1 Earliest Rome

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7.1 Some early prophets which was one of the great religious centres of the Latins (see 1.5a). The text speaks of 'draining waters from the lake', presumably meaning surplus flood-waters, not all the water of rhe lake. There are still surviving traces of an overflow tunnel (emissarium) from die lake, which might be of this date; but it is quite uncertain whether this should be tied in with the prophecy. 3. See 7.4. 4. Only when the seer's words were confirmed by the response from Delphi (Livy, History V. 16.8-11,17.1-5) did the senate follow his advice. He explained to them that the reason for the gods' displeasure (shown by the flood) was a flaw in the election of the magistrates who had proclaimed the Latin Festival; 1.5-After proper expiation, Veii was captured. 7. lc Cam and the Vibennae This bronze mirror (diameter 0.15m.) of the late fourth, or early third, century B.C. comes from Bolsena (ancient Volsinii) in Etruria. Four characters are named in Etruscan lettering on the rim above their heads: a fifth face, perhaps that of a satyr, peeps out from behind a rock and watches the action. The named figures are Cacti, shown as a prophet, complete with lyre; a youth Artile who has a tablet, with writing visible on it, open on his lap, and two warriors who are lurking behind the bushes, evidently ready to ambush the prophet and his companion. The two warriors are named Caile Vipinas and Aule Vipinas, or in Latin, Caelius and Aulus (or Olus) Vibenna. These two are known in connection with stories of early <strong>Rome</strong>, which mention them togther with the Tarquins, the sixth-century Kings with the strongest Etruscan links; still more tellingly, they are both connected to the naming of specific Roman hills - Caelius to the Caelian Hill, Aulus or Olus to the Capitolium, so called it was said, from caput Oli (i.e. the head of Aulus), which was supposed to have been dug up there. It seems clear that the pair were wandering warrior heroes about whom both Roman and Etruscan stories were told. A character called Cacus appears in Virgil's Aeneid, VIII. 184-279, where he is a monster who lived on the Palatine Hill before the foundation of <strong>Rome</strong> as a city; he terrorized the local inhabitants, until Hercules passed by in the course of performing his labours; Cacus tried to steal Hercules' cattle and was duly killed. It is not clear whether Roman Cacus and Etruscan Cacu should be identified; but the graceful figure on the mirror can hardly be Virgil's vast, revolting, formless monster and we have no mention in Roman sources of the episode depicted. The theme of the mirror is close to the Roman story of the old man of Veii (7.1b), who is also a prophet captured by force or trickery. It also seems very likely that the book held by Artile is a prophetic text like the Sibylline Books, though perhaps in the Volsinian version. So, perhaps we have the myth of the origin of a written prophetic collection, though no way of knowing the city for which the Vibennae were working at the time. See further: Small (1982) 3-67, 113 (identifying Cacu with the Roman Cacus); Hardie (1986) 110-18 (on Virgil's Cacus) and on the connection of the Vibennae with the Tarquins, Scullard (1967) 256-8; Cornell (1996) 13(Ml*. 169
7 D I V I N A T I O N A N D D I V I N E R S 170 1. Cacus playing the lyre 2. Artile with an open book on his lap 3. and 4. The brothers Vibenna about to jump out and capture the prophet and his book
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 2.3 The deif
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 'schools' of
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME no substance
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME statue, but
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME 46 1. A seac
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E D E I T I E S O E R O M E
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME V. Väänän
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R G VINAL.
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3- T H E C A L E N D A R and the a
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3. T H E C A L E N D A R Ides of A
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 8
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 84
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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A C E S come to venerate the apostl
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5 Festivals and ceremonies 116 Ritu
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IO. ROME OUTSIDE ROME 244 4. Milita
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S IGRiv.1
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13. P E R S P E C T I V E S Christ
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13- P E R S P E C T I V E S Let us
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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1 Earliest Rome

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