1 Earliest Rome

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6.8 Conflict and opposition ing the emperor as a god); she is to perform the sacrifice to the gods on behalf 'of'the emperor. See 10.6b n.4. 4. One of the standard themes of these Christian accounts is that martyrs were happy to die tor their faith. 6.8c Certificate of sacrifice A series of papyrus documents issued during the Christian persecution initiated by the emperor Decius (A.D. 249-51) were used to provide proof that the individual concerned had, in fact, performed sacrifice. A 'Christian suspect' who sacrificed in front of the government authorities received a witnessed certificate of the act— which could presumably be produced in the event of any future suspicion or arrest. See further: Vol. 1, 238-41; Knipfing (1923); Frend (1965) 405-13; Lane Fox (1986) 450-62*. L. Mitteis and U. Wilcken, Gruridziige and Chrestomatbie der Papyruskunde J, 2 (Leipzig, 1912) no. 124 I, Aurelius Syrus, saw you and your son sacrificing. In the first year of emperor Caesar Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus Decius Pius Felix Augustus, on Epeiph 2 . 1. The document is written in different hands - representing the affidavit of Aurelius Diogenes, and the official certification of his sacrifice. 2. Local commissioners had been appointed to oversee the sacrifices demanded by the emperor's edict. The village of Alexander's Island is in the Fayum district ot F-gypt. 3. The edict of persecution probably demanded that all inhabitants of the empire should sacrifice - but it is unlikely (given the administrative burden) that certificates would have been issued to those not under suspicion of being Christian. 165
7 Divination and diviners 166 This chapter is concerned with divination and prophecy: that is, with the ways in which humans ascertained the will of gods and with the ways in which the gods were believed to make known the future. Divination was central in Roman politics and in the traditional religion of the Roman state. So, for example, before engagement in battle or before any meeting of an assembly, the auspices' were taken - in other words, the heavens were observed for any signs (such as the particular partem of a flight of birds) that the gods gave their assent, or otherwise, to the project in hand. But there were many other aspects of divination: some of these (such as astrology) involved specific foretelling of the future; some (such as dream interpretation) were a private, rather than public, affair; some could even be practised as a weapon against the current political order of the state - as when casting an emperor's horoscope foretold his imminent death. The practitioners of divination were as varied as its functions. These ranged from the senior magistrates (who observed the heavens before an assembly) and the state priests (such as the augures who advised the magistrates on heavenly signs) to the potentially dangerous astrologers and soothsayers, periodically expelled from the city of Rome (11.7). The chapter starts with the official divination of the city of Rome: Roman myths about the activity of early diviners (7.1), procedures for the taking of auspices belore an election (7.2), the interpretation of'prodigies' (7.3) and of the entrails of sacrificial animals (7.4), and the role of the so-called 'Sibylline Books', a collection of written oracles kept in Rome (7.5). The second part of the chapter deals with some of the wider aspects of divination and prophecy in Rome and its empire: from private consultation of oracles (7.6) to magic (7.7), astrology (7.8) and dream interpretation (7.9). See further: R. Bloch (1963) 43-157; Dumézil (1970) 594-610; Vernant (1974); Liebeschuetz (1979) 7-29*; North (1990a)*; Dupont (1992) 181-7. 7.1 Some early prophets The myths of early Rome include several stories of great seers or prophets, endowed with sometimes miraculous power and enormous religious authority in their own right. These stories contrast markedly with the activity of official Roman priests in the historical period, who - as our sources present them -
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME would have been die
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T EARLIEST ROME words when he cross
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I EARLIEST ROME Miletina, to the th
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I EARLIEST ROME Pliny, Natural Hist
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I EARLIEST ROME 14 See further: Cas
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I EARLIEST ROME Livy History 1.45 1
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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I EARLIEST ROME buik himself, there
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I EARLIEST ROME 22 ] .7c(ii) Hephae
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I EARLIEST ROME literal truth of th
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME sometimes is
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Ovid, Fasti
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2. THE DEITIES OI' ROME 2.7e Magna
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2. THE DEITIES OF ROME Livy, Histor
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1. THE DEITIES OF ROME 52 1. Antoni
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2. T H E DEITIES OF ROME Pectillus
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3 The calendar 60 The official stat
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3 . T H E C A L E N D A R Deerassi
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4 Religious places 78 This chapter
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4· RELIGIOUS PLACES 4.2b Reconstru
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tom
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11 Threats to the Roman order 260 R
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348 Paul and Peter pray for Victor.
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decemviri (sacris faciundis) see qu
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eligio (proper religious observance
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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General index References are to tex
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General index Dioscuri, see Castor
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General index festivals, sacrifices
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General index Tarquin the Elder (ki
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