1 Earliest Rome

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4.9 Sanctuaries of Latium Sanctuaries of Latium: the temple complex of Fortuna Primigenia (Primordial Fortune) at Praeneste From the second half of the second century B.C., the region around Rome (Latium) saw the development of a series of lavish sanctuaries. These were, strictly speaking, the achievement of the local towns that sponsored and main tained them. But their character was largely determined by a number of factors which affected Rome and the towns of Latium alike: the increasing wealth that flowed into all of central Italy as a result of Roman conquests; growing contact with the architecture (and architects) of the Hellenistic Greek world; the easy availability of concrete, which made possible some of the most ambitious architectural schemes. These sites were very much part of the cultural and reli gious world of Rome - particularly so after the grant of full Roman citizenship to the Italians in 90-89 B.C. The magnificent sanctuary at Praeneste (40 km. south-east of Rome and today called Palestrina) is a development of the second century B.C., probably close to the end of the century, though the precise date of construction is still debated. Before the grand terrace was built, we know that there had been, on part of the site, a temple of the goddess Fortuna Primigenia (Primordial For tune) — according to the local myth the mother of Jupiter and Juno - and, on another part of it, one of the most famous and wealthy oracles of Italy. The ora cle was consulted by sending a child down into a deep pit; the child brought up wooden tablets (sortes i.e. lots) with mysterious lettering on them; these were then handed to an expert for interpretation. The temple, at the top of the hill, was incorporated into a Renaissance palazzo now the Museum, within which parts of the original building can still be seen. The terracing, which incorporates the oracular part of the site, was also built over in medieval times and was only exposed again after the town was bombed during the Second World War. The upper part of the complex illus trated is 113.20 m. wide; the distance from the temple to the oracular shrine, 120 m.; to the basilica (part of the public buildings of the town), 236 m. See further: Vol. 1, Map 5; on these sanctuaries in general, Boethius (1978) 159-78* (though wrongly dating most of the sanctuaries to the period after 80 B.C.); Gros (1978); Sear (1982) 24-7*; Coarelli (1987); on the sanctuary at Praeneste, Fasolo and Gullini (1953); and on its cult, Cicero, On Divination II.85-7; Brendei (1960); Champeaux (1982-7) 1.3-147; an extract from the surviving inscribed calendar from Praeneste is given above, 3.3b. 97
4- R E L I G I O U S P L A C E S 98 1. The Temple of Fortuna Primîgenia was believed to mark the spot where honey had once miraculously flowed from an olive tree. It probably contained a gilded statue of the god dess. 2. The connection between temple-buildings and theatres was a traditional one, found commonly in Rome and central Italy. See Vol. 1, 122—3; J. A. Hanson ( ! 959). 3. A small circular structure covered a deep pit which contained (he wooden tablets. The statue group, of Fortuna with Jupiter and Juno, mentioned by Cicero {On Divination II.S5), probably stood on the base in the apse.
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VOLUME 2 A Sourcebook M A R Y BEARD
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Acknowledgements We would like to e
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Judaism and Christianity) whose ori
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Preface xii the religion of early R
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Conventions and abbreviations XIV I
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I EARLIEST ROME 2 Scullard (1981) 1
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1 EARLIEST ROME Ovid, Fasti n.639-4
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I EARLIEST ROME AE{1979) 136 The co
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2 The deities of Rome 26 Throughout
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28 THE DEITIES OF ROME 1. Trajan -
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Deities and their epithets 370 Fort
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Bibliography 372 Cassius Dio, Roman
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Paul, Opinions: this work, compiled
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Attridge, H. W. (1978) 'The philoso
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Bibliography 378 Politics in the He
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Cameron, Averil (1969) 'Perronius a
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Bibliography 382 de See. Croix, G.
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Frickel, J. ( 1984) Hellenistische
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Gruen, E. S. (1990) Studies in Gree
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Kirsch, J. P. (1924) Der stadtrömi
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Bibliography 390 Long, A. A. (1974)
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Bibliography 392 Nock, A. D. (1925)
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Potter, D. (1991) Prophecy and Hist
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(1992) 'The religious roles of Roma
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Syme, R. (1978) 'Thepomerium'm the
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Walker, S. and Burnett, A. (1981) T
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Details of illustrations 1.5b(ii) L
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Detaih ofillustrations 404 6. If Re
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Gaius, Institutes ll. 1—11: 10.4c
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CI/72, 476, 523: 12.6d CILl 2 . 101
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1 Earliest Rome

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