Baisakh for press 1.pmd - Supreme Court Of Nepal

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#@ 

*%#@ 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, j[xb k"0f{ Ohnf; 

sf=d'=;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ 

dfGfgLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L sdngf/fo0f bf; 

b]=k'=O=g+= )^%–DF–)@% 

km};nf ldltM @)^&.!!.@^.% 

d'2f M– n]gb]g . 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;'g;/L, b]jfgu~h 

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g] dxGyL eGg] 

dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf] 

lj¿4 

k|ToyL{÷jfbLM lhNnf ;'g;/L, b]jfgu~h 

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # a:g] b'vgLb]jL 

dxtf] 

z'? d'2f km};nf ug]{M— 

df=lh=Gof= >L Ps/fh cfrfo{ 

k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M 

df=Gof=>L p4ak|;fb afF:sf]6f 

df=Gof=>L s]zjk|;fb d}gfnL 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;M 

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 

df=Gof=>L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfx 

;jf]{Rr, cbfnt k"0f{ Ohnf;M 

df=Gof=>L k|]d zdf{ 

df=Gof=>L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj 

df=Gof=>L lu/Lz rGb| nfn 

1 

ljz'4 k|sf/n] ;fx" cf;fdLaLr ePsf] skfnL 

;/xsf] lnvt sfuhaf6 l;lh{t ljjfbdf 

cbfntn] lnvt sfuhdf pNn]v gePsf] kIf 

ljkIfsf] df}lvs egfO{ / Jojxf/nfO{ cfwf/ 

lnO{ ljjflbt ljifosf] ;Gbe{df cGoyf cy{ 

u/L Gofo lg?k0f ug{ gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=#_ 

b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] lnvt Jojxf/sf] ;DaGwdf 

hxfF lnvt :jo+df k|i6 5 To;sf] ljifodf kIf 

ljkIfsf] cfk;L df}lvs ;dembf/L, lghx¿ 

aLr cGo 3/fo;L Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] 

/ ;fIfLsf] askqn] cGoyf x'g] cj:yf gx'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=$_ 

sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof gk'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf 

cGo k|lqmofaf6 eP u/]sf] Jojxf/n] sfg"gL 

dfGotf kfpg g;Sg] . 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+=df /x]sf] sfg""gL 

Joj:yfsf] zflAbs cy{ gu/L ;fIfL askq Pj+ 

kIfx¿ aLrsf] Jojxf/ x]l/g' k5{ eGg] lhsL/ 

/x]klg :ki6 ?kdf /x]sf] sfg""gL Joj:yfljk/Lt 

df}lvs egfO{ Pj+ kIfx¿sf aLr ePsf cb[Zo 

Jojxf/ / cfr/0fnfO{ k|df0fdf lng gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

/fhLgfdf lnvt Jojxf/ cnu cnu k|s[ltaf6 

ePsf] b]lvPsf], td;'sL lnvtaf6 ?k}ofF lng'lbg' 

u/]sf] Jojxf/ tyf hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/]sf] 

Jojxf/df b'j} lnvtsf] Pscfk;df ;DaGw 

(Nexus) /x]sf] eGg] s'/f sxL+ st} pNn]v e} 

cfPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] tyf cfd Jojxf/ 

/ k|rngdf Ps} JolQm;+u leGgleGg Jojxf/ 

x'g ;Sg] . -k|s/0f g+=^_ 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfn 

k|ToyL{÷jfbL tkm{af6M 

cjnDag ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+=

g]kfn g]kfn sfg"g sfg"g klqsf, klqsf, @) @)^*, @) ^*, j}zfv 

j}zfv 

km};nf 

sf=d'=k|=Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g 

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd k|ltjfbL dxGyL 

eGg] dx]Gb| k|;fb dxtf]sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf 

k'g/fj]bg k/L ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df dTo}Sotf sfod 

x'g g;sL tLg hgf dfggLo GofofwLzsf] k"0f{ 

Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]df k"0f{ Ohnf;sf tLghgf 

GofofwLzaLr j]Unfj]Un} /fo sfod e} jx'dt /fo 

sfod x'g g;sL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

@)$( sf] lgod #-#_ adf]lhd o; a[xb k"0f{ 

Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt 

tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 . 

ljkIfLn] daf6 3/vr{ ug{ egL 

?=$(,))).– -pGrf; xhf/_ ?k}ofF shf{ lnO{ @)%# 

;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgfe/df ;fFjf / Aofh ;d]t 

a'emfpg] zt{ u/L ldlt @)%#.%.@) df skfnL 

td;'s n]vL lbg' ePsf]df efvfleq ;fFjf Aofh 

glbPsf] / tt\kZrft klg k6sk6s tfs]tf ubf{ 

;d]t cfn6fn u/L ljkIfLn] pQm ;fFjf Aofh 

ga'emfPsf]n] d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] @ g++=sf] 

Dofb leq} c=a+=*@ g++= ;d]tsf cfwf/df lkm/fb 

ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ctM lnvt ldlt @)%#.%.@) b]lv 

cfh lkm/fb ldlt ts @ aif{ % dlxgf ( lbgsf] x'g] 

P]gadf]lhdsf] Aofh ?= !!,(^$.!( k};f / ;fFjf 

?=$(,))).– ;d]t hDdf ?=^),(^$.!( / e/L 

e/fp ldlt tssf] x'g] Aofh, sf]6{ kmL ;d]t n]gb]g 

Jojxf/sf] $, ^ g++ adf]lhd ljkIfLaf6 lbnfO{ 

e/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] b'vgL b]jL dxtf]sf] 

lkm/fb kq . 

ljkIfL afbLsf] bfjL em'f Pj+ agfj6L 

dfq xf] . jf:tljstf s] xf] eg] ljkIfL jfbLn] 

daf6 hUuf v/Lb ug]{ OR5f ubf{ / dnfO{ klg 

hUuf ljs|L ug{ cfjZos ePsf]n] hUuf lng] lbg] 

b'j} y/sf] dGh'/L e} d k|ltjfbLsf] gfpF btf{sf] 

lh=;'g;/L b]jfgu~h uf=lj=; j8f g++=# ls=g++ $^% 

sf] h=lj=)–%–@ dWo] )–#–) hUuf dfq ljqmL ug]{ 

;xdlt ePsf] lyof] . hUufdf jfnL nfuL ;s]sf] 

x'Fbf d}n] nufPsf] ;f] jfnL d k|ltjfbLn] g} vfg] 

2 

x'Fbf tTsfn hUufsf] d"No lng'lbg' u/L /lhi6«]zg 

u/fpg cg's"n ePg . lnPlbPsf] ?k}ofFsf] 

ljZjf;sf] nflu td;'s lnvt u/L lbPsf] / kl5 

hUuf kfl/t ePkl5 td;'s Roftn u/L lbg] 

;dembf/L eP cg'?k d}n] O{dfGbf/Lk"j{s d]/f gfpFsf] 

pQm ls=g++=$^% sf] )–%–@ hUufdWo] blIf0ftkm{af6 

lsQfsf6 u/L ls=g+=$&) sf] )–#–) hUuf 

/=g+=^!$% ldlt @)%#.!).# df /fhLgfdf kfl/t 

ul/lbPsf] 5' . lnvt Roftn u/L dfUbf td;'s 

Nofpg ljl;{Psf] x'Fbf 3/df g} Roftn u/L lbG5' 

egL ljkIfL jfbLn] eGbf ljZjf;df k/L k'gM ;f]wvf]h 

ubf{ td;'s Roftn u/L lbPF egL ljkIfLn] eg]sf] 

x'Fbf r'k nfuL a;]sf] lyPF . s] s'g td;'s k]z u/L 

gfn]z u/]sf x'g\ < jfbLnfO{ hUufsf] df]n jfkt 

lnPsf] ?k}ofFsf] td;'s jfx]s cGo s'g} lnvt 

td;'s u/L lbPsf] 5}g . jfbLaf6 ;Ssn td;'s 

bflvnf e} b]vfPsf cj:yfdf c=a+=&* g++= adf]lhd 

gfdfs/0f ug]{5' . jfbLnfO{ d}n] s'g} klg ?k}ofF ltg{ 

a'emfpg afFsL 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dx]Gb|k|;fb 

dxtf]sf] k|ltpQ/ kq . 

jfbLaf6 ;Ssn lnvt td;'s bflvnf 

u/fO{ c=a++ &* g++ adf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;gfvt 

u/fO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt @)%^.&.( sf] cfb]zfg';f/ 

bfjLsf] ldlt @)%#.%.@) sf] ;Ssn lnvt td;'s 

bfvLnf e} ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] . 

jfbLaf6 k]z ePsf] ldlt @)%#.%.@) sf] 

lnvtdf ePsf] n]vfTds tyf /]vfTds ;xL5fk 

d]/f] xf] . ;f] lnvt td;'s ljZjf;sf] lgldQ xfdL 

jfbL k|ltjfbL e} d]/f gfpF btf{sf] )–#–) hUuf 

lgh jfbLnfO{ kf; u/L lbPkl5 Roftn u/L lbg] 

dGh'/L eP cg'?k tTsfn oL jfbLaf6 hUufsf] 

df]n jfktdf ?=#!,))).– lnO{ ufpFm 3/df ;fFjf 

eGbf a9Lsf] sfuh agfpg] k|rng cg'?k 

?=$(,))).– sf] sfuh jfbLn] u/fPsf] xf] . d}n] 

lgh jfbLnfO{ pQm )–#–) hUuf kf; u/L lbPkl5 

;f] lnvt jfbLn] dnfO{ glbO{ ;f]xL lnvtsf 

cfwf/df k|:t't d'2f u/]sf] dfq xf] eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL dxGyL eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf]n] 

c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] jofg .

*%#@– *%#@–dxGyL *%#@– *%#@– dxGyL eGg] eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf] dxtf] dxtf] lj?4 lj?4 b'vgLb]jL b'vgLb]jL dxtf] 

dxtf] 

daf6 k]z ePsf] lnvt td;'s hUuf 

lng]lbg] zt{df ePsf] ge} k|ltjfbLn] ?=$(,))).– 

gub} lnO{ u/L lbPsf] td;'s xf] . d]/f] ?k}ofF krfpg] 

lgot lnO{ k|ltjfbLn] em'f aofg u/]sf] xf] . bfjL 

cg';f/sf] ;fFjf Aofh ;d]t lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpF eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] jf/]; ;bfgGb dxtf]n] 

c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] aofg . 

lnvt sfuh ;2] Joxf]/fsf] xf] . hUuf 

kfl/t u/L lbg] zt{df ePsf] td;'s sfuh jfbLn] 

Roftn ug{ cfn6fn u/]sL x'g\ . jfbLsf] bfjL 

adf]lhdsf] /sd k|ltjfbLn] a'emfpg' kg]{ xf]O{g 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] ;fIfL /fds[i0f 

d]xtfn] u/]sf] jskq . 

?=$(,))). b'vgLb]jLaf6 dxGyL eGg] 

dx]Gb| dxtf]n] lnPsf] xf] . hUUff b'vgL b]jLsf 

kltsf] x'Fbf To;} kfl/t u/L lbPsf x'g\ . ?k}ofF 3/ 

vr{ ug{ lnPsf x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf 

;fIfL u0f]z kl08tn] u/]sf] jskq . 

bfjLsf] ?k}ofF jfktdf hUuf kfl/t u/L 

lbO{ ;f] kfl/t u/L lbPsf] hUuf ;d]tdf d'2f k/L 

/fhLgfdf ljqmL Jojxf/ ;b/ 7x/L km};nf e}/x]sf] 

o; l:yltdf bfjLsf] ?k}ofF ltg{ a'emfpg afFsL 

gb]lvFbf jfbL bfjLsf] ;fFjf / Aofh ;d]t k|ltjfbLn] 

jfbLnfO{ ltg{ a'emfpg kb}{g . jfbL bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] 

ldlt @)%&.#.@! sf] km};nf . 

ljkIfL k|ltjfbL / d jfbLaLr ldlt 

@)%#.%.@) df ePsf] lnvtnfO{ k|ToyL{n] cGoyf 

eGg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . d jfbLaf6 hUufsf] df]njfkt 

?k}ofF lnPsf] ge} k|ltjfbLn] 3/vr{ ug{sf] nflu 

egL ?k}ofF lnPsf] k|dfl0ft tYo ljk/Lt jfbL bfjL 

gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] q'l6k"0f{ 

km};nf ab/ u/L z'? lkm/fb bfjL adf]lhd O{G;fkm 

kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

lj/f6gu/df k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 

jfbL bfjLsf] lnvt u/L lbPsf]df k|ltjfbL 

;fljt} b]lvPsf], hUuf kf; u/L lbPkl5 jfbL 

3 

bfjLsf] lnvt Roftn u/L lbg] u/L lnvt ePsf] 

eP ;f]xL Joxf]/f pNn]v x'g'kg]{ ;f] s]xL s'/f 

pNn]v x'g g;s]af6 lnvt d} k|ltjfbL C0fLsf] 

bfh' egL lnvtdf ;fIfL a:g] /fds[i0f dxtf]sf] 

askqsf] sygnfO{ ;fFrf] egL ;f]xL s'/fsf] ;d]t 

cfwf/ lnO{ z'?n] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fO{ u/]sf] 

OG;fkm km/s kg]{ b]lv+bf c=a++=@)@ g++ adf]lhd 

k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z . 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+= adf]lhd lnvt 

Roftn klg gePsf] / lnvtdf ?k}ofF a'em]sf] jf 

hUufkf; u/L lnPsf] eGg] s'g} k|sf/sf] sfg"gL 

/Lt k'¥ofPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf cg'dfgsf] e/n] 

jfbL bfjLsf] )%#.%.@) sf] lnvt jfktdf ldlt 

)%#.!).# df /=g+=^!$% af6 hUuf kf; u/L 

lbPsf] egL eGg ldNg] gb]lv+bf z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf 

cbfntn] jfbLnfO{ lnvt bfjLsf] ?k}ofF k|ltjfbLn] 

ltg{ a'emfpg gkg]{ 7x¥ofO{ u/]sf] ldlt )%&.#.@! 

sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L x'G5 . jfbLnfO{ 

bfjLsf] lnvtsf] ;fFjf Aofh k|ltjfbLn] ltg'{ 

a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf] km};nf . 

k'g/fjb]g cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ 

a'em]g . d]/f gfdbtf{sf] ls=g+=$^% sf] h=lj )–%– 

@ dWo] )–#–) sf hUuf jfbLnfO{ ljqmL ug]{ u/L 

d"No ;d]t to eO{ ;f] jfkt d}n] ?=#!,))).– lnO{ 

tTsfn jfnL nfu]sf] sf/0f /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/fpg 

gldNg] e} rng cg';f/ skfnL td;'s ul/lbPsf] 

xf] . ;f] ?k}ofF jfkt ldlt @)%#.!).# df ;f] )–#– 

) -tLg sf_ hUuf jfbLnfO{ kf; klg ul/lbO{ 

;s]sf] 5' . ;f] tYo lnvtsf ;fIfL /fds[i0fsf] 

askqaf6 k'i6L ePsf] 5 . Pp6f C0f /sd afFsL 

g} /fv]sf] eP jfbLn] dnfO{ csf]{ C0f lb]g] / ;f] 

jfkt hUuf kf; x'g] cj:yf klg kb}{gYof] . o:tf] 

l:yltdf ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fsf] plrt d"NofÍg g} 

gu/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] dnfO{ x/fO{ u/]sf] km};nf 

q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L z'?n] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ 

u/]sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k|ltjfbL dxGyL 

eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf]sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf 

kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .


j}zfv 

k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fds[i0f d]xtfn] 

cbfntdf pkl:yt e} askq ubf{ td;'ssf] /sd 

jfkt k|ltjfbLn] pNn]lvt hUuf afbLsf] gfddf 

kfl/t ul/lbPsf] egL u/]sf] askqn] k|ltjfbLsf] 

hLls/nfO{ ;dy{g ul//x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] 

nflu c=a+ @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ k]z 

ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!.@# sf] cfb]z . 

jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr ePsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf 

k|ToIf ;fIfL ;d]tsf] askqaf6 hUuf kf; ul/lbg] 

zt{df n]gb]g ePsf] tYo phfu/ ePsf] / 

;f]xLadf]lhd k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ hUuf ;d]t kf; 

u/L lbO;s]sf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 bf]xf]/f] 

kmfObf lng ldNg] u/L ldlt @)%#.%.@) sf] skfnL 

td;'sadf]lhdsf] /sd e/fO{ kfpg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] 

b]lvPg . t;y{ z'?n] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ 

u/]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ;fFjf 

Aofh e/fO{ kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 

gb]lv+bf pN6L eO{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ 

u/]sf] z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%&.#.@! 

sf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/L ;xof]uL dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfxaf6 5'§} /fo 

JoQm ePsf]n] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] nut s§f u/L 

k|:t't d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] 

lgod #-!_-s_ adf]lhd k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug'{ 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L 

/fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo . 

skfnL td;'ssf] ;fFjf Aofh jfkt g} 

pQm hUuf kf; u/L lbPsf] eGg] /fhLgfdf lnvtdf 

pNn]v gePsf], n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+=adf]lhd 

lnvtsf] kL7df c;"nL hgfPsf] jf lnvt km§f jf 

5'§} e/kfO{ u/]sf] ;d]t gb]lv+bf ;fIfLsf] askqsf] 

cfwf/df dfq k|ltjfbLsf] lhsL/ :yflkt x'g g;Sg] 

x'gfn] jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 ;fFjf Aofh e/L kfpg] g} 

b]lvG5 . t;y{ z'?n] jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ 

u/]sf] km};nf ab/ u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhdsf] 

4 

;fFjf Aofh jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] 

k'g/fjb]g cbfnt, lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 

b]lv+bf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf 

pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb 

>]i7sf] /fo;+u ;xdt x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf k"0f{ Ohnf; 

;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxsf] /fo ;lxtsf] 

ldlt @)^%.%.@^ sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] km};nf . 

pQm ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] 5'§f 5'§} /fopk/ 

tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLzsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z 

x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfo adf]lhd /fo JoQm ePsf] 

kfO{G5 . 

hUuf kfl/t u/L lng]lbg] zt{ Joxf]/f kf/L 

ljjflbt skfnL td;'s gePsf], /fhLgfdf lnvtdf 

td;'ssf] /sd jfkt hUuf kfl/t ul/Psf] eGg] 

Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvPsf], To; ;DaGwL s'g} 

s}lkmot;Dd klg ghlgPsf], td;'sadf]lhdsf] 

;fFjf Aofh a'emfO{ ;s]sf] b]lvg] tYoo'Qm ;j'b 

k|df0fsf] cefj e} d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % 

g+= n] ;LdfÍg jf lgwf{l/t u/]sf s'g} klg k|fjwfg 

jf bfloTjsf] kfngf ePsf] gb]lvPsf] l:yltdf 

s]jn df}lvs lhsL/ / cg'dfgsf cfwf/df 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] bfjLsf] ;fFjf Aofh a'emfpg' 

gkg]{ eGg] 7x/ lgZsif{df k'Ug sfg"g;+ut gb]lvbf 

afbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? ;'g;/L lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] u/L JoQm ePsf] dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo;Fu ;xdt 

x'g ;lsPg . 

ctM jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt )%*.^.!) sf] km};nf 

;b/ u/]sf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb 

zfxsf] /fo dgfl;a 7x5{ . ;xof]uL dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿ aLr dTo}Sotf x'g g;sL ax'dt 

sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] k|:t't d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # -#_ adf]lhd tLghgf 

eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ 

eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{sf] /fo . 

ljjflbt /fhLgfdf lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] 

y}nL /sd / hUufsf] If]qkmn x]bf{ klg ;f] y}nL

*%#@– *%#@–dxGyL *%#@– dxGyL eGg] eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf] dxtf] lj?4 lj?4 b'vgLb]jL b'vgLb]jL dxtf] 

dxtf] 

/sd / hUufsf] cg'kftsf] aLrdf s'g} 

;fdf~h:otf geO{ c:jefljstf b]lvG5 . ?= 

!),))).– y}nL jfkt ;'g;/Lsf] b]jfgu~hdf 

tLg sf hUuf /fhLgfdf x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ;fdfGo 

b]lvGg . hUufsf] If]qkmn / k|s[lt x]bf{ klg 

/fhLgfdf lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] y}nLeGbf 

ljjflbt skfnL td;'s lnvtsf] y}nL;Fu 

tfbfDotf /xg] b]lvG5 . ldl;n ;+nUg plNNflvt 

tYoaf6 lnvt ;fIfL / jfbLs} ;fIfLn] bfjL k|lts"n 

x'g] u/L u/]sf] askq ;dy{g e}/x]sf] b]lv+bf 

jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 

7x¥ofPsf] z'¿ ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] OG;fkm 

;b/ u/]sf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz 

>L /fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo dgfl;a b]lv+bf ;f] /fo 

;b/ sfod x'g] 7x5{ . ;xof]uL dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿ aLr dTo}Sotf x'g g;sL ax'dt 

sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] k|:t't d'2f ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # -#_ adf]lhd 

tLghgf eGbf a9L ;b:o /x]sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df 

k]z ug'{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ 

ofbjsf] /fo . 

n]gb]g ePsf] ldltkl5 td;'ssf] wgLnfO{ 

C0fLn] n]gb]gsf] /sd dWo]sf] cf+lzs /sd jfkt 

hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L lbPsf] b]lvgfn] ldlt 

@)%#.%.@) df n]gb]g ePsf] ?=$(,))).– sf] 

hUuf /fhLgfdf ePsf] ldlt @)%#.!).# ;Ddsf] 

Aofh hf]8L hDDff x'g cfpg] /sddWo] pQm 

/fhLgfdf lnvtsf] y}nL ? !),))).– s6fO{ 

To;kl5 afFsL /xg cfpg] /sdnfO{ k'gM ;fFjf 

sfod u/L n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] @ g+= cg';f/ e/L 

kfpg] ;fFjf / Aofh ;d]t jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 

e/fO{ kfpg] 7x5{ . ;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/ 

u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ;f] 

xb;Dd s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 

JoQm ul/Psf /fosf ;DjGwdf o; k"0f{ Ohnf;df 

;d]t ax'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod # -#_ adf]lhd tLg 

hgf eGbf a9L ;+Vof /x]sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf 

5 

k]z ug'{ eGg] dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| 

nfnsf] ldlt @)^^.(.#) sf] /fo . 

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't 

d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt 

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bfxfnn] 

k|ltjfbLn] jfbL;+u ?= #!,))). dfq shf{ lnO{ 

;f] jfkt @)%#.!).# df tLg sf hUuf lgh 

jfbLnfO{ kfl/t u/L lbg' ePsf] 5 . /fhLgfdf 

lnvtdf pNn]v ePsf] y}nL /sd ?=!),))). 

dfq tLg sf hUuf v/Lb ljqmL x'g] cj:yf 5}g . 

lnvtnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] OGsf/ gu/] klg jfbL 

k|ltjfbLaLrsf] lng' lbg' Jojxf/ km5\of}{6 e};s]sf] 

s'/f k|ltpQ/ kqdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . k|:t't 

d'2fdf jfbL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLn] u/]sf] askqnfO{ 

;d]t dxTjk"0f{ ?kdf x]l/g' cfjZos 5 . hUuf 

kf; u/L lbg] ;dembf/Laf6 td;'s ePsf] 

Jojxf/af6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf hUuf kf; e};s]kl5 

;f] td;'s pk/ jfbLn] bfjL ug]{ cj:yf /x+b}g . 

jfbL / k|ltjfbL aLr ePsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/ 5'§f 

5'§} xf] eGg] cj:yf ldl;nsf] tYoaf6 b]lvPsf] 

5}g . d'2fdf ePsf tYo k|df0fn] kIfsf] Jojxf/ 

/ cfr/0fnfO{ :ki6 u/]sf] l:yltdf k|df0f P]g, 

@)#! sf] bkmf & -u_ adf]lhd ;f] s'/f k|df0fdf 

lng ldNg] x'G5 . u|fdL0f ;dfhdf shf{sf] 

e'QmfgLsf] tl/sf kIfn] cfk}m lgwf{/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 

k|rngnfO{ klg x]l/g' k5{ . k|:t't ljjfbdf tYo 

/ k|df0fn] k|i6 u/]sf] ljifodf n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] 

% g+=sf] zflAbs JofVof ubf{ k|ltjfbL cGofodf 

kg]{ l:ylt 5 . kIfx¿ aLr ePsf] Jojxf/sf] 

;dli6 ?kdf ljZn]if0f u/L ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7n] JoQm 

ug'{ ePsf] /fo dgfl;j 7x/ u/]sf] dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbjsf] /fo ;b/ 

x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'{ 

eof] . 

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] pko'{Qm jx; 

;'gL k'g/fj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ 

k|ltjfbL dxGyL eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf]n] 3/ 

vr{ ug{ egL @)%# ;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgf e/df


j}zfv 

;fFjf Aofh a'emfpg] efvf zt{ u/L ldlt 

@)%#.%.@) df skfnL td;'s u/L ?=$(,))). 

lnPsf]df efvfleq ;fFjf Aofh ga'emfPsf] / 

k6sk6s tfs]tf ubf{ ;d]t /sd ga'emfPsf]n] 

pQm ;fFjf /sd / sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] Aofh /sd 

;d]t lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

jfbLsf] d'Vo lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf] kfOof] . jfbLnfO{ 

d}n] hUuf ljqmL ug]{ ;dembf/Lcg'?k hUufsf] 

df]njfktsf] ?k}of ln+bf tTsfn hUuf kf; ug]{ 

cg's"n gldn]sf] sf/0f ljZjf;sf] nflu td;'s 

lnvt ul/lbPsf] lyPF . n]gb]g jfkt d k|ltjfbLsf] 

gfd btf{sf] ;'g;/L b]jfgu~h uf=la=;=j8f g+=# 

ls=g+=$^% sf] hUuf ljufxf )–%–@ dWo] 

blIf0ftk{maf6 lsQfsf6 u/L ls=g+=$&) sf] )–#– 

) hUuf /=g+=^!$% ldlt @)%#.!).# df /fhLgfdf 

kfl/t u/L lbPsf] / hUuf kfl/t ePkl5 td;'s 

Roftn u/L dfUbf 3/df g} Roftn u/L lbG5' egL 

ljkIfL jfbLn] eg]sf] sf/0f ljZjf;df k/L a;]sf] 

lyFP . @,$ lbg kl5 td;'ssf] af/]df ;f]wvf]h 

ubf{ td;'s Roftn u/L lbPF eg]sf x'g\ . s] s'g 

td;'s k]z u/L gfn]; u/]sf x'g\, jfbLaf6 lnvt 

td;'s bflvn ePsf cj:yfdf c=a+=&* 

g+=adf]lhd gfdfs/0f ug]{ 5' . jfbLnfO{ d}n] 

s'g}klg ?k}ofF ltg{ a'emfpg afFsL 5}g eGg] 

k|ltjfbLsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOof] . 

oL k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] ljjfbsf] td;'s 

lnvtsf] ;DaGwdf d'n'sL P]g, c=a+=&* g+=adf]lhd 

aofg ubf{ jfbL b'vgLb]jLn] ldlt @)%#.%.@) df 

d;+u hUuf v/Lb ug]{ s'/f u/]sL / tTsfn hUufdf 

jfnL nufPsf] x'Fbf ljZjf;sf nflu ufpF 3/sf] 

k|rngcg';f/ ?=#!,))).– lnO{ ?=$(,))).– sf] 

lnvt sfuh u/L lbPsf] x'F . ;f] /sd jfkt zt{ 

cg'?k # sf hUuf kf; u/L lbPsf] x'Fbf 

bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd ltg{ a'emfpg kg]{ xf]Og eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] / k|ToyL{ jfbL 

b'vgLb]jLsf jf/]; ;bfgGb dxtf]n] hUuf lng] 

lbg] zt{df ;f] lnvt sfuh ePsf] geO{ ?=$(,))). 

gub ?k}of a'emL k|ltjfbLn] ul/lbPsf] td;'s xf] 

eGg] aofg u/]sf] b]lvof] . 

6 

plNnlvt ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t'df jfbL bfjL k'Ug 

g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf 

pN6L u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Aofh jfbLn] 

k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt, lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] o; 

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf 

dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ jLr dt}Sotf x'g g;sL 

tLghgf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf] k"0f{ Ohnf;df 

k]z x'Fbf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 JoQm ul/Psf] /fosf 

;DaGwdf 5'§f5'§} /fo JoQm eO{ ax'dt sfod x'g 

g;sL o; j[xb k"0f{ Ohnf;df k]z x'g cfPsf] 

b]lvof] . 

k"0f{ Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿ dWo] 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{af6 df}lvs lhsL/ 

/ cg'dfgsf cfwf/df k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] 

jfbLsf] ;fFjf Aofh a'emfpg' gkg]{ eGg] 7x/ 

lgisif{df k'Ug sfg"g;+ut gb]lv+bf jfbL bfjL 

gk'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] ;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf 

;b/ x'g] u/L JoQm ePsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L 

/fdk|;fb >]i7sf] /fo;+u ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . 

jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf ;b/ u/]sf] dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxsf] /fo 

dgfl;j 7x5{ egL /fo JoQm ePsf] / dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L cjw]z s'df/ ofbjn] ldl;n ;+nUg 

tYo k|df0fsf] cfwf/df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

k}m;nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x¥ofPsf] 

;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ u/]sf] 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb 

>]i7sf] /fo ;b/ sfod x'g] 7x5{ egL /fo JoQm 

ePsf] tyf dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| 

nfnn] td;'ssf] wgLnfO{ C0fLn] n]gb]g /sd 

dWo]sf] cf+lzs /sd jfkt hUuf /fhLgfdf kfl/t 

u/L lbPsf] b]lvgfn] ldlt @)%#.%.@) df n]gb]g 

ePsf] ?=$(,))).– sf] hUuf /fhLgfdf ePsf] 

ldlt @)%#.!).# ;Ddsf] Aofh hf]8L hDdf x'g 

cfpg] /sd dWo] pQm /fhLgfdf lnvtsf] y}nL 

?=!),))). s6fO{ To;kl5 afFsL /xg cfpg]

*%#@– *%#@–dxGyL *%#@– dxGyL eGg] eGg] eGg] dx]Gb|k|;fb dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf] dxtf] lj?4 lj?4 b'vgLb]jL b'vgLb]jL b'vgLb]jL dxtf] 

dxtf] 

/sdnfO{ k'gM ;fFjf sfod u/L n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] 

@ g+=cg';f/ ;fFjf / Aofh ;d]t jfbLn] 

k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x5{ . ;Dk"0f{ jfbL bfjL 

k'Ug] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf ;f] 

xb;Dd s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fo JoQm 

u/]sf] kfOof] . k"0f{ Ohnf;sf dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿ jLr ax'dt sfod x'g g;sL 5'§f 

5'§} /fo JoQm eO{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't ljjfbdf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/sf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 

5 jf 5}g < ljz]if Ohnf;sf dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿n] JoQm u/]sf] /fodWo] s'g rfxL+ 

/fo sfod x'g] xf] jf sfg"gadf]lhd s] x'g'kg]{ xf] < 

;f]xL ljifodf s]lGb|t eO{ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 

5 . 

@= lg0f{otk{m ljrf/ ubf{ k''g/fj]bs 

k|ltjfbLn] ldlt @)%#.%.@) df skfnL td;'s 

u/L k|ToyL{ jfbLaf6 ?=$(,))). shf{ lnPsf] eGg] 

tYodf ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g . oL k|ltjfbLn] cfˆgf 

gfddf btf{ /x]sf] ls=g+=$^% sf] If]qkmn )–%–@ 

dWo] )–#–) hUuf ?=!),))). y}nL /fvL /=g+=^!$% 

ldlt @)%#.!).# df jfbL b'vgLb]jL dxtf]nfO{ 

ljqmL u/]sf] tYodf klg b'j}kIfsf] d'v ldn]sf] 

b]lvG5 . s]jn @)%#.%.@) df ePsf] skfnL 

td;'sadf]lhdsf] /sdjfkt pQm ls=g+=$^% sf] 

hUuf dWo]af6 # sf hUuf kfl/t u/L lbPsf] x'Fbf 

pQm n]gb]gsf] /sd jfbLnfO{ ltg{ a'emfpg afFsL 

5}g eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] d'Vo lhsL/ e} k|:t't ljjfbsf] 

l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

#= ljjfbdf /x]sf] jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr ldlt 

@)%#.%.@) df ePsf] n]gb]gsf] lnvt sfuh 

x]bf{, wgL b'vgLb]jL dxtf] C0fL dxGyL eGg] 

dx]Gb|k|;fb dxtf] eO{ C0fL dx]Gb| k|;fbn] ;os8f 

aflif{s bz k|ltztsf b/n] Aofh ;d]t a'emfpg] 

egL shf{ lnPsf] ?=$(,))). 3/ vr{ ug{ jfkt 

pNn]v ePsf] / pQm ?k}ofsf] ;fFjf Aofh @)%# 

;fn kmfNu'0f dlxgfe/df ;fx"nfO{ a'emfpg] / 

efvfleq ga'emfPdf c? h]yfaf6 P]gadf]lhd 

;fFjf Aofhpk/ u/L lng' eGg] Joxf]/f kf/L skfnL 

td;'ssf] lnvt sfuh ePsf] b]lvG5 . skfnL 

7 

td;'ssf] Joxf]/fdf /sd n]gb]g x'Fbfsf avt 

;f] /sdjfkt s'g} ;dodf k|ltjfbLn] jfbLnfO{ 

hUuf kfl/t u/L lbg] zt{ nufotsf s'g} klg 

s'/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLn] ldlt 

@)%#.!).# df /=g+=^!$% sf] lnvtaf6 jfbLnfO{ 

kfl/t u/L lbPsf] ls=g+=$^% dWo]sf] # sf hUufsf] 

ldl;n ;+nUg k|ltlnlk x]bf{ hUufsf] df]n jfkt 

?=!),))). y}nL /fvL kfl/t ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 

/ pQm lnvtdf @)%#.%.@) df jfbL k|ltjfbL 

aLr ePsf] skfnL td;'sL ?k}ofFsf] af/]df s'g} 

s'/f pNn]v u/L kfl/t lnvtsf] s}lkmot Joxf]/fdf 

;d]t cGo s'g} s'/f hgfOPsf] kfOPg . /sd 

n]gb]gsf] ;dodf ;f] /sdjfkt k|ltjfbLn] hUuf 

kf; u/L lbg] zt{ ePsf] eP tTsfn hUuf kf; 

x'g g;Sg] cj:yf ;f] lnvtsf] Joxf]/fdf pNn]v 

ug'{kg]{df skfnL td;'s lnvtdf ;f] s'/fsf] 

rrf{;Dd u/]sf] kfOPg . ljz'4 k|sf/n] ;fx" 

cf;fdLaLr ePsf] skfnL ;/xsf] lnvt 

sfuhaf6 l;lh{t ljjfbdf cbfntn] lnvt 

sfuhdf pNn]v gePsf] kIf ljkIfsf] df}lvs 

egfO{ / Jojxf/nfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ ljjflbt ljifosf] 

;Gbe{df cGoyf cy{ u/L Gofo lg?k0f ug]{ cj:yf 

x'Fb}g . 

csf]{tkm{ o;} n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ljifodf cfk"mn] 

jfbLnfO{ hUuf kfl/t u/L lbPsf] egL k|ltjfbLn] 

p7fPsf] d"n ljjfbtkm{ x]bf{, ldlt @)%#.!).# df 

kfl/t /fhLgfdf lnvtpk/ cfˆgf] c+z xshltsf] 

lnvt jb/sf] dfu u/L log} k'g/fj]bssf kTgL 

k|ltdfb]jL dxtf] / 5f]/f ;Gtf]ifs'df/ dxtf]n] bfo/ 

u/]sf] lnvt btf{ ab/ btf{ sfod d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbL 

dx]Gb| dxtf]n] cfˆgf gfpFsf] Dofb a'emL k|ltjfb 

gu/L a;]sf / pQm d'2fdf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 

u/L ldlt @)%%.*.@& df ;'g;/L lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 k}m;nf ePsf] k|df0fdf /x]sf] ;+jt\ 

@)%$ ;fnsf] b]=bf=g+=!&^$ sf] lnvt btf{ ab/ 

btf{ sfod d'2fsf] ;Ssn ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 

5 . cfˆgf >LdtL tyf 5f]/fn] pQm @)%#.!).# sf] 

/fhLgfdf lnvt ab/sf] dfu u/L cfk"m ;d]tpk/ 

gfln; u/]sf] cj:yfdf oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]


j}zfv 

;f] /fhLgfdf lnvt cfk"mn] jfbL;+uaf6 lnPsf] 

/sd jfkt kfl/t u/L lbPsf] egL cfˆgf] Joxf]/f 

n]vfO{ k|ltjfb u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvPg . 

$= o;sf cltl/Qm oL jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr 

ldlt @)%#.%.@) df ePsf] skfnL td;'s / 

ldlt @)%#.!).# df hUuf lng'lbg' u/L ePsf] 

kfl/t /fhLgfdfsf] lnvt Joxf]/fsf] Pscfk;df 

cGt/ ;DjGw (Nexus) /x]sf] eGg] tYoo'Qm cfwf/ 

ldl;n sfuhaf6 b]lvg cfPsf] 5}g . cfd 

hg;fwf/0fn] td;'s cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ oyfjt 

sfod /fv]/ 5'§} csf]{ lnvt Jojxf/ ug{ g;Sg] 

/ o:tf] k|rng cfd ;dfhdf x'g g;Sg] tyf 

Jojxf/df gePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf x'Fb}g . 

hUuf kf; u/L lbg] zt{df skfnL td;'ssf] 

lnvt ePsf] / bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd k|ltjfbLn] 

a'emfpg' kg]{ xf]Og eGg] k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL /fds[i0f 

d]xtfn] u/]sf] askq tyf jfbLsf ;fIfL u0f]z 

kl08tn] kfl/t ePsf] hUuf b'vgLb]jLsf kltsf] 

x'Fbf To;} kf; ul/lbPsf x'g\ . k};f lng' lbg' 

u/]sf] xf]Og . k};f 3/ vr{ ug{ lnPsf x'g\ egL 

u/]sf] ckTofl/nf] askqsf] Joxf]/fn] ljjflbt 

ljifosf] ;Gbe{df Gofo lg?k0f ug{ ;xof]u / 

;xhtf k'Ug] cj:yf b]lvb}g . b]jfgL k|s[ltsf] 

lnvt Jojxf/sf] ;DaGwdf hxfF lnvt :jo+df 

k|i6 5 To;sf] ljifodf kIf ljkIfsf] cfk;L 

df}lvs ;dembf/L, lghx¿ aLr cGo 3/fo;L 

Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] / ;fIfLsf] askqn] 

cGoyf x'g] cj:yf x'Fb}g . lnvtn] g} k|i6 ?kdf 

kIfx¿sf] bfloTj tf]s]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] klg 

lnvtnfO{ g} dfGotf lbPsf] x'G5 . ljjfb;Fu 

;fGble{s d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+=n] 

cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfg""gL 

Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;fx" c;fdLn] ;fFjf Aofh ;d]t ln+bf 

a'emfpFbf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ lng' lbg' 

k5{ . ;f] adf]lhd gu/]sf] ;b/ x'Fb}g================== 

;fFjf hDd} a'emfpFbf c;fdLn] ;f] ;DaGwdf 

ul/lbPsf] lnvt km§f u/fO{ jf ;f]xL lnvtdf 

c;"nL hgfpg nufO{ a'emfpg' k5{ . s'g} sf/0fn] 

8 

;f] lnvt k]mnf gk/]df ;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{ ;fx"af6 

e/kfO{ u/fO{ lng'k5{============== 

%= dfly plNnlvt sfg""gL Joj:yfn] ;fx" 

/ c;fdL jLr ePsf] n]gb]gsf] ljifodf ;fFjf 

Aofh ;d]t ln+bf a'emfpFbf ;fx" c;fdLsf] bfloTj 

lgwf{/0f u/]sf] / c;fdL C0fLn] ;f] ;DaGwdf 

u/]sf] lnvt km§f u/fpg' kg]{ jf ;f] lnvtdf 

c;"nL hgfpg nufO{ dfq ;fx"nfO{ ;fFjf Aofh 

a'emfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] / lnvt k]mnf gk/] 

;f]xL Joxf]/f hgfO{ ;fx"af6 c;fdLn] e/kfO{ u/fO{ 

lng'kg]{ bfloTj lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kfOG5 . sfg"gn] 

tf]s]sf] k|lqmof gk'¥ofPsf] cj:yfdf cGo 

k|lqmofaf6 eP u/]sf] Jojxf/n] sfg"gL dfGotf 

kfpg ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPg . k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn] 

ljjfbdf /x]sf] skfnL td;'s sfuhsf] ljifodf 

h] h:tf] lhsL/ lnP tfklg pQm td;'s sfuhsf] 

Joxf]/fdf To:tf] s'g} zt{ tf]s]sf] eGg] gb]lvg'sf 

cltl/Qm td;'s lnvt adf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Aofh 

/sd a'emfPsf] eGg] klg gx'Fbf pQm skfnL 

td;'ssf] cl:tTjdf k|Zg ug]{ cj:yf ;d]t b]lvg 

cfPg . n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] % g+=df /x]sf] sfg""gL 

Joj:yfsf] zflAbs cy{ gu/L ;fIfL askq Pj+ 

kIfx¿ jLrsf] Jojxf/ x]l/g' k5{ eGg] ljåfg 

jl/i7 clwjQmfsf] jx; lhsL/ /x]klg :ki6 ?kdf 

/x]sf] sfg""gL Joj:yf ljk/Lt df}lvs egfO{ Pj+ 

kIfx¿sf jLr ePsf cb[Zo Jojxf/ / cfr/0fnfO{ 

k|df0fdf lng ldNg] l:ylt b]lvPg . 

^= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf] d'2fsf] 

tYo Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:Yff ;d]tsf] cfwf/ / 

sf/0faf6 k''g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL / jfbL aLr ePsf] 

ldlt @)%#.%.@) sf] skfnL td;'s lnvt / 

lghx¿ aLr hUuf lng'lbg' u/L ldlt @)%#.!).# 

df ePsf] /fhLgfdf lnvt Jojxf/ cnu cnu 

k|s[ltaf6 ePsf] b]lvPsf], td;'sL lnvtaf6 

?k}ofF lng'lbg' u/]sf] Jojxf/ tyf hUuf /fhLgfdf 

kfl/t u/]sf] Jojxf/df b'j} lnvtsf] Pscfk;df 

;DaGw (Nexus) /x]sf] eGg] s'/f sxL+ st} pNn]v 

e} cfPsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yf /x]sf] tyf cfd 

Jojxf/ / k|rngdf Ps} JolQm;+u o; k|sf/sf

*%##– *%##–j[xQ/ *%##– j[xQ/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ If]q If]q ljsf; ljsf; kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ ;~rfns ;~rfns kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ lj?4 lj?4 /fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb gfos 

gfos 

leGgleGg Jojxf/ x'g g;Sg] egL dfGg gldNg] 

x'Fbf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/ u/]sf] z'? 

;'g;/L lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nf pN6L u/L 

jfbLnfO{ bfjLsf] lnvtsf] ;fFjf Aofh k|ltjfbLn] 

ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)%*.^.!) sf] k}m;nf ;b/ 

u/]sf] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf; dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L /fds'df/ k|;fb zfxsf] /fo 

dgfl;j 7x/fPsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;sf dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{sf] ldlt @)^^.(.#) sf] 

/fo ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ 

k'Ug ;Sb}g . c? tkl;nadf]lhd ug"{ . 

tk;Ln 

dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] k}m;nf 

;b/ x'g] 7x/]sf]n] jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 

7x/]sf] sf]6{ kmL ?=@$!#.&% k|ltjfbLn] o; 

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

lj/f6gu/df /=g+=^)^ ldlt @)%*.!).( df w/f}6L 

/fv]sf] b]lv+bf pQm /sd lkmtf{ kfpF egL sfg"gsf 

Dofbleq jfbLsf] b/vf:t k/] s]xL b:t"/ glnO{ 

lkmtf{ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, lj/f6gu/df 

n]vL k7fO{ lbg'–––––––! 

bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n 

lgodadf]lhd a'emfO{ lbg'–––––@ 

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f} . 

Gof= df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf 

Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{ 

Gof= j}Bgfy pkfWofo 

Gof= sdngf/fo0f bf; 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn kmfu'g @^ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[tM k'gf/fd vgfn 

 

9 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%## 

*%## 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; 

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL 

;j+t\ @)^%–NF––))!( 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.(.@@.% 

ljifo M pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z ;d]t . 

lgj]bs ljkIfLM j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ 

;~rfns kl/ifb\\ hgsk'/wfd wg'iffsf] 

;fljs cWoIf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf=d= 

g=kf=j8f g+=* j:g] ef]h/fh l3ld/] 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ lgj]bsM dxf]Q/L lhNnf, /tf}nL uf=lj=;=j8f 

g+= $ 3/ eO{ wg'iff lhNnf, hgsk'/ 

g=kf=j8f g+= & j:g] /fdk|;fb gfos 

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 cfb]z ug]{M 

df=Gof= >L an/fd s]=;L= 

df=Gof= >L tkaxfb'/ du/ 

sfg"gn] :ki6 tf]]s]sf] /sd jfx]s cGo 

/sd jf ;x'lnot ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] 

u/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=$_ 

bfjL g} glnPsf] jf dfu g} gu/]sf] s'/f 

cbfntn] Goflos cu|;/tf b]vfO{ cfkm}n] 

yk s'/f lbg] u/L lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=*_ 

bfjLdf ;Lldt /xL km};nf ug'{ k5{ . Gofo 

;Dkfbg k4ltsf] of] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf 

xf] . ;fy} of] Goflos cfTd;+odsf] 

l;4fGtsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ klg xf] .


j}zfv 

o;nfO{ Gofosf] Pp6f dfGo l;4fGtsf] 

?kdf o; cbfntn] dfgL cfPsf] 5 / 

o;af6 ljd'v (Deviate) x'g'kg]{ s'g} 

sf/0f / cf}lrTo gePsfn] bfjLsf] ;Ldf 

gf3]/ cfkm} ljjfbsf] l;h{gf u/L jf 

cf}lrTosf] ts{ lbP/ cbfntn] bfjL 

gul/Psf] s'/fdf jf bfjLeGbf aflx/ uP/ 

lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=(_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M 

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmfåo >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf 

/ >L kjgs'df/ cf]emf Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf 

>L ;ltzs[i0f v/]n 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z 

zdf{ kf}8]n 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

g]sfk @)$$, lg=g+= @(%(, k[= #* 

g]sfk @)#!, lg=g+= *)&, k[= %^ 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! sf] 

pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo v08 -s_ / -v_ 

a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, 

@)%% sf] bkmf @! 

cfb]z 

Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^#.^.# sf] cfb]zpk/ 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08 

-s_ / -v_ adf]lhd j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\\ ;~rfns kl/ifb\\, hgsk'/wfd wg'iffsf 

;fljs cWoIf ef]h/fh l3ld/]sf] tkm{af6 o; 

cbfntdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu k/]sf] lgj]bgdf 

o; cbfntaf6 lg:;f k|bfg e} k]z x'g cfPsf] 

k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M– 

kf}/fl0fs sfnb]lvsf] kljq wfld{s gu/L 

hgsk'/ / o;sf] dfWoldsL -k~rsf]zL_ kl/qmdf 

10 10 

10 

leqsf] wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s / k'/ftflTjs d7, dlGb/, 

;/f]j/ / :ynx¿sf] ;'/Iff ;Def/ / ljsf;sf 

k"jf{wf/x¿ ljsl;t ub}{ ;'Jojl:yt tLy{:yn Pj+ 

ko{6sLo If]qsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ kljq p2]Zo 

/fvL ;+;båf/f a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ 

P]g, @)%% nfu" u/L P]=P]gsf] bkmf #-!_ -@_ g+= 

adf]lhd a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ gfds 

;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . tTkZrft\ ;f]xL P]gn] 

lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ lgodfjnL @)%* nfu" 

ul/Psf] 5 . kl/ifb\sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx¿ 

;f]xL P]g, lgodadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g'kg]{ lglj{jfb 

5 . pk/f]Qm P]g lgod tyf kl/ifb\sf] ljsf; 

lgdf{0fsf] ;jf{lË0f p2]Zosf] ljk/Lt ljkIfL 

dlGqkl/ifb\n] ldlt @)^).^.!@ df lg0f{o u/L dGqL 

:t/sf] kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds, 

3/ef8f / uf8L ;d]tsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L P]gsf] 

bkmf ^-!_-s_ adf]lhd dxf]Q/L lhNnf cf]/xL 

uf=lj=;=j8f g++ $ sf lgjf;L egL b]vfO{ ljkIfL 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf dgf]gog 

ug]{ lg0f{o u/L ;f]xL lg0f{ofg';f/ ljkIfL ;+:s[lt 

ko{6g tyf gful/s p•og dGqfnoaf6 lghnfO{ 

ldlt )^).^.@! df ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf 

lgo'lQm ul/Psf] tYo ldlt )^!.!.@# df g]kfn 

;dfrf/ kq /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 

d lgj]bs ;d]tn] yfxf kfPsf] x'Fbf tTkZrft 

;DalGWft kl/ifb\df ;Dks{ /fvL cfjZos 

sfuhftx¿sf] gSsn ldlt )^!.@.! df lnP kZrft 

tYo hfgsf/L eof] . 

j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, 

@)%% sf] bkmf &-#_ adf]lhdsf] u0fk"/s ;+Vof g} 

gk'uL lgh cWoIf :jo+sf] cWoIftfdf ldlt )^).*.@ 

df sf7df8f}+df a;]sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] cj}w 

Pj+ u}/sfg"gL a}7sn] lgh cWoIfsf] kfl/>lds / 

cGo ;'ljwf kl/ifb\s} ljsf; cg'bfgs} jflif{s 

ah]6af6 e'QmfgL ug]{ u/L pQm If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ 

/sd g} vfg] df:g] / pQm If]qdf ljsf; g} gug]{ 

p2]Zon] lgtfGt cg}lts Pj+ u}/sfg"gL lg0f{o ul/of] . 

;f] a}7s g} P]gsf] bkmf &-#_ ljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]

*%##– *%##–j[xQ/ *%##– j[xQ/ j[xQ/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ If]q If]q ljsf; ljsf; kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ ;~rfns ;~rfns kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ lj?4 lj?4 /fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb gfos 

gfos 

sf] lg0f{ox¿ :jtM cdfGo / sfg"gL dfGotf z"Go 

5 . pQm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df l/6 lgj]bgsf] bkmf % 

df plNnlvt /sd tna tyf ;'ljwfjfkt a'emL 

lng] u/]sf 5g\ . cWoIfn] tna eQf tyf ;'ljwf 

lng gldNg] egL cy{ dGqfnoaf6 r=g+= ^^ ldlt 

)%*.^.@( sf] kqaf6 ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;r]t ;d]t 

u/fO;s]sf] 5 . 

ljkIfL ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] P]g sfg"gljk/Lt 

tna eQf kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwfx¿ pkef]u u/L 

d lgj]bs ;d]taf6 c;"n ul/Psf] s/ hDdf u/L 

v8f ul/Psf] /fHosf]if s} Jofks b'?kof]u ul//x]sf] 

/ kl/ifb\s} lxt ljk/Lt kl/ifb\sf] ;l~rt sf]if 

;d]tsf] /sd cfˆgf] lghL :jfy{ k"lt{ ug{ lnO{ 

dfl; JolQmut cfly{s lxtdf k|of]u u/L kl/ifb\nfO{ 

6f6 kN6fpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'Fbf lghsf] dgf]gog 

g} u}/sfg"gL 3f]lift ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . 

a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] 

bkmf @! cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 

;+:yfgsf ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf 

;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7s eQf tyf kl/jxg ;'ljwf dfq 

k|bfg ul/g], ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf 

;b:ox¿af6 a9L lnP hlt ;'ljwf /sd c;n 

pk/ ug]{ To:tf] ;'ljwf lng]nfO{ To:tf] sfdsf] 

lhDdf glbg] tyf o; ;DaGWfdf ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltn] cfkm"v'zL lg0f{o ug{ gkfpg] u/L ldlt 

@)%&.@.@ df ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]tsf] k|lts"n u/L 

ljkIfL ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q 

ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf 

dGqL:t/sf kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] dfl;s kf/L>lds 

3/ef8f / uf8L ;d]tsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L $ 

jif{sf] nflu tf]sL dgf]gog u/L lgo'lQm lbg] ljkIfL 

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ldlt )^).^.!@ sf] 

lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL 5 . 

ljkIfL ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s 

p8\8og dGqfno l;+xb/af/ sf7df8f}+af6 r=g+=!@!, 

ldlt )^).^.@! df ljkIfL ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ 

pQm kl/ifb\sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf 

tf]sL lgo'lQm u/]sf] u}/sfg"gL lgo'lQm / lgo'lQm 

11 

11 

kqnfO{ ljkIfL j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf 

;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] ldlt )^).*.@ sf] a}7ssf] 

lg0f{onfO{ ljkIfL cy{ dGqfno sf7df8f}+af6 ljkIfL 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] pQm ;'ljwfx¿ vfg kfpg] u/L 

r=g+= &^@, ldlt )^).&.@^ df ljkIfL ;+:s[lt ko{6g 

tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfnonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L 

ljkIfL j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\sf ;~rfns ;ldlt kl/ifb\nfO{ af]wfy{ lbO{ 

;xdlt lbg] kqnfO{ ljkIfL ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf 

gful/s p88\og dGqfnon] ljkIfL ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ljkIfL cy{ dGqfnonfO{ 

af]wfy{ lbO{ r=g+=@##, ldlt @)^).*.! df ;xdlt 

lbg] ;DaGwL n]v]sf] kqnfO{ tyf pQm u}/sfg"gL 

lg0f{o / kqx¿sf cfwf/df ljkIfLx¿n] u/] u/fPsf] 

;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o / kqx¿sf cfwf/df ljkIfLx¿n] u/] 

u/fPsf] ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{o / sfd sf/jfxLx¿ ;d]t 

pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L :jtGq Pj+ :jR5 

5lj ePsf ;f]xL If]qsf :yfoL afl;GbfnfO{ cWoIf 

kbdf tf]sL dgf]gog ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL 

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]tsf gfpFdf 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . ;fy} lgj]bg 

kqsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu ljkIfL 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] ljkIfL j[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf s'g} klg 

lg0f{o, sfdsf/jfxL ;d]t gug'{ gu/fpg' s'g} klg 

tna eQf nufotsf cfly{s ;'ljwf ljkIfL ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]n] lng vfg gkfpg] u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfnt 

lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $!-!_ adf]lhd 

ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFDff cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntdf bfo/ 

x'g cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq . 

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu 

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < af6fsf 

Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n;fy /fvL 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm 

k7fpg' egL k|wfg dGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no 

;d]tnfO{ / cfkm} jf cfˆgf k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt 

x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL 

ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm


j}zfv 

cfPkl5 cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ 

eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o 

ab/ x'g] jf gx'g] ljifo lnlvt hjfkm ;d]t k|fKt 

ePkl5 clGtd cj:yfdf af]lng] s'/f xf] . ;f] lgo'lQm 

ab/ geP;Dd ;f] lg0f{oadf]lhd kfPsf] vfPsf] 

;'ljwfnfO{ clxn] cGtl/d cfb]zaf6 /f]Sg] cj:yf 

pTkGg x'g gcfpg] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd 

cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L /xg' k/]g eGg] o; 

cbfntsf] cfb]z . 

;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og 

dGqfnoaf6 ldlt )^).&.^ df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

lg0f{o u/fO{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ 

P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 

-s_ adf]lhd >L ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ pQm 

kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf dgf]gog u/L tTsfnLg 

sfo{/t cWoIf g/]Gb| ld>nfO{ kbaf6 d'Qm ug]{, 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -7_ 

adf]lhd >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/f}nf / >L >j0fs'df/ 

zfxnfO{ @ jif{sf] nflu ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] ;b:o 

kbdf dgf]gog ug{ / a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\sf cWoIfn] k|fKt ug]{ 

;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 

tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] u/L k|:tfj k]z ePsf]df ldlt 

@)^).^.!@ df g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 lg0f{o 

x'Fbf lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ k|:tfjsf] v08 -u_ df plNnlvt 

;'ljwfsf] xsdf cWoIfnfO{ dGqL:t/sf 

kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds, 3/ ef8f 

/ uf8L ;d]tsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] u/L c? 

k|:tfjdf n]lvPadf]lhd ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} /x]sf] / o; 

lg0f{oaf6 ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs clwsf/df cf3ft 

gk/]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm 

eGGf] ;d]t k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ;lrj b]j/fh /]UdLsf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

;+3 ;+:yf, kl/ifb\, af]8{ lgud h:tf 

lgsfox¿sf] sfo{sf/L kbdf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f 

k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd pko'Qm JolQmx¿nfO{ 

12 

12 

lgo'lQm ug]{ cfdk|rng xf] . o;/L lgo'lQm ul/+bf 

To:tf kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf k|rlnt 

sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL tf]lsg] xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ 

;+3 ;+:yf, kl/ifb\, af]8{ lgud h:tf lgsfox¿sf] 

sfo{sf/L kbdf lgo'Qm JolQmnfO{ To:tf] ;+:yfdf 

sfo{/t /xFbfsf] cj:yfdf cfˆgf] kbLo sfo{;+u 

;DalGwt sfddf vl6g' kg]{ x'Fbf cfjZos 

;'ljwfx¿ lgo'lQm ubf{ s} cj:yfdf tf]lsg] x'Fbf 

o;/L tf]lsPsf] ;'ljwf;DaGwL ljifonfO{ cGoyf 

eGGf ldNg] xf]Og . o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]qleq 

gk/]sf] ljifodf o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfOPsf] 

x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

>L ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ 

If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf ^ sf] 

pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd 

lgo'Qm ul/Psf] x'Fbf sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] lgo'lQm 

ul/Psf] xf] . hxf+;Dd lghn] k|fKt ug]{ ;'ljwfx¿ 

k|fKt ug]{ u/L ePsf lg0f{ox¿ u}/sfg"gL 5g\ 

eGGf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt P]g lgodfjnLdf To:tf 

;'ljwfx¿ glbg] egL :ki6?kdf lgif]w ug]{ Joj:yf 

gePsf], o;eGbf cl3 klg g]kfn ;/sf/ 

dlGqkl/ifb\n] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u u/L o; 

ljifodf lg0f{o ug]{ ul/Psf x'Fbf g]kfn ;/sf/ 

dlGqkl/ifb\af6 sfo{sf/L clwsf/ k|of]u e} lg0f{o 

ePsf x'g\ . pQm lg0f{ox¿ sfg"g;Ddt g} x'Fbf 

cfwf/lxg Pj+ xsb}ofljlxg l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s 

p8\8og dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bssf] ;fy{s ;DaGw 

gb]lvPsf]n] xsb}of k'Ub}g . lgj]bssf] s'g} klg 

;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg ePsf] b]vfpg 

;s]sf] 5}g . cWoIfsf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu d]/f] of]Uotfdf 

s'g} k|Zg p7fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf ^-!_ df 

;~rfns kl/ifb\sf] u7g k|lqmof lglZrt\ ul/Psf] 

5 . ;fljsdf kl/ifb\åf/f dgf]lgt ul/Psf 

;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw ;dfKt e} ;s]sf], gofF dgf]gog 

e} g;s]sf] To;} u/L kb]g ;b:o x'g] ;+;b ;b:ox¿ 

;+:fb lj36g ePsf] sf/0faf6 ;b:o sfod g/x]sf]

*%##– *%##–j[xQ/ *%##– j[xQ/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ If]q If]q ljsf; ljsf; kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ ;~rfns ;~rfns kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ lj?4 lj?4 /fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb gfos 

gfos 

/ s]jn cGo kb]g ;b:ox¿ dfq sfod /x]sf] ;f]xL kl/ifb\sf] ;~rfns kl/ifb\ hgsk'/wfdsf] 

cj:yfdf eP;Ddsf ;a} ;b:ox¿sf] s/La k"0f{ cWoIf ef]h/fh l3ld/] ;d]tsf] ;+o'Stm lnlvt 

pkl:yltdf g} a}7s ul/Psf] xf] . u0fk"/s ;+Vof hjfkm . 

gk'usf] eGg] s'/f em'7f xf] . To;}u/L P]gdf ko{6g 

ljefusf] dxflgb]{zsnfO{ kb]g ;b:o tf]lsPsf]df 

;f] ljefu g} vf/]h e};s]sf] x'gfn] ;f] ljefusf] 

dxflgb]{zs pkl:yt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf g} gePsf] 

x'gfn] ;f] s'/fnfO{ s;}sf] cg'kl:ylt egL cy{ ug{ 

ldNg] xf]Og . kl/ifb\sf] k|f/lDes a}7s ubf{sf] 

cj:yfdf cl3sf+z kb]g ;b:ox¿ sf7df8f}df 

/x]sf] x'gfn] sf7df8f}+df a}7s ubf{ oftfoft vr{ 

sd x'g] hgsk'/df ubf{ a9L x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] 

sf7df8f}+df a}7s ul/Psf] xf] . 

o;df k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljkIfL g+=@ n] 

j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] 

bkmf @! adf]lhd a}7s eQf dfq kfpg] :ki6 

sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] sfg"gn] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ /fHo 

dGqL ;/xsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] clwsf/ 

k|bfg gu/]sf]df ljkIfL dlGqkl/ifb\n] @)^).^.!@ 

df cWoIfnfO{ /fHodGqL ;/xsf] ;'ljwf pknJw 

u/fpg] u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Ltsf] lg0f{o b]lvof] . 

sfg"gljk/Ltsf] lg0f{osf] s'g} cy{ x'b}g . t;y{, 

cWoIfnfO{ /fHodGqL;/xsf] ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] 

a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L 

@)%% sf] bkmf ^ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/n] ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . 

sfg"gadf]lhd g} d ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ kl/ifb\sf] 

cWoIf kbdf tf]s]sf] xf] . kl/ifb\sf] cWoIfsf] ;]jfsf] 

zt{ tf]Sg] Joj:yf lgodfjnLdf gePsf] x'gfn] 

lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;]jfsf] zt{ 

tf]s]sf] s'/fnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og . xjfO{ 

ef8fjfktsf] ;'ljwfsf] k|of]u kl/ifb\sf] sfdsf] 

l;nl;nfdf dfq ePsf] 5 . d}n] slxn] klg sf7df8f}+ 

cfpFbf s'g} b}lgs e|d0f eQf lnPsf] 5}g . ljkIfLn] 

bfjL u/]adf]lhd s'g} /sdsf] b'?kof]u u/]sf] eP 

cfly{s clgoldttf tkm{ ;DalGwt clVtof/k|fKt 

lgsfoaf6 sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ ;Sg'kg]{df 

To:tf] s'g} sf/jfxL u/]sf] eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] cy{ dGqfnosf] ldlt )^).&.@^ / 

@)^).*.! sf] ;xdlt kq ab/ ul/kfpFm eg] klg 

pQm ;xdlt lbg kfpg] clwsf/ cy{ dGqfnonfO{ 

gePsf] eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . lnlvt hjfkmjfnf 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf kbdf lgo'lQm 

ug]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{odf s'g} q'l6 gePsf] / 

/fHosf] Taxation Power cGtu{t 

s/bftfaf6 k|fKt /sd /fHosf] 9's'6Lsf] ?kdf 

/x]sf] sf]ifdf hDdf ePsf] /sd /fHosf] csf]{ 

clwsf/ Spending Power cGtu{t vr{ ug{ klg 

sfg"gsf] clVtof/L rflxG5 . ta dfq vr{ x'g 

;S5 . sfg"gljk/Lt /sd vr{ x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ 

ljkIfL g+= @ nfO{ P]gsf] bkmf @! adf]lhd afx]ssf] 

pknJw u/fPsf] cGo ;Dk"0f{ /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg] 7x5{ . sf"ggL /fHosf] 

cfwf/df /fHo ;~rfng x'g] xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 

xf] . o:tf] Joj:yfdf :j]R5frf/Lkgsf] s'g} :yfg 

x'b}g . ljkIfL g+= # tTsfnLg ;/sf/n] a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf 

@! sf] :ki6 Joj:yfljk/Lt sfg"gn] lbg gldNg] 

/sd ljkIfL g+=@ nfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] b]lv+bf 

eljiodf o:tf] 36gf gbf]xf]l/g ljkIfL g+=# sf] 

Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] ;d]t 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.^.#.# df ePsf] 

jxfFsf] lgo'lQmkZrft\ ul/Psf kl/ifb\sf a}7s / lg0f{o . 

cGo sfd sf/jfxLdf ;d]t s'g} q'l6 gePsf] x'gfn] 

ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGGf] ;d]t 

xfn a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ ;~rfns 

kl/ifb\ hgsk'/sf] tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt sfo{sf/L 

lgb]{zs kbdf sfo{/t clDasfk|;fb clwsf/L tyf 

13 

13 

a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, 

@)%% sf] bkmf !( n] kl/ifb\\sf] Pp6f 5'§} sf]if 

/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sf]ifdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 

k|fKt /sd klg kl/ifb\sf] sf]if x'g] lglj{jfb 5 . 

