, On the Response of the Haruspices (figures in brackets represent chapter numbers of the speech) Because in the territory of Latiniensis 5 a groaning noise was heard: (20) Compensation is due to Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Tellus, the Gods of the Heavens (20) the games have been celebrated without enough care and polluted (21 ) 2 sacred and holy places have been profaned (9) 3 envoys have been slain against all faith and tight (34) 4 trust and sworn oaths have been neglected (36) ? old and secret sacrifices have been celebrated without enough care and polluted (37) 6 in order that murders and perils should not be caused by discord and dissension amongst the senators and the leading men; and that there should be no lack of divine help in preventing the power falling to a single man and the army from weakening and losing its strength (40) 7 in order that the Republic be not harmed by secret plans (55) in order that honour should not be increased for men of low worth and political failure (56) in order that the basis of the Republic remain unchanged (60) 76 1. The exact location of the territory is unknown, but it was somewhere near <strong>Rome</strong>. 2. Cicero referred this to Clodius' disruption of the Megalesian Games (see 3.3a n.2). 3. Clodius had claimed that this was a reference to Cicero's rebuilding and inoccupation of his house, which Clodius had demolished, consecrating part of the site as a Shrine of Liberty; cf. 8.2a. 4. Ibis was generally referred to the killing of envoys from Egypt, on the instructions of Ptolemy Auletes, the Egyptian king. 5- Cicero related this to Clodius' alleged bribery of the jurors in his trial for invading the festival of Bona Dea, 8.2b. 6. Cicero referred this to Clodius' alleged invasion of the festival of Bona Dea, 8.2b. 7. The Latin text is uncertain at the end of this section. 7.4b The Liver from Piacenza The haruspices were specialists in the examination of the entrails of sacrificial victims ('exfispicy). This bronze liver (probably third-second century B.C.) found near Piacenza in Etruria in 1877, seems to have provided a guide to the interpretation of the victim's organ. The bronze (0.13 m. x 0.08 m.) is marked out as a map of the heavens with the gods of each section identified on its surface; so the animal's liver was seen as analogous to the divine sphere, and
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME spear, shiel
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R prevent ru
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R Degrassi (
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R 3.4 A cale
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 106 1. Richly
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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5- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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S- F E S T I V A L S A N D C E R E
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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12 Religious groups 288 As Roman re
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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