1 Earliest Rome
1 Earliest Rome 1 Earliest Rome
4.12 The household shrine 1. Blue tympanum - with symbols of sacrifice: centre- patera; right — knife; left-ox-skull. 2. Painted figures of Lares, against a white background. They tarry (as often) a drinking horn {rhytori) and wine-bucket (sttula). See 2.2a. 3. The genius, dressed in a toga, and with veiled head, holds a patera in his right hand and an incense box in his left - as if offering sacrifice. 4. A serpent - moving rowards offerings of fruit etc. on a small altar (far right). Serpents are a common motif on iararia, probably symbolizing rhe earrh's fertility, and so the pros perity of rhe household. 103
RELIGIOUS FLAGES 4.13 The house-tomb and its rituals The Roman tomb took many forms, from the grand mausolea of the emperors to simple burials marked (if at ali) with just a broken pot. During the second and third centuries A.D. a distinctive form of'house-tomb' was populär in Rome and the surrounding area among the middle ranks of Roman society — skilled craftsmen, tradesmen and the like. These show clearly the religious status ofthe tomb: how it provided a place for the rituals associated with the dead, as well as a final resting-place; and how the Owners' of the tomb might try to protect it against encroachment or against being used by those who did not bear their famiiy name. See further: Toynbee (1971)*; Hopkins (1983) 201-56*; von Hesberg and Zanker (1987); and (for the legal problems associated with the religious status of tombs) Crook (1967) 133-8*. On particular cemeteries with house-tombs: Calza (1940); Toynbee and Ward-Perkins (1956) 1-124; Meiggs (1973) 455-70; Pellegrino (1984). 4.13a Ho use-tombs at IsoU Sacra - exterior The cemetery at Isola Sacra, serving the Roman town of Portus (on the coast, about 30 km. from Rome - see Vol. 1, Map 5), includes over 100 excavated tombs. The three illustrated here date from the early second century A.D.; the total width of the three facades is c. 12.5 m. For a Rdl description, Calza (1940) nos. 78-80, pp. 336-40.
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RELIGIOUS FLAGES<br />
4.13 The house-tomb and its rituals<br />
The Roman tomb took many forms, from the grand mausolea of the emperors<br />
to simple burials marked (if at ali) with just a broken pot. During the second<br />
and third centuries A.D. a distinctive form of'house-tomb' was populär in<br />
<strong>Rome</strong> and the surrounding area among the middle ranks of Roman society —<br />
skilled craftsmen, tradesmen and the like. These show clearly the religious status<br />
ofthe tomb: how it provided a place for the rituals associated with the dead,<br />
as well as a final resting-place; and how the Owners' of the tomb might try to<br />
protect it against encroachment or against being used by those who did not<br />
bear their famiiy name.<br />
See further: Toynbee (1971)*; Hopkins (1983) 201-56*; von Hesberg and<br />
Zanker (1987); and (for the legal problems associated with the religious status<br />
of tombs) Crook (1967) 133-8*. On particular cemeteries with house-tombs:<br />
Calza (1940); Toynbee and Ward-Perkins (1956) 1-124; Meiggs (1973)<br />
455-70; Pellegrino (1984).<br />
4.13a Ho use-tombs at IsoU Sacra - exterior<br />
The cemetery at Isola Sacra, serving the Roman town of Portus (on the coast,<br />
about 30 km. from <strong>Rome</strong> - see Vol. 1, Map 5), includes over 100 excavated<br />
tombs. The three illustrated here date from the early second century A.D.; the<br />
total width of the three facades is c. 12.5 m.<br />
For a Rdl description, Calza (1940) nos. 78-80, pp. 336-40.
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