;f]xL sf]ifaf6 sd{rf/Lsf] tnj eQf nufot


j}zfv 

kl/ifb\\sf] cGo vr{ Joxf]l/g] ePsf] / ;f] vr{ klg 

;~rfns kl/ifb\\af6 / of]hgf cfof]uaf6 cg'df]bg 

x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf sfg"gljk/Lt 

eGg gldNg]df cWoIfnfO{ lbO{Psf] tnj eQf tyf 

cGo ;'ljwf ;DaGwL vr{nfO{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf] vr{ 

egL km};nfdf lnO{Psf] cfwf/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ;/sf/sf] 

lg0f{oad]flhd vfO{ ef]uL cfPsf] tnj, eQf Pj+ 

;'ljwfsf] /sd cWoIfaf6 c;"npk/ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfu bfjL gePsf]df cbfnt cfkm} 

jfbL agL vfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf jf cGo ;'ljwf 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]af6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] u/L ePsf] 

o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.^.# sf] cfb]z ;Ddflgt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt k|lts"n 

ePsf]n] pQm cfb]z k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpFm egL 

ljkIfL a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\, 

hgsk'/wfd wg'iffsf ;fljs cWoIf ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]sf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] lgj]bg . 

o;df a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\sf sfg"gadf]lhd lgo'Qm cWoIfn] dGqL:t/Lo 

lg0f{o adf]lhdsf] tna eQf / ;'ljwf pkef]u u/L 

cfPsf]df a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, 

@)%% sf] bkmf @! df pNn]v ePsf] kl/ifb\\sf] 

;~rfns kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIfn] a}7s eQf kfpg]5 

eGg] jfSof+zsf] cfwf/df kl/ifb\sf] ;~rfns 

kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIfn] dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o adf]lhd 

dGqL:t/sf kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds, 

3/ ef8f / uf8L ;'lawf xf]Og, a}7s a;]sf] cj:yfdf 

dfq a}7s eQf kfpg]5 eGg] cy{ u/L ;~rfns 

kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIfn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf tyf 

cGo ;'ljwf lghaf6 c;"npk/ ug]{ egL o; 

cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.^.# df 

pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] cfb]z o; 

cbfntaf6 1fgdfg 8+uf]n lj= afa'sfhL dxh{g 

ePsf] d'2f -g]sfk @)#!, lg=g+= *)&, k[=%^_ df 

sNn' /f0ff lj= 5q /f0ff yf? ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f 

-g]sfk @)#*, lg=g+= !$&$, k[=@^_ df k|ltkflbt 

sfg"gL l;4fGt k|lts"n ePsf] tyf oL lgj]bs 

eGbf kl5 lgo'Qm ePsf pQm kl/ifb\\sf cWoIfn] 

;d]t dGqL:t/Lo lg0f{o cg';f/ tnj / cGo ;'ljwf 

14 14 

14 

vfO{kfO{ /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bg kqdf pNn]v 

ePaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !! sf] 

pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo v08 -s_ / -v_ sf] cj:yf 

ljBdfg b]lvbf k|:t't d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g]{ 

lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^%.^.# sf] cfb]z . 

lgodadf]lhd d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf 

lgj]bs ef]h/fh l3ld/]sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg 

jl/i7 clwjQmfåo >L nIdLaxfb'/ lg/fnf / >L 

kjgs'df/ cf]emf Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmf >L ;ltzs[i0f 

v/]nn] l/6 lgj]bgdf a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\, hgsk'/wfd wg'iffsf ;fljs cWoIf 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] 

tna, eQfnufotsf] /sd c;"n ul/kfpFm egL 

bfjL g} glnOPsf] cj:yfdf o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bg 

bfjL eGbf aflx/ u} ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] vfO{kfO{ 

cfPsf] tna, eQf nufotsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd g]kfn 

;/sf/n] c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg] u/L ePsf] 

cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! n] a[xQ/ hgsk'/ 

If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf cWoIfn] tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] 

j}7s eQf lng kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{on] a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIfdf lgo'lQm 

u/L tna eQf lbPsf] xf] . lgj]bs ef]h/fh l3ld/] 

eGbf cufl8 lgo'lQm ePsf / kl5 lgo'lQm ePsf 

JolQmx¿n] ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ 

g} tnj, eQf vfO{cfPsf] cj:Yff 5 . a[xQ/ hgsk'/ 

If]q ljsf; sf]ifsf] cWoIf k"0f{sfnLg sfd ug{ 

;/sf/n] lgo'lQm u/]sf] xf] . lgj]bs ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]nfO{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] 

cWoIfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'lQm u/]sf] x'Fbf lghn] 

vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna, eQf clgoldt ePsf]df 

Audit sf] k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgaf6 

Gofo lg/f]k0f ;d]t x'g ;Qm}g . k|ToyL{ l/6 lgj]bs 

/fdk|;fb gfossf] xsdf s'g} c;/ gk/]sf] x'Fbf 

lgj]bg lbg] xsb}of ;d]t 5}g . ctM o; cbfntsf] 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;jf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.&.# sf] cfb]z

*%##– *%##–j[xQ/ *%##– j[xQ/ j[xQ/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ If]q If]q ljsf; ljsf; kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ ;~rfns ;~rfns kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ lj?4 lj?4 /fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb gfos 

gfos 

q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L lgj]bs ef]h/fh hgsk'/wfd wg'iffsf tTsfnLg cWoIf ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm adf]lhd xf];\ eGg] ;d]t l3ld/]sf] tkm{af6 k'g/fjnf]sg ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] 

jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* 

g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf 

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg 

;xGofoflwjQmf >L dx]z zdf{ kf}8]nn] j[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] cWoIfdf lgo'Qm 

sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] b]xfo v08 -s_ / 

-v_ sf] cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g]{ lg:;f 

k|bfg e} lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't lgj]bg k]z x'g cfPsf] 

kfOG5 . 

>L ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] #= a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] 

@)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ dGqL:t/sf kbflwsf/Ln] cWoIf kbdf $ aif{sf nflu lgj]bs ef]h/fh 

kfpg] dfl;s kfl/>lds, 3/ef8f / uf8L ;d]tsf] l3ld/]nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ldlt 

;'ljwf k|bfg ul/Psf] x'Fbf sfg"gadf]lhd lghn] @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd lgo'lQm ePsf]df ljjfb 

vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] ;'ljwf lghaf6 c;"npk/ x'g' kg]{ b]lvFb}g . o; ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf 

xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . x]bf{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% 

plNnlvt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug'{ 

ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ 

ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm 

Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.^.# df ePsf] lg0f{o cfb]z 

ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < lgj]bssf] lgj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug 

;S5, ;Qm}g < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvg 

cfof] . 

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ 

If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf ;~rfns kl/ifb\\ hgsk'/wfd 

wg'iffsf] cWoIf kbdf ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ g]kfn 

;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] 

lg0f{ocg';f/ dGqL:t/sf] kbflwsf/Ln] kfpg] dfl;s 

kfl/>lds, 3/ef8f, uf8L ;d]tsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] 

u/L lgo'lQm u/]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxL 

;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 

lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf]df o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm 

Ohnf;af6 g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] ldlt 

@)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ 

u/L a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf cWoIf 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf] j}7s 

eQf jfx]s pknJw u/fPsf] cGo ;Dk"0f{ /sd 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg] u/L 

ldlt @)^#.^.# df cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+o'Qm 

Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm cfb]zpk/ ljkIfL a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ ;~rfns kl/ifb\\ 

15 15 

15 

sf] bkmf ^ df ;~rfns kl/ifb\\sf] u7gsf] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^-!_-s_ df 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]]sf] JolQm cWoIf /xg] / bkmf 

^-@_ n] cWoIfsf] kbfjlw rf/ jif{sf] x'g] eGg] 

Joj:yf klg u/]sf] kfOG5 . a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q 

ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! n] ";b:ox¿n] 

j}7sdf efu lnPjfkt tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] j}7s 

eQf kfpg] 5g\" eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @ -5_ n] ";b:o" eGgfn] ;~rfns 

kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o ;Demg' k5{ / ;f] zJbn] kl/ifb\\sf] 

cWoIf / ;b:o ;lrj ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 egL 

kl/efiff u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf @% 

adf]lhd P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 

lgodx¿ agfpg ;Sg] Joj:YffcGtu{t jg]sf] a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\, lgodfjnL, @)%* df 

kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;DaGwdf dfq tna 

nufotsf cGo ;'ljwfx¿sf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5 . ;f] lgodfjnLn] klg kl/ifb\sf ;b:ox¿sf] 

tnasf ;DaGwdf s'g} Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvb}g . 

o;af6 cWoIfn] j}7s eQf jfx]s cGo ;'ljwf 

kfpg] eGg] s'g} P]g jf lgodn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 

kfOPg . 

$= a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ 

P]g, @)%% cg';f/ kl/ifb\\df lgo'lQm x'g] cWoIf 

tyf ;b:osf] cfly{s ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL 

P]gsf] bkmf @! df j}7s eQf kfpg ;Sg] :ki6


j}zfv 

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . a}7s eQf afx]s cGo /sd, 

tnj jf cGo ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\\nfO{ 

klg ;f] P]gn] clwsf/ lbPsf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf 

sfg"gn] :ki6 tf]]s]sf] /sd jfx]s cGo /sd jf 

;x'lnot ;'ljwf pknJw u/fpg] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\n] 

klg lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . clwsf/} gePsf] 

s'/fsf] lg0f{o dlGqkl/ifb\n] ug{ ldNb}g / u/]sf] 

ePklg To:tf] clwsf/ljxLg lg0f{on] sfg"gL 

x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . 

%= ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf a[xQ/ 

hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf 

@! adf]lhd j}7s eQf kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 

u/]sf]df ;f] eGbf a9L a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

kl/ifb\\sf cWoIfnfO{ dGqL:t/Lo ;'ljwf pknJw 

u/fpg] u/L dlGqkl/ifb\af6 ldlt @)^).^.!@ df 

ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt b]lvFbf pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]zåf/f ab/ ug]{ u/]sf];Dd o; cbfntsf] 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.^.# sf] cfb]z 

dgfl;j b]lvg cfof] . 

^= ca o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 

pQm ldlt @)^#.^.# df ePsf] cfb]zdf ef]h/fh 

l3ld/]nfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt dGqL:t/Lo ;'ljwf pknJw 

u/fPsf] cGo ;Dk"0f{ /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] c;"n 

u/L lng kfpg] u/L cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] 

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . k|:t't 

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu lgj]bs ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] 

l/6 lgj]bsn] bfjL g} glnPsf] ljifodf cbfnt 

cfkm} jfbL jgL vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tnj eQf jf 

cGo ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] e/fO{ lng kfpg] 

u/L k/dfb]z k|s[ltsf] cfb]z ;d]t hf/L u/]sf] 

;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^#.^.# sf] cfb]z 1fgdfg 

8+uf]n lj?4 afa'sfhL dxh{g ePsf] d'2f -g]sfk 

@)#!, lg=g+= *)&, k[[ %^_ df k|ltkflbt 

l;4fGtk|lts"n /x]sf]n] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] 

pQm cfb]z o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt 

;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] egL lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . 

16 

16 

&= o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs 1fgdfg 8+uf]n 

lj?4 afa'sfhL dxh{g ;d]t ePsf] dflxofgL xs 

j]xs d'2f -g]sfk @)#!, lg0f{o g+= *)&, k[= %^_ df 

jfbLn] h] hlt s'/fdf bfjL lnPsf] 5, Tolt;Dd 

s'/fdf cbfntn] OG;fkm ug'{kg]{df bfjL glnOPsf] 

s'/fdf kl5 p7fPsf] jfb ljjfbnfO{ lnP/ OG;fkm 

7x/ ug{ gldNg] egL o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 

ldlt @)#!.@.!! df ghL/ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 

cj:yf 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm klg cbfntn] bfjLstf{n] 

hlt s'/fdf bfjL lnG5 plt s'/fdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ 

x'G5 . 

*= bfjL g} glnPsf] jf dfu g} gu/]sf] 

s'/f cbfntn] Goflos cu|;/tf b]vfO{ cfkm}n] yk 

s'/f lbg] u/L lg0f{o ug{ gldNg] cyf{t cbfntn] 

bfjLdf ;Lldt /xL km};nf ug'{ k5{ eGg] km};nfsf] 

;j{dfGo lgod / Pp6f cfwf/e"t l;4fGt klg xf] . 

Ps hgf k|l;4 cd]l/sL ljlwzf:qL Walter F. 

Murphy n] cfkm\gf] k':ts Elements of Judicial 

strategy ( University of Chicago press, 1964) 

df Techinical Checks on the Courts zLif{s 

cGtu{t n]v]sf 5g\, Supreme Court lacks self 

starter. Justices cannot initiate actions" al:pgL 

km]/L n]V5g\\, "Furthemore, Justices are supposed 

to decide only the issues which the litigant 

themselves raise. It is not considred good form 

for the court to give litigant more than they aks 

for" (p.21) To;}n] bfjLdf ;Lldt /xL lg0f{o ug'{ 

kg{] ;fj{ef}d / ;j{dfGo lgodsf] ljk/Lt hfg 

gx'g] eGg] Goflos kl/kf6LnfO{ o; cbfntn] b[9tfsf 

;fy lg/Gt/ cFufNb} cfPsf] 5 . 

(= bfjL Psflt/ /fv]/ cbfnt cfkm}n] 

k|Zg v8f u/L lg0f{o ug'{ sfg"gcg'¿k x'Fb}g eGg] 

klg o; cbfntn] af]ln;s]sf] 5 -g]sfk @)$$, 

lg=g+= @(%(, k[= #*_ . o;y{ bfjLdf ;Lldt /xL 

km};nf ug'{ k5{ . Gofo ;Dkfbg k4ltsf] of] Pp6f 

dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . ;fy} of] Goflos cfTd ;+odsf] 

l;4fGtsf] Ps k|d'v cfwf/ klg xf] . o;nfO{ Gofosf] 

Pp6f dfGo l;4fGtsf] ?kdf o; cbfntn] dfgL

*%##– *%##–j[xQ/ *%##– j[xQ/ j[xQ/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ hgsk'/ If]q If]q If]q ljsf; ljsf; kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ ;~rfns ;~rfns kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ kl/ifb\ lj?4 lj?4 /fdk|;fb /fdk|;fb gfos 

gfos 

cfPsf] 5 / o;af6 ljd"v (Deviate) x'g' kg]{ s'g} o;/L l/6 lgj]bsn] bfjL g} glnPsf] / ljjfb 

sf/0f / cf}lrTo 5}g . To;}n] bfjLsf] ;Ldf gf3]/ gePsf] ljifodf cbfnt cfkm} cu|;/ eO{ cfb]z 

cfkm} ljjfbsf] l;h{gf u/L jf cf}lrTosf] ts{ lbP/ hf/L u/]sf] b]lv+bf ;f] xb;Dd pQm lg0f{o o; 

cbfntn] bfjL gul/Psf] s'/fdf jf bfjLeGbf aflx/ cbfntn] cFufnL cfPsf] ;j{dfGo lgodljk/Lt 

uP/ lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . 

b]lvG5 . ;fy} lgj]bs 1fgdfg 8+uf]n lj?4 

!)= k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs /fdk|;fb 

gfosn] ljkIfL ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] 

ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{oaf6 dGqL:t/Lo tnj 

afa'sfhL dxh{g -g]sfk @)#!, lg=g+= *)&, k[= 

%^_ ;d]tsf d'2fx¿df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] 

q'l6k"0f{ b]lvg cfof] . 

eQfnufotsf] ;'ljwf lbg] u/L a[xQ/ hgsk'/ !@= ctM a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; 

If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf kbdf $ jif{sf] nflu kl/ifb\ P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! n] kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIfn] 

lgo'lQm u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f j}7sdf efu lnPjfkt j}7s eQf kfFpg]5 eGg] 

ab/ u/L j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] sfg"gL Joj:Yffljk/Lt ef]h/fh l3ld/]nfO{ a[xQ/ 

cWoIf kbdf ;f]xL If]qsf :yfoL jfl;GbfnfO{ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf kbdf rf/ 

dgf]gog ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf jif{sf] nflu lgo'lQm u/L dGqL:t/sf] kbflwsf/Ln] 

dlGqkl/ifb\ ;d]tsf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t kfpg] ;/x dfl;s kfl/>lds, 3/ ef8f / uf8L 

hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg];Dd dfu bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\af6 

k'g/fjnf]sg lgj]bgstf{ ef]h/fh l3ld/]n] cWoIf ePsf] ldlt @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] 

/xFbf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pQm ljjflbt lg0f{ofg';f/ vfP, cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/]sf] xb;Dd o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm 

lnPsf] tna ;'ljwf klg c;"n ul/kfpFm eGg] dfu Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^#.^.# sf] cfb]z dgfl;j 

bfjL lnPsf] b]lvFb}g . o;/L bfjLstf{n] bfjL g} b]lvP tfklg lgj]bg bfjLeGbf aflx/ uO{ a[xQ/ 

glnPsf] s'/fdf o; cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] xf]Og . hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] tTsfnLg cWoIf 

!!= a[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\\ 

P]g, @)%% sf] bkmf @! adf]lhdsf] j}7s eQf 

jfx]s dfl;s tnjnufotsf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ 

pknJw u/fpg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ dlGqkl/ifb\af6 

ePsf] @)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{o sfg"gljk/Lt ePsf]n] 

ab/ ug]{ u/L o; cbfntaf6 @)^#.^.# df lg0f{o 

x'G5 eg] ;f] ldlteGbf cufj} ;DkGg eO;s]sf 

sfd sf/jfxLx¿ :jtM ab/ x'g] egL cy{ ug{ 

ldNb}g . ;fy} sfd u/]jfkt ;/sf/L lg0f{on] vfO{kfO{ 

;s]sf] tnj ;'ljwf ;DaGwL k|Zgdf o; cbfntsf] 

ef]h/fh l3ld/]af6 lghn] j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q 

ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] bkmf @! 

adf]lhd kfpg] a}7s eQf jfx]ssf] cGo ;Dk"0f{ 

/sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg] 

7x¥ofPsf] xb;Dd o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm 

Ohnf;af6 ePsf] pQm @)^#.^.# sf] lg0f{o o; 

cbfntaf6 :yflkt ghL/ l;4fGt / :yflkt 

dfGotfljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ab/ 

ul/ lbPsf] 5 . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n 

lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . 

pQm km};nfsf] kZrft\bzL{ k|efj -Retrospective pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . 

effect) x'g] u/L ;f]xL km};nfdf af]Ng ldNg] s'/f 

klg ePg . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt 

@)^).^.!@ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ vfPsf] tnj tyf 

k|=Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 

Gof=k|sfz j:tL 

cGo ;'ljwf j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\sf 

tTsfnLg cWoIf ef]h/fh l3ld/]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

c;"npk/ u/L lng kfpg] u/L @)^#.^.# df o; 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn k'; @@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M xl/ sf]O/fnf 

cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;af6 cfb]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

17 

17

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#$ 

*%#$ 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL 

l/6 g+= @)^)– WS– ))$^ 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).!#.% 


j}zfv 

ljifoM– pTk|]if0f ;d]t . 

lgj]bsM lhNnf df]/ª, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf 

j8f g+=^ 3/ eO{ zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f 

dGqfnodf sfo{/t\\ k|]dk|;fb ;Gh]n 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no 

;d]t 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

z]o/ ;DklQsf] sd d"No sfod u/L 

klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/LnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] lg0f{on] sDkgLdf 

sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LeGbf km/s x}l;otdf 

/x]sf gful/snfO{ c;dfg u/]sf] eGg] 

cj:yf b]lvg gcfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

;/sf/L k|lti7fg ;d:t gful/ssf] ;DklQ 

eO{ ;j}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . o:tf 

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf xsdf 

lghx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ 

:jfldTjefj hufpg s]xL sd d"Nodf 

z]o/ lbg' Gofof]lrt lje]b xf] . t/, 

18 

18 

Gofof]lrt lje]bsf klg lglZrt ;Ldf 

x'G5g\ . Gofof]lrt lje]b ul/Fbfsf 

cf}lrTosf cfwf/ /xg' kg]{ . 

k|lti7fgsf] ljQLo cj:yf, sd{rf/L 

sfdbf/sf] k|zf;lgs ef/ ;d]tnfO{ 

b[li6ut u/L ;f] dfkb08;DaGwL ljifodf 

;Gt'lnt 9+un] ljz]if cWoog cg';Gwfg 

u/L k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L 

sfdbf/nfO{ s]xL z]o/ s] sf] cfwf/df / 

slt;Dd sd d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg 

;lsg] xf], To;sf] cf}lrTok"0f{ kf/bzL{ 

Joj:yf agfO{ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu 

:ki6 dfu{bz{g x'g] u/L lglZrt dfkb08 

agfO{ nfu" ug'{kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ Hof]lt jfFlgof, 

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb uf}td 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ls/0f kf}8]n, 

ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ gj/fh ltldlN;gf, 

;'dg kf}8]n, jfdb]j 1jfnL, ;'/h clwsf/L 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!#, !)&-!_ 

cfb]z 

Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& -!_, -@_ adf]lhd kg{ 

cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z 

o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M– 

ldlt @)^$.!).@ df lgisfzg u/]sf] g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] z]o/ lgj]bsn] cfˆgf 

gfpFdf !!) yfg / gfjfns ;Gtfgsf gfpFdf !!) 

yfg z]o/ u/L s"n z]o/ @)) yfg k|ltz]o/

*%#$– *%#$–k|]dk|;fb *%#$– k|]dk|;fb ;Gh]n ;Gh]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

?=()%.– sf] b/n] v/Lb u/]sf] lyPF . z]o/sf] 

d"Noafkt Ps nfv pgfG;o xhf/ Ps;o e'QmfgL 

u/]sf]df k|df0fkq lbFbf k|To]s z]o/jfkt ?=!)).– 

dfq e'QmfgL u/]sf] egL unt tYo pNn]v ul/Psf] 

5 . o;} qmddf b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\\ 

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf 

!$-$_ sf] xjnf lbO{ k|ltz]o/ ?=().– df lbg] 

lg0f{o ul/Psf] / lgj]bsnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df 

k|ltz]o/ ?=^)).– sfod ul/of] eGg] sf/0f pNn]v 

ul/Pg . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg -xfnsf] 6]lnsd_, 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u 

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, sfg"g, Gofo tyf 

;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] 

sfof{no, ;"rgf ljefu, gful/s nufgL sf]if 

;d]tn] ;a} tYo u'd/fxdf /fvL a9L d"Nodf z]o/ 

lsGg pS;fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ 

dGqfnosf] gfdsf] z]o/ b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8sf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lt z]o/ ?=().– df laqmL 

u/]sf] s'/fn] ljkIfLx¿sf] jblgot /x]sf] eGg] 

b]lvG5 . 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] 

cfwf/df cGo sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ afx]s u/L b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ?=().– df ljqmL 

ug]{ sfo{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . ljkIfL 

lgsfon] z]o/ jf]g; afF8\g] k|lqmofdf ;d]t nufgL 

a/fa/sf] af]g; gafF8L ;a}nfO{ k|lt z]o/ ?=#%.– 

nfef+z lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o ;d]t ;dfgtfsf] 

xssf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8df sfo{/t\\ sd{rf/L / lgj]bs h:tf cGo 

7fpFdf sfo{/t\\ sd{rf/LaLr lje]b ug'{sf] s'g} 

ts{;Fut sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . lgj]bssf] ;DklQsf] 

d"No 36fpg] clwsf/ ;d]t ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 5}g . 

Ps} sDkgLsf] z]o/ ljt/0fdf km/s–km/s 

d"No /fvL lje]b ul/Psf], c;dfg nufgLsf] k|ltkmn 

;dfg u/L lje]b ul/Psf] sf/0faf6 z]o/ ljt/0f 

Pj+ d'gfkmf ljt/0f ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x¿ 

k|f/Deb]lv g} ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . plNnlvt 

19 

19 

lje]b ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf 

!$-$_ n] k|f]T;fxg u/]sf]n] pQm bkmf !$-$_ sf] 

Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf]n] g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd 

cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfUbf;Dd z]o/sf] nfefFz 

afF8\g]nufotsf sfdsf/jfxL gug'{ gu/fpg' egL 

cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;'g'jfO{sf] 

nflu cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

l/6 lgj]bg kq . 

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] 

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < 

of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s 

!% lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm 

k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} 

/fvL ljkIfLx¿ !,@,#,$,%,^,&,*,( nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ 

To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ 

lbg" . lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L 

x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] 

Dofbafx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkFm} jf 

cfˆgf] k|ltlglwåf/f pkl:yt x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

! k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfL !) / !! ;d]tnfO{ 

cfk}Fm jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt 

hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd 

k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.!.!$ sf] 

cfb]z . 


!# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zn] 

dhb"/sf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu 

sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ 

sf] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ug]{ 

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ z]o/ pknJw 

u/fpg] ;DaGwdf ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf], g]kfn 

;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)^$ sf] 

cg';"rL @ adf]lhd ;fj{hlgs k|lti7fgsf] 

lghLs/0f;DaGwL ljifo o; dGqfnosf] sfo{


j}zfv 

If]qcGtu{tsf] ljifo gePsf] ;fy} o; dGqfnosf] 

sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] df}lns xs xgg\ ePsf] 

gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg ldlt @)^!.!.! 

b]lv sDkgLdf ?kfGt/0f eO{ sDkgLsf] clws[t 

k"hLF ?=@% c/j Pj+ hf/L tyf r'Qmf k"FhL ?=!% 

c/j /x]sf] 5 . !% c/jsf] r'Qmf k"FhLnfO{ ?=!)).– 

sf b/n] !% s/f]8 lsQf ;fwf/0f z]o/df ljefhg 

u/]sf] xf] . h'g z]o/x¿ & hgf ;+:yfksx¿ dWo] 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno, cy{ dGqfno, pBf]u 

jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfno, sfg"g, Gofo tyf 

;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno, dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] 

sfof{no, ;"rgf ljefu tyf gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] 

ljleGg lsQf z]o/ /x]sf]df cy{ dGqfnosf] 

lghLs/0f ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^$.@.!) sf] lg0f{on] 

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf 

z]o/x¿ dWo] &% nfv lsQf z]o/ -kfFr k|ltzt_ 

k|lt z]o/ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ 

cg';f/ lsQf z]o/sf] c+lst d"Nodf ?=!). 5"6 

lbO{ k|lt lsQf z]o/ ?=().– sf] b/n sDkgLsf 

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ pknJw u/fpg] tyf Ps s/f]8 

krf; nfv lsQf z]o/ -bz k|ltzt_ ;j{;fwf/0fn] 

kfpg] u/L lgisfzg ug]{ lg0f{ocg'¿k lghLs/0f 

P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf *-s_ adf]lhd b/vf:t cfJxfg 

u/]sf] lyof] . o; sDkgLsf] z]o/ a9fa9af6 cy{ 

dGqfnon] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] 

:jfldTjdf /x]sf] ;+:yfks z]o/ Go"gtd\ ?=^)). 

df a9fa9 u/L ljqmL u/]sf] xf] . Jojxf/df z]o/sf] 

d"No 36L a9L hlt eP klg s'g} klg z]o/ sDkgLsf] 

hf/L k"FhL ePsf] x'gfn] z]o/ k|df0fkqdf ?=!)).– 

n]lvg] k|rng 5 . k|df0fkqdf n]lvg] /sdn] 

ahf/df sf/f]jf/ x'g] /sd k|ltlglwTj ub}{g . z]o/ 

a9fa9df ljqmL ug]{ cfJxfg kq ldlt @)^$.!).@ 

sf] sflGtk'/df k|sflzt x'Fbf c+lst d"No !)).– 

b/sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/x¿ k|lt z]o/ Go"gtd\ ?=^)). 

sf b/n] a9fa9sf] k|lqmofåf/f ljqmL k|jGws (Issue 

Manager) gful/s nufgL sf]if dfk{mt\ cy{ 

20 

20 

dGqfnoaf6 lgj]bsn] v/Lb ug'{ ePsf] xf] . Go"gtd\ 

d"NofÍgaf6 a9fa9df z]o/ v/Lb ug{ :jLsf/ 

u/L cfk}mn] z]o/sf] d"No lgwf{/0f u/L z]o/ v/Lb 

ul/;s]kl5 z]o/sf] d"No cfk"mn] saf]n u/]sf] eGbf 

sd d"No bf];|f] ahf/df /x]sf] sf/0fn] o:tf] bfjL 

ug{ ldNb}g . o; sDkgLsf] z]o/ d"Nodf ptf/ 

r9fj cfO{ xfn Go"g\ /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/nfO{ a9L 

s/ lt/]sf] sDkgLsf] z]o/sf] d"No 36\b} hfg] 

;Defjgf x'G5 . o;df sDkgLsf] s'g} bf]if 5}g . 

cf=a=@)^%.)^^ sf] d'gfkmfaf6 k|lt z]o/ ?=#%.– 

ljt/0f u/]sf] / ;f]xLcg';f/ lgj]bsn] ;d]t nfefFz 

kfpg' ePsf] 5 . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf 

!$-$_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu 

aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/df s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/ 

5}g . o; sDkgLsf] sd{rf/L gePsf lgj]bsnfO{ 

k|lt z]o/ ?=().– df lbg' kg]{ eGg] lhsL/ unt 

5 . o; sDkgLdf aiff}{b]lv sfd u/]sf] sd{rf/L / 

lgj]bsnfO{ ;dfg :t/df /fVg gldNg] / b'O{ jif{sf] 

nfef+z k|fKt u/L ;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bg 

vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;d]tsf 

tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ lgisfzg, d"No 

lgwf{/0f tyf z]o/ k|bfg ug]{ ljifo o; dGqfnosf] 

sfo{If]qleq kb}{g . s'g} k|lti7fg lghLs/0f ug]{ 

;DaGwdf lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) adf]lhd a]rlavg 

ug]{ jf k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ 

;x'lnot b/df pknJw u/fpg] clwsf/ g]kfn 

;/sf/df lgxLt /x]sf] x'Fbf lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) 

sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] 

gb]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef ;+;bLo 

Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 k|]lift 

lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] z]o/ 

lgisfzg ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL k|rlnt 

g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] / To:tf] sfo{af6

*%#$– *%#$–k|]dk|;fb *%#$– k|]dk|;fb k|]dk|;fb ;Gh]n ;Gh]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

z]o/sf] d"No c+lst ug]{ sfo{ o; sf]ifsf] 

xf]Og . z]o/ lgisfzg tyf ljqmL k|aGwssf] 

x}l;otn] g]kfn 6]lnsdsf] z]o/ ljqmL sfo{ u/]sf] 

xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/ / o; sf]ifaLr ePsf] 

;xdltadf]lhd b/vf:t kmf/fd ljt/0f, /sd 

;+sng, ;"rgf hf/L ug]{ sfo{;Dd u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ 

cfˆg} :jfldTj ;/x ljqmL u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"mn] lnPsf] z]o/dWo] s]xL z]o/ 

;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] sfo{pk/ o; sf]ifsf] 

s'g} bfloTj /xg] cj:yf 5}g . lgj]bsn] :j]R5fn] 

z]o/df nufgL u/L ;f] sfo{ txut ?kdf ;DkGg 

eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lg/y{s lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] 

b]lvG5 . z]o/sf] d"No lsg Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)).– 

sfod eof] jf lsg k|lt z]o/ ?=!)).– ljqmL ePg 

eGg] ljifo z]o/ ahf/n] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljifo x'Fbf 

o:tf] laifo l/6 If]qaf6 x]g{ ldNb}g . ;/sf/sf] 

gLlt lg0f{oadf]lhd b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df 

kl/0ft eO{ !) k|ltzt z]o/ ;j{;fwf/0f / % 

k|ltzt z]o/ 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] Joj:yf 

u/L ;f]xLcg';f/ lgj]bsn] z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] 

b]lvG5 . o; sf]ifn] sd{rf/LnfO{ pS;fO{ z]o/ 

v/Lb ug{ afWo agfPsf] xf]Og . lghLs/0f P]g, 

@)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df 6]lnsdsf 

sd{rf/LnfO{ lbPsf] ;x'lnotn] lgj]bssf] 

;dfgtf;DaGwL xsdf c;/ k'u]sf] eGg ldNb}g . 

;sf/fTds lje]b ug{ kfpg] s'/fnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] g} 

:jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL gful/s nufgL 

sf]ifsf tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ df 

ePsf] sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lti7fgsf] s]xL 

z]o/ lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg] 

Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] egL bfjL 

lnP tfklg g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/L / ;j{;fwf/0f 

gful/s ;dfg:t/ (Equal Status) sf geO{ b'O{ 

c;dfg cj:yfsf JolQmx¿ x'g\ . juL{s/0f ug'{sf] 

jf]wuDo cfwf/ :ki6 5, sfg"gåf/f k|fKt ug{ 

vf]lhPsf] p2]Zo;Fu Tof] alu{s/0fsf] ljj]sk/s 

lgj]bssf] s'g} klg ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ ePsf] 

gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf 

tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn 6]lnsd sDkgL sfg"gcGtu{t 

;+:yflkt Ps klAns lnld6]8 sDkgL ePsf]n] g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] gfddf /x]sf] z]o/dWo] s]xL z]o/ 

lghLs/0fsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu Go"gtd\ d"No tf]sL 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu ljqmL k|:tfj u/]sf] / To;/L 

k|:tfj u/]sf z]o/x¿ lgj]bsn] lng' ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

6]lnsdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf z]o/ / 

;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf z]o/ km/s–km/s 

k|s[ltsf] ePsfn] b'j} k|s[ltsf z]o/df Pp6} dfkb08 

/ d"No x'g'kg]{ egL lnPsf] lhsL/ lg/y{s 5 . 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] Joj:yf 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf 

/x]sf] k|fjwfgcg'¿k ul/g] ljifo x'Fbf wf/f !# sf] 

;dfgtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] gb]lv+bf 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g 

tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgj]bsn] g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 z]o/ ljt/0f 

ug]{ ;DaGwL ;"rgfdf a9fa9 u/L z]o/ xfNg] 

s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L v'zL/fhLn] z]o/ xfn]sf] / 

cfk"mn] xfn]sf] z]o/sf] d"No ;d]t slt sfod x'G5 

eGg] s'/f k|f/Dedf g} yfxf ePsf] ljifo xf] . pQm 

z]o/ lghn] slt /sddf v/Lb u/]sf lyP eGg] 

ljifosf] s'g} dxTj x'Fb}g . o:tf] lglj{jfb ljifodf 

cfk"mn] sjf]n u/]sf] cÍ a/fa/sf] d'gfkmf kfpg' 

kg]{ egL lg/fwf/ lhsL/ lnPsf 5g\ . lghLs/0f 

P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ df k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/L / sfdbf/nfO{ ;f] k|lti7fgsf] s]xL z]o/x¿ 

lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] eGg] 

sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/L 

tyf sfdbf/nfO{ z]o/ pknAw u/fOPsf] ljifo 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] 

;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] eGg gldNg] x'Fbf 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cy{ 

dGqfnotk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . ;DaGw b]lvG5 / sfg"gL juL{s/0f 5 eg] ;f] 

21 

21


j}zfv 

juL{s/0fnfO{ ljj]sk"0f{ juL{s/0f dfGg' kg]{ 

l;4fGtadf]lhd ljwflosfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lghLs/0f 

P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf 

eGg ldNb}g . 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/L / ;j{;fwf/0f 

gful/ssf nflu c;dfg Jojxf/ u/L k|bfg ul/Psf] 

z]o/ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtcg's"n Jojxf/ dfGg'kg]{ 

x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lgj]bsn] z]o/ dfs]{6sf] 

lgodcg';f/ a9fa9af6 g]kfn 6]lnsdn] z]o/ 

ljqmL v'Nnf ubf{ cfk"mn] k|lt z]o/ jfkt lglZrt 

/sd ltg{ sa'n u/L ;f]adf]lhd k|fKt u/]sf] 

z]o/nfO{ xfn cfP/ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . ctM 

lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 

gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf 

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{notk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn 6]lnsdaf6 k|sflzt ljQLo ljj/0f, 

z]o/ ljt/0f;DaGwL ;"rgf cWoog u/L z]o/ 

xfNg] s'/f :jLsf/ u/L lk|ldod;lxtsf] Go"gtd\ 

k|lt lsQf z]o/sf] d"No ?=^)).– dfq x'g]df a9]/ 

k|lt lsQf ?=()%.– df z]o/sf] nflu b/vf:t 

xfn]sf] / cfk"mn] xfn]sf] z]o/sf] k|lt z]o/ d"No 

slt x'G5, sltsf] z]o/ k|df0fkq cfpF5 eGg] 

Joxf]/f ;fdfGo hfgsf/Lsf] ljifo xf] . 

cf=a=@)^%.)^^ sf] k|lt z]o/ #% k|ltztn] nfef+z 

ljt/0f ug]{ ;"rgf k|sfzg e};s]sf] x'Fbf cfk"mn] 

nufgL u/]sf] c+Í j/fj/sf] d"Nodf d'gfkmf kfpg 

lg/fwf/ lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lghLs/0f P]g, 

@)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ adf]lhd g]kfn 6]lnsdsf 

sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ ljz]if Joj:yfsf] ?kdf s]xL 

z]o/ lbPsf] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] ;dfgtf ;daGwL 

xssf] k|lts"n eGg gldNg] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL dxfn]vf 

lgoGqssf] sfof{nosf tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

sDkgL P]gcGtu{t :yflkt g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj /x]sf] 

5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf gfpFdf ePsf] z]o/ 

Go"gtd\ d"Nok|lt z]o/ ?=^)).– /fvL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 

22 

22 

ljqmLsf] nflu a9fa9 ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . 

lgj]bsnfO{ k|lt z]o/ ?=!)).– kg]{ z]o/ sDtLdf 

k|lt z]o/ ?=^)).– df lsGg' kg]{ hfgsf/L x'Fbfx'Fb} 

z]o/ v/Lb ul/;s]kl5 xfn cfP/ ;dfgtfsf] 

xsljk/Lt eof] eGg ldNb}g . cfwf/xLg lgj]bg 

vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL jfl0fHo 

tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

o; ljefusf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 

lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg\ ePsf] xf] eGg] 

;DaGwdf lgj]bgdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] z]o/ lgisfzg 

;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gadf]lhd eP 

u/]sf] / o:tf] sfo{n] lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ 

sfg"gL xs xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL 

;"rgf ljefusf] tk{maf6 k|]lift lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf 

r9L k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs 

tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L Hof]lt 

aflgofF / >L ljZj]Zj/k|;fb uf}tdn] g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] lgisflzt u/]sf] z]o/ 

k|lt z]o/ ?=()%.– sf b/n] lgj]bsn] cfˆgf 

gfpFdf !)) lsQf tyf cfˆgf gfafns ;Gtfgsf 

gfpFdf !)) lsQf u/L @)) lsQf z]o/ v/Lb 

u/L Ps nfv pgfG;o xhf/ Ps ;o ?k}ofF 

e'QmfgL u/]sf]df z]o/sf] b'j} k|df0fkqdf P3f/ 

xhf/sf b/n] e'QmfgL ePsf] egL unt tYo 

pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg] b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df 

sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] 

bkmf !$-$_ sf] xjfnf lbO{ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ 

dGqfnosf] z]o/dWo] k|lt z]o/ ?=().– sfod 

u/L ljqmL ul/Psf] l:ylt x'Fbf ljkIfL lgsfosf 

pQm sfdsf/jfxL sfg"gljk/Lt /x]sf] l:ylt 

b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !#-#_ df /x]sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+z 

adf]lhd g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'ljwf 

lbg ldNb}g . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) df /x]sf] 

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ lgMz'Ns jf sd

*%#$– *%#$–k|]dk|;fb *%#$– k|]dk|;fb k|]dk|;fb ;Gh]n ;Gh]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

d"Nodf z]o/ lbg ;lsg] Joj:yfn] z]o/jfnfx¿ ljkIfL gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf tk{maf6 

aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lghLs/0f /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L gj/fh 

P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ df /x]sf] sd d"No ltldlN;gf / >L ;'dg kf}8]nn] lwtf]kq jf]8{n] 

jf lgMz'Ns lbg] eGg] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs lbPsf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ kfFr k|ltzt z]o/ g]kfn 

k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . 6«]8 o'lgogsf] bjfjdf s;}nfO{ 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] eGg] 

k|lt z]o/ ?=().– sfod ug]{ / s;}nfO{ ?=^)).– b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] z]o/ sf/f]jf/df k|ltikwL{ 

sfod ug{ ldNb}g . ;f]xL z]o/ s;}sf] xsdf sd eO{ z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf] cj:yfdf xfn cfP/ nfef+z 

/ s;}sf] xsdf a9L d"No ug'{kg]{ s'g} sfg"gL a9L kfpg dfu u/L l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] 

cfwf/ 5}g . k|lti7fgdf sfd u/]sf sd{rf/Ln] eGg] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf] ljifodf 

sfd u/]jfkt cGo ;'ljwf gkfpg] cj:yf ;d]t jf nfef+z kfpg] ljifodf gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] 

5}g . /fHon] ;~rfng u/]sf] k|lti7fgx¿ s'g} bfloTj /x]sf] 5}g . lagfcfwf/ k|df0f ljkIfL 

lghLs/0f ub}{ hfg] / z]o/ jfF8kmf8df cfk"mv'zL agfPsf] eGg] lgj]bg Joxf]/faf6 :ki6 b]lvPsf] 

dfkb08 agfpg] xf] eg] k|lti7fgsf] cl:tTj g/xg] x'FFbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g 

cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] . 

bkmf !$-$_ df /x]sf] lgMz'Ns / sd d"No eGg] 

Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu 

k|ToIf aflemPsf] l:ylt x'Fbf cdfGo / ab/ u/L 

lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] . 

To;} u/L ljkIfL g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL 

lnld6]8sf tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfåo 

>L jfdb]j 1jfnL / >L ;'/h clwsf/Ln] lgj]bsn] 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8af6 lgisflzt 

z]o/ :j]R5fn] v/Lb u/]sf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . 

ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf cfk"mn] v/Lb u/]sf] k|lt z]o/jfkt kfpg] cfly{s 

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;d]tsf tk{maf6 pkl:yt jif{ @)^$.)^% sf] nfef+z ;d]t lnO{ ;Sg' ePsf] 

ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bsn] 5 . nfdf] ;do ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ 

cfk"mn] z]o/df nufgL u/] a/fa/sf] nfef+z glbPsf] nlIft u/]/ lbPsf] ;'ljwfsf] ljifo ;dfgtfsf] 

eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf xsljk/Lt eof] eGg] cj:yf 5}g . k|lt z]o/ 

!$-$_ sf] Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] hlt;'s} d"No lnO{ v/Lb u/] klg z]o/ k|df0fkqdf 

l:ylt 5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdn] z]o/ ljqmL ubf{ g} ?=!)).– sf] b/n] kfPsf] egL pNn]v x'g] ljifodf 

Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)).– k|:tfj u/]sf] / ;f] v'Nnf xfn ljjfb ug]{ l:ylt /xFb}g . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ 

?kdf ul/Psf] cfJxfgnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L lgj]bsn] dGqfnon] cfˆgf] z]o/ ;DklQdf ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t\ 

a9fa9df k|lt z]o/ ?=()%.– sf b/n] v/Lb u/]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;x'lnot lbPsf] ljifodf lgj]bsn] 

eGg] b]lvG5 . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) n] lghLs/0f ljjfb p7fpg ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . k|lti7fgdf 

ul/g] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf] ljifodf ljwflosåf/f lgld{t 

u/]sf] Joj:yf lgj]bssf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] Joj:yf 

g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/L / lgj]bs Pp6} cj:yfsf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# sf] 

sd{rf/L gePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/L ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n eGg gldNg] x'Fbf lgj]bg 

;/x z]o/ ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug{ ldNb}g . lghLs/0f dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] cj:yf 5}g . l/6 

P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; 

3f]lift ug'{kg]{ cj:yf gx'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z ug'{eof] . 

hf/L x'g] l:ylt 5}g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; 

ug'{eof] . 

23 

23 

pko'{Qm ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; 

;d]t ;'gL l/6 lgj]bg kq ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog


j}zfv 

u/L ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d"n ?kdf b]xfosf ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# df /x]sf] ;dfgtfsf] 

k|Zgx¿df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . 

xs ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ 

!= lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf 

-$_ df /x]sf] æg]kfn ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f 

ug]{ k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / 

sfdbf/nfO{ ;f] k|lti7fgsf] s]xL z]o/x¿ 

lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg]5Æ 

eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n /x]sf] 

5 jf 5}g < 

@= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf], 

xf]Og < 

@= pko'{Qm k|Zgx¿ dWo] klxnf] k|Zgtk{m 

ljrf/ ubf{, g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgaf6 sDkgLdf 

?kfGt/0f ePsf] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] 

lgisfzg u/]sf] z]o/dWo] k|lt z]o/ ?=()%.– sf] 

b/n] cfk"m tyf gfjfns ;Gtfgsf gfddf @@) 

yfg z]o/ v/Lb ubf{ z]o/sf] d"Noafkt k|ltz]o/ 

?=()%.– sf] b/n] Ps nfv pgfG;o xhf/ Ps;o 

e'QmfgL u/]sf]df k|df0fkq lb+bf k|lt z]o/ ?=!)).– 

e'QmfgL u/]sf] egL /sdsf] cjd"Nog ul/of] . ;f] 

sDkgLdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf xsdf ;"rgf tyf 

;~rf/ dGqfnosf] gfdsf] z]o/ k|lt z]o/ ?=().– 

sfod ug]{ / lgj]bs h:tf cGo sd{rf/L ;d]tnfO{ 

k|lt z]o/ Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)).– sfod ug]{ lg0f{o 

u/L ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"nsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 

5 . g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lt z]o/ 

?=().– sfod ubf{ lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf 

!$-$_ sf] lje]bsf/L sfg"gsf] cfwf/ lnPsf] 

b]lvG5 . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/L / lgj]bs lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LaLr 

c;dfg Jojxf/ u/L lgj]bsn] k|lt z]o/ ?=()%.– 

df v/Lb u/]sf] z]o/ / b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf 

sd{rf/Ln] k|lt z]o/ ?=().– df v/Lb u/]sf] z]o/ 

;DklQsf] d"No ;dfg /xg ;Sb}g . Ps} sDkgLsf] 

z]o/ ljt/0fdf km/s–km/s d"No /fvL c;dfg 

nufgLsf] k|ltkmn ;dfg x'g] u/L lje]b u/]sf] / 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ n] o:tf] 

c;dfg Joj:yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

24 

24 

cg';f/ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo 

l/6 lgj]bg lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOof] . 

#= clÍt d"No ?=!)).– sf] b/n] ;fwf/0f 

z]o/x¿ k|lt z]o/ Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)).– sf] b/n] 

a9fa9sf] k|lqmofåf/f ljqmL ug]{ ;"rgf cfJxfg 

u/]cg';f/ lgj]bsn] z]o/ v/Lb ug'{ ePsf]n] cfk"mn] 

saf]n u/]sf] eGbf sd d"No bf];|f] ahf/df /x]sf] 

sf/0fn] ljjfb p7fOPsf] xf] . g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / lgj]bs Pp6} 

au{ / ;dfg x}l;otdf g/x]sf] x'Fbf lghLs/0f P]g, 

@)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] 

cfwf/df sDkgLdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ sd d"Nodf 

z]o/ ljqmL u/]sf] sfo{nfO{ ;dfgtfsf] xsljk/Ltsf] 

sfo{ eGg ldNb}g . P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] 

k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] ;d]t 5}g eGg] ljkIfL g]kfn 

;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{no;d]taf6 lnlvt hjfkm k]z ePsf] b]lvof] . 

$= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8n] 

;dfg ?kdf z]o/sf] d"No lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] tyf 

6]lnsdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 5'6\ofOPsf] z]o/ / 

;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] z]o/df km/s km/s 

d"No sfod u/L c;dfg dfkb08 sfod u/]sf] 

ljifodf s]lGb|t /xL e]befjhGo ?kdf /x]sf] 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf cdfGo / ab/sf] dfu u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg 

cfof] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfddf /x]sf] g]kfn 

b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8sf] c+lst d"No ?=!)).– 

b/sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/x¿ ;j{;fwf/0fsf] nflu ljqmL 

cfJxfg u/]sf] / pQm cfJxfg kqsf] ;"rgfdf k|lt 

z]o/ Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)). sfod u/]sf] eGg]df 

ljjfb /x]sf] 5}g . lgj]bs ;d]tn] ;f]xL ljqmLsf] 

cfJxfgcg'¿k z]o/ v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf]n] 

z]o/sf] ahf/ d"Nosf] cfwf/df 36L a9L hlt eP 

klg lghn] k|fKt ug]{ z]o/ k|df0fkqdf ?=!)).– sf] 

b/n] v/Lb u/]sf] z]o/ ;+Vof g} pNn]v ePsf] 

tYonfO{ cGoyf lhsL/ lng ldNg] b]lvPg . lgj]bsn] 

k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0fkqdf n]lvPsf] /sdn] ahf/df

*%#$– *%#$–k|]dk|;fb *%#$– k|]dk|;fb ;Gh]n ;Gh]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

z]o/ sf/f]jf/ x'g] /sdsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ cj:yf Joxf]/faf6 b]lvg cfPg . tyflk g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

klg cfpFb}g . sDkgLn] ug]{ d'gfkmfaf6 cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/ ;DklQsf] sd d"No 

z]o/wgLx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ nfef+z ;d]t z]o/ sfod u/L klAns lnld6]8 sDkgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 

k|df0fkqdf plNnlvt z]o/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df ljt/0f g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\ 

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . sDkgLn] ljt/0f u/]sf] nfef+zdf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljqmL u/]sf] lg0f{on] sDkgLdf sfo{/t\ 

c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ sd{rf/L eGbf km/s x}l;otdf /x]sf lgj]bs h:tf 

;d]t /x]sf] 5}g . 

gful/ssf xsdf cfwf/ sf/0fljgf c;dfg u/]sf] 

%= ;fljsdf /x]sf] g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfg eGg] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df ?kfGt/0f eO{ &= lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$ sf] 

sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k"FhLnfO{ ?=!)).– sf b/n] !% pkbkmf -$_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|lti7fgsf] s]xL 

s/f]8 lsQf ;fwf/0f z]o/df ljefhg u/L ;+:yfks z]o/x¿, ælgMz'Ns jf sd d"NodfÆ pknJw u/fpg] 

dWo] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] :jfldTjdf Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnleq ;/sf/L nufgLaf6 

/x]sf] z]o/dWo] ;Dk"0f{ lsQfsf] % k|ltzt z]o/ ;~rflnt pBf]u, Joj;fox¿sf] bIftfdf j[l4 u/L 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ cg';f/ k|lt pTkfbsTj a9fpg, k|lti7fgx¿af6 g]kfn 

lsQf z]o/sf] c+lst d"Nodf ?=!).– 5"6 lbO{ ?=().– ;/sf/nfO{ k/]sf] ljQLo tyf k|zf;lgs ef/ sd 

k|lt z]o/ g]kfn 6]lnsdsf sd{rf/LnfO{ pknJw ug{, k|lti7fgx¿sf] ;~rfngdf lghL If]qsf] 

u/fpg] tyf ;Dk"0f{ lsQfsf] !) k|ltzt ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;xeflutfdf Jofks j[l4 u/L ;du| ?kdf b]zsf] 

kfpg] u/L lgisfzg ug]{ lg0f{ocg'¿k k|lt z]o/sf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{ /fli6«o lxtsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 

Go"gtd\ d"No ?=^)).– df a9fa9df ljqmL ug]{ k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ lghLs/0f u/L Jojl:yt ug{ 

lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 

jf~5gLo ePsf] eGg] lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] 

^= g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df 

sfo{/t\ sd{rf/LnfO{ clÍt d"Nodf ?=!).– 5"6 lbO{ 

?=().– k|lt z]o/ d"No sfod ubf{ cfwf/ lnPsf] 

lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-$_ sf] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf x]bf{ æg]kfn ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ug]{ 

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / sfdbf/nfO{ ;f] 

k|lti7fgsf s]xL z]o/x¿ lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf 

pknJw u/fpg] 5Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] . 

P]gdf /x]sf] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / 

sfdbf/nfO{ k|lti7fgsf] s]xL z]o/ lgMz'Ns jf 

sd d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] 

cfwf/df g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df sfo{/t\ 

k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] k|:tfjgfsf] 

Joxf]/faf6 ;/sf/L nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]u 

Joj;fox¿sf] bIftf j[l4 u/L pTkfbsTj a9fpg], 

;/sf/sf] ljQLo tyf k|zf;lgs ef/ sd ug]{ 

tyf To:tf k|lti7fgdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf 

a9fpb} hfg] eGg] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;fljsdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k"0f{ :jfldTjdf /x]sf] 

g]kfn b"/ ;~rf/ ;+:yfgnfO{ lghLs/0f P]gsf] 

dfWodaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd klAns 

lnld6]8 sDkgLdf kl/0ft eO{ sDkgL P]gcg';f/ 

g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 sDkgLdf btf{ 

ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 

sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lt z]o/df ?=!).– 5"6 lbO{ sd *= g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfk"mnfO{ kg]{ ljQLo 

d"Nodf z]o/ pknJw u/fPsf] / ;f]xLcg';f/ Pj+ k|zf;lgs ef/ sd u/L ;f] sDkgLdf lghL 

sDkgLn] d'gfkmfaf6 lglZrt nfef+z k|ltzt If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ Jofks ?kdf j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] 

jfF8kmf8 u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . sfg"gdf Jojl:yt ;+:yf lghLs/0f u/]kl5 sDkgLsf] r'Qmf k"FhLnfO{ 

lgMz'Ns jf sd d"No s] s'g cfwf/df sfod ug]{ ;fwf/0f z]o/df ljefhg u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

eGg] lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ z]o/ ljt/0f u/]sf] ljleGg lgsfosf gfpFdf z]o/ hf/L u/]sf]df g]kfn 

eGg] ljkIfL lgsfoaf6 k]z ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm 

25 

25 

;/sf/, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf gfpFdf


j}zfv 

/x]sf] z]o/dWo] % k|ltzt z]o/ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ 

sDkgL lnld6]8sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ?=!). 5"6 lbO{ 

c+lst d"No eGbf sd d"No sfod u/L ?=().– df 

ljt/0f u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) 

sf] bkmf !$-$_ n] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / 

sfdbf/nfO{ s]xL z]o/ lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf 

pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df 

sd d"Nodf ljt/0f ul/P klg s] s'g cfwf/df s] 

slt;Dd sd ug{ ;lsg] xf] eGg] s'g} lglZrt 

dfkb08 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b]lvPg . pQm P]gsf] 

Joj:yfdf ;d]t lgMz'Ns jf sd d"Nodf z]o/ 

pknJw u/fpg ;lsg] lglZrt cfwf/ tf]s]sf] ;d]t 

kfOPg . 

(= ;/sf/L nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt pBf]u, 

Joj;fox¿sf] lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ p2]Zo tyf 

k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf P]gåf/f Jojl:yt u/L 

k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L;DaGwL Joj:yf u/]sf] 

kfOG5 . lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$-!_ n] 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ul/g] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ 

sfdbf/nfO{ lghx¿n] u/]sf] ;]jf / kfpg] pkbfg 

cflb ;'ljwf nufgLstf{sf] k|lti7fgdf ;f/L 

lghx¿sf] ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf sfod u/fpg ;Sg] 

/ pkbkmf -@_ n] ;]jfsf] lg/Gt/tf sfod u/fpg 

g;Sg] cj:yf k/] To:tf sd{rf/L, sfdbf/ cflbnfO{ 

cjsf; lbg;Sg], tyf pkbkmf -#_ n] To:tf cjsfz 

kfpg] sd{rf/L, sfdbf/sf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn 

;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ jf ;'ljwfsf] d'gfl;j Joj:yf 

ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lv+bf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf 

tyf cjsfzsf] ljifodf ;d]t g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

ljz]if bfloTj /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|lti7fgåf/f 

ljt/0f ul/g] ;]jfsf] bIftfdf j[l4 ug]{ tyf 

;/sf/sf] ljQLo Pj+ k|zf;lgs ef/ sd ug]{ / 

lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf j[l4 ug]{ p2]Zon] ;fljsdf 

/x]sf] ;+:yfgnfO{ g]kfn b"/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8df 

kl/0ft u/L r'Qmf kF"hLnfO{ ;fwf/0f z]o/df ljefhg 

u/L ;+:yfksdWo] g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfno 

Pj+ lgsfon] ljleGg ;+Vofdf z]o/ :jfldTj lnO{ 

;j{;fwf/0fn] ;d]t kfpg] u/L z]o/ lgisfzg ug]{ 

26 

26 

lg0f{o ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . k|lti7fgsf] bIftfdf 

j[l4 ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ kg]{ ljQLo ef/ ;d]t sd 

ug]{ p2]Zon] lghLs/0f ul/Psf] k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/L sfdbf/nfO{ ;f] k|lti7fgsf] s]xL z]o/x¿ 

lgMz'Ns ?kdf pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ cf}lrTo k'li6 

ug]{ cfwf/ s]xL b]lvb}g . k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf ljifodf k|lti7fg 

;~rfns ;ldltn] g} yk lg0f{o ug{;Sg] cj:yf 

/xL /xg] cj:yfdf z]o/ g} lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug'{kg]{ 

k|of]hgn] :jo+ k|lti7fg / ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/jfnfsf] 

xslxtdf cg's"n k|efj kg]{ eGg] ts{;Fut cfwf/ 

b]lvb}g . ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] z]o/ 

k|lti7fgdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L sfdbf/nfO{ lgMz'Ns 

pknJw u/fpg] xf] eg] Psftk{m k|lti7fgsf] ljQLo 

cj:yf sdhf]/ x'g hfg] / csf]{tk{m To;sf] ljQLo 

ef/ cGo ;j{;fwf/0f z]o/wgLx¿nfO{ kg{ hfg] 

;+efjgf /xg] x'G5 . k|lti7fgaf6 lgisflzt z]o/af6 

cfk"mnfO{ nfe x'g] cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df ;j{;fwf/0f 

JolQmx¿n] z]o/df nufgL u/]sf x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf 

;d]t ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . ælgMz'NsÆ pknJw u/fpg] 

Joj:yfn] k|lti7fg Pj+ cGo ;j{;fwf/0f 

z]o/jfnfx¿nfO{ a9L ljQLo ef/ jxg ug'{kg]{ 

cj:yfsf] l;h{gf x'g;Sg] cj:yf :ki6 b]lvPsf] / 

o:tf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !# df /x]sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu k|lts"n /xL 

;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h 

nufOPsf] eGg] b]lvFbf lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] 

bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -$_ df /x]sf] s]xL z]o/x¿ 

ælgMz'NsÆ eGg] zJb;Dd g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cfhsf] ldltb]lv 

cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L lbPsf] 5 . 

!)= lghLs/0f P]g, @)%) sf] bkmf !$ df 

/x]sf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghLs/0f ug]{ k|lti7fgdf 

sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L / sfdbf/nfO{ ;f] k|lti7fgsf] s]xL 

z]o/x¿ sd d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 

/x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] k"0f{ :jfldTj 

sfod /x]sf k|lti7fgnfO{ lghLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 

;j{;fwf/0f ;d]tnfO{ z]o/ ljqmLsf] dfWodaf6

:jfldTj x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg] nIo lnPsf] eGg] 

P]gsf] Joj:yfaf6 b]lvG5 . lghLs/0f ug]{ k|lti7fgdf 

sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L sfdbf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] s]xL 

z]o/x¿ sd d"Nodf pknJw u/fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf 

/x] klg s] s'g cfwf/df s] slt lsQf z]o/ s] slt 

sd /sddf cyf{t s] slt sd d"Nodf pknJw 

u/fpg ;Sg] xf] To;sf] :ki6 cfwf/ / dfkb08 

agfO{ ;f] sfo{ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvb}g . ;/sf/L k|lti7fg 

;d:t gful/ssf] ;DklQ eO{ ;j}sf] ;/f]sf/sf] 

ljifo xf] . o:tf k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lsf 

xsdf lghx¿sf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ :jfldTjefj 

hufpg s]xL sd d"Nodf z]o/ lbg' Gofof]lrt lje]b 

xf] . t/, Gofof]lrt lje]bsf klg lglZrt ;Ldf x'G5g\ . 

Gofof]lrt lje]b ul/Fbfsf cf}lrTosf cfwf/ /xg' 

kb{5 . of] c;Lldt / cGoflos x'g ;Sb}g . k|lti7fgsf] 

ljQLo cj:yf, sd{rf/L sfdbf/sf] k|zf;lgs ef/ 

;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;f] dfkb08;DaGwL laifodf 

;Gt'lnt 9+un] ljz]if cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L 

k|lti7fgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L sfdbf/nfO{ s]xL z]o/ 

s] sf] cfwf/df / slt;Dd sd d"Nodf pknJw 

u/fpg ;lsg] xf], To;sf] cf}lrTok"0f{ kf/bzL{ Joj:yf 

agfO{ ;f]sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6 dfu{bz{g x'g] 

u/L lglZrt dfkb08 agfO{ nfu" ug'{ egL ljkIfL 

g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{no;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L 

u/L lbPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfk{mt ljkIfL 

lgsfox¿nfO{ lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ 

lbg' . 

Gof=lvn/fh /]UdL 

Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tL 

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}F . 

*%#%– *%#%–;'lgn *%#%– ;'lgn /~hg /~hg /~hg l;“x l;“x lj?4 lj?4 lgjf{rg lgjf{rg cfof]u cfof]u ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 !# ut] /f]h % z'ed\ – 

Ohnf; clws[t M– k'gf/fd vgfn 

 

27 

27 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#% 

*%#% 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L j}Bgfy pkfWofo 

l/6 g+= )^&— WS — ))!( 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.(.*.% 

ljifo M pTk|]if0f;d]t . 

lgj]bsM ;nf{xL lhNnf, uf}/Lz+s/ uf=lj=;= j8f g+ 

% a:g] clwjQmf ;'lgn /~hg l;Fx 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM lgjf{rg cfof]u, sf7df8f}F ;d]t 

nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;f/ 

(Essence) jflnu dtflwsf/ ePsf] / 

jflnu dtflwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu 

lgjf{rg k|lqmof g} dfkb08 x'g] ePsf] 

x'Fbf lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ lgoldt Pj+ 

Jojl:yt t'Nofpg' kg]{ . 

lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ :jR5 kljq Pj+ 

k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs 

bfloTj lgjf{rg cfof]upk/ lglxt /x]sf] 

kl/k|]Iodf dtbfg ug{ of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} 

dtbftfx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ kmf]6f] / 

cf}+nf5fk;lxtsf] kl/rokqsf dfWodaf6 

;'lglZrt u/L jf:tljs dtbftfsf] 

dtflwsf/sf] Guarantee ug]{ / ;Defljt 

gSsnL dtbftfsf] ;d:ofaf6 lgjf{rg 

k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Qm ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]un] u/]sf] 

lg0f{o tyf ;f]cg';f/ k|sflzt cfof]usf] 

;"rgfnfO{ sfg"gljk/Lt eGg gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng tyf cBfjlws 

ug]{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd / /fli6«o


j}zfv 

kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

sfo{qmd b'j} /fli6«o sfo{qmd x'g\ eGg] 

s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . b'j} sfo{qmdsf 

nflu cnu–cnu ;|f]t ;fwg 5'6\ofO{ 

/fHonfO{ bf]xf]/f] ef/ kg]{ u/L sfo{qmd 

;~rfng ug'{eGbf b'j} lgsfon] ;dGjo 

u/L Pp6} 5ftfcGtu{t pxL ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 

b'j} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ k|zf;lgs 

;'udtf / cfly{s ldtJolotf b'j}sf] 

b[li6af6 pko'Qm x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

dtbfg ug]{ xs df}lns xs xf]Og . of] 

xs P]gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] sfg"gL xs cyf{t\ 

Statutory Right xf] . lgjf{rg cfof]usf] 

;"rgfdf !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} 

gful/sx¿sf] gfd ;+sng ug]{ eGg] 

b]lvG5 . ;f]cg';f/ !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf / 

b'O{ jif{kl5 !* jif{ pd]/ k'Ug] ;a} 

gful/sx¿sf] clen]v lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

/fVbf l/6 lgj]bsn] cfklQ ug'{kg]{ s'g} 

sf/0f b]lvFb}g . eljiodf x'g] lgjf{rgx¿sf] 

k|of]hgsf nflu gofF dtbftfx¿sf] 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ tyf eO/x]sf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlws u/L gofF 

dtbftf ;"rL tof/ ug]{ nufotsf sfd 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{;S5 . lgjf{rg 

cfof]unfO{ k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ 

cBfjlws dfq ug'{ egL of] cbfntnufot 

s;}af6 afWo ug{ gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ 

;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs 

;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df 

sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu wf/f !)& åf/f 

o; cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] 

Pivotal Role /x]sf] 5 . o; cbfntsf] 

pQm c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ ljwflosfn] 

agfPsf] s'g} klg sfg"gn] lgoGq0f jf 

;Lldt ug{ g;Sg] . 

28 28 

28 

wf/f !)&-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf 

clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s 

Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] rnfPsf] 

ljz]ifflwsf/sf] sf/jfxL / tT;DaGwdf 

tf]s]sf] ;hfodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k 

ug]{5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f]afx]s cGo 

;j} lgsfoaf6 ePsf ;a} 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f 

o; cbfntaf6 x'g ;Sg] u/L v'Nnf 

/flvPsf] x'Fbf dtbftf gfdfjnLsf 

ljifodf lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] 

sfdsf/jfxLpk/ s'g} cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg 

p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g egL dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% 

df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:Yffn] ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !)& åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|bQ 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ pk]Iff -Ignore_ 

ug]{, cgfb/ -Dishonour_ ug]{, lg:t]h 

t'Nofpg] jf s'g} klg ?kaf6 ;Lldt jf 

lgolGqt ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!#_ 

dtbfgsf] xs sfg"gL xs ePsf] / 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z geO{sg 

gful/sx¿n] ;f] xssf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] 

kl/k|]Iodf u}/sfg"gL ta/af6 s'g} 

dtbftfsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

;dfj]z gu/L lghnfO{ dtbfgsf] xsaf6 

al~rt ul/Psf] v08df pQm P]gsf] bkmf 

@% n] kLl8t gful/snfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gL 

pkrf/sf] dfu{ k|z:t gu/]sf] eP tfklg 

lghn] pkrf/ljxLg cj:yfdf /xg'kg]{ 

b]lvFb}g . sfg"gn] j}slNks pkrf/sf] 

Joj:yf gu/]sf] pQm sfg"gL xssf] 

k|rngsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& 

-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f 

If]qflwsf/cGtu{t pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ lghsf] 

xs ;'/lIft g} /xg] ePsf] x'Fbf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% 

sf] k|fjwfgn] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{

*%#%– *%#%–;'lgn *%#%– ;'lgn /~hg /~hg l;“x l;“x lj?4 lj?4 lgjf{rg lgjf{rg cfof]u cfof]u ;d]t 

;d]t 

clgolGqt clwsf/ -Excessive Power_ 

k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !)&-@_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg];d]t 

b]lvg gcfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!$_ 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/cGtu{t o; cbfntdf 

l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg] JolQmn] g]kfndf 

/x]sf] s'g} ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs 

lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifonfO{ pNn]v u/L 

cfpg' kg]{ / ;f] xslxtsf] pkef]u ug{af6 

al~rt ePsf pQm ju{ jf ;d'bfosf 

;b:ox¿ u/LaL, clzIff, c1fgtf jf cGo 

o:t} sf/0fn] pkrf/ dfu ug{ o; cbfntdf 

cfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ eGg] 

s'/f klg k'li6 ug'{kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=!%_ 

dtbfgsf] xs nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf 

Ps ;f/e"t xs xf] . gful/ssf] pQm xsnfO{ 

ljlw;Ddt tl/sfaf6 ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu 

lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ 

ug]{ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 

kl/k|]Iodf /fli6«o dxTjsf] pQm ljifoj:t'df 

rf;f] b]vfO{ lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ 

u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ qmddf dtbfg ug{ 

lgwf{l/t of]Uotf ePsf s'g} klg gful/s 

dtbfg ug{af6 jl~rt gx'g] u/L / dtbfg 

ug{ cof]Uo JolQm tyf cGo s'g} JolQmn] 

gSsnL dtbftf agL dtbfg ug{ g;Sg] 

cfjZos k|aGw ldnfO{ dtbftf gfdfjnL 

tof/ ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L 

x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!&_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'lgn/~hg 

l;Fx, >L ;'/]Gb|s'df/ dxtf], >L ;ltzs'df/ 

emf, >L ljqmd /fO{, >L hub]j rf}w/L / 

>L s'd'bs'df/ e§/fO{ 

29 

29 

ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L 

o'j/fh ;'j]bL tyf ljåfg 

pkGofoflwjQmf >L e/tdl0f vgfn 

cjnlDjt ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 


#@ tyf !)&-@_, !@( 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ sf] 

bkmf @@ 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf @% 

cfb]z 

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ Pj+ !)&-@_ cGtu