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viii THE EXl'LOItATIOX OF THE CAUCASUS — it has been my good fortune to traverse the main chain of the Caucasus eleven times by eight difTerent passes, and to cross in and out of Suanetia eight times by seven different routes. I have taken part in the first ascents of three of the great peaks, Elbruz, Kasbek, and Tetnuld, and of several lesser summits, as well as in many other glacier expeditions of greater difficulty than any of these ascents. My travels have led me, I believe, into almost every considerable glen at the foot of the main chain between Elbruz and Adai Khokh, and I have penetrated the pathless forests of the Skenis Skall and the Kodor. The oljject of the present edition is to place my volumes within the reach of readers who object to heavy and costly illustrated works. I have not thought it expedient to revise or modify the original text. Nor do I feel called on to enter here into the many and minute questions of topography and orthography raised by Dr. Merzbacher in the two thousand pages recently in which he has recorded his travels in the Caucasus. To do so would involve much argument, hardly interesting to the general public. I gladly, however, take this opportunity to add the title of his woi-k " Aus den Hochregionen des Kaukasus " to the list of books recommended in my Appendix.
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE DISCOVERERS OF THE CAUCASUS, . CHAPTER II. . . . • - PAOB THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CAUCASUS, ... 27 CHAPTER III. CAUCASIAN HISTORY AND TRAVEL, 59 CHAPTER IV. KASBEK AND THE OSSETE DISTRICT 80 CHAPTER V. THE MAMISON PASS AND GEBI, CHAPTER VI. THE ADAI KHOKH GROUP 126 THE VALLEY OF THE URUKH, CHAPTER VII. VOL. I. b ' ' 1 104 146
Page 5 and 6: THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS VOL
Page 9 and 10: THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS BY
Page 11: TO THE MEMORY OF WILLIAM FREDERICK
Page 16 and 17: BALKAR AND BEZINGI, THE PATHS TO SU
Page 18 and 19: xii ILLUSTKATIONS IN THE TEXT SUBJE
Page 20 and 21: 2 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS C
Page 22 and 23: 4 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS t
Page 24 and 25: 6 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS w
Page 26 and 27: 8 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS q
Page 28 and 29: 10 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 36 and 37: 18 THE EXPLORATIOX OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 38 and 39: 20 THE EXPLORATION OE THE CAUCASUS
Page 40 and 41: 0-2 THE EXI'LOKATION OF THE CAUCASU
Page 48 and 49: 30 THE EXTLOHATIUN OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 52 and 53: :« THE EXI'LUUATIOX OF THE CAUCASU
Page 54 and 55: 36 THE EXPLOKATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 62 and 63: 44 THE EXl'LOKATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 64 and 65:
46 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 66 and 67:
48 THE EXPLORxVTION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
52 THE EXPLOKATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
36 THE EXPLORATTON" OF THE CATICASr
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
62 THE EXTLUliATlUX UF THE CAUCASUS
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
7-i THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 94 and 95:
76 THE EXL'LORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER IV KASBEK AND THE OSSETE DI
Page 100 and 101:
82 THE EXTLOPxATION OF TTIE CAUCASU
Page 102 and 103:
84 THE EXTLUKATIOX OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 104 and 105:
Page 106 and 107:
Page 108 and 109:
Page 110 and 111:
92 THE EXPLORATIOX UF THE CAUCASUS
Page 112 and 113:
94 THE EXI'LOKATION UF THE CAUCASUS
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
100 THE EXPLOllATJO.N Ui' THE CAUCA
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
CHAPTER V THE MAMISON PASS AND GEBI
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
108 THE EX?L(^T^ATTON OF THE CAUCAS
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
lU THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 134 and 135:
UG THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASrjS
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
120 THE EXi'LORATION UF THE CAUCASU
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
CHAPTER VI THE ADAl KHOKH GROUP Ili
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130 THE EXI'LOKATIUN OF THE CAUCASU
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
138 THE EXPLORATIUX OF THE CAUCASUS
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Page 160 and 161:
142 THE EXPLOKATJUX OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 162 and 163:
14-t THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
Page 164 and 165:
CHAPTER VII THE VALLEY OF THE URUKH
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
152 THE i;xi'H)i;ati().\ ok the Cau
Page 172 and 173:
154 THE EXI'LOKATION OF THE CAUCASU
Page 174 and 175:
156 THE EXPJ.ORATION OF THE CAUCASU
Page 176 and 177:
1.58 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
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Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
1()4 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
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166 THH KXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
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Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
176 THE EXIM.OUATIUX OF THE CAUCASU
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178 THE EXPLOKATIOX UF THE CAUCASUS
Page 198 and 199:
LSO TTTE EXTLOILVTIOX OF TTTE CAUCA
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CHAPTER IX THE PATHS TO SUANETIA Di
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Page 204 and 205:
Page 206 and 207:
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190 THE EXPLORATION OE THE CAUCASUS
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Page 214 and 215:
im THE FA'PLORATION OF THR CAUCASTT
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Page 220 and 221:
CHAPTER X SUANETIA Kovpii'iSos . .
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20.S THE EXTLOKATION OF THE CAUCASU
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•210 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCA
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•21+ THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCA
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22(5 THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
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22
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CHAPTER XI TRAVEL AND MOUNTAINEERIN
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234 THE EXTLUKATIOX OF THE CAUCASUS
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23(j THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
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Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 262 and 263:
Page 264 and 265:
246 THE EXPLOKATION OF THE CAUCASUS
Page 266 and 267:
24S THP] EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASU
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Page 270 and 271:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
25(3 THE EXI'LUHATION OF THE CAUCAS
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25S THE EXPLORATION OF THE CAUCASUS
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260 THE EXPLORATION' OF THE CAUCASU
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262 THE EXPLOKATIOX OF THE CAUCASUS
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Page 288 and 289:
Page 290 and 291:
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
276 THE KXl'LOKATION OF THE CAUCASU
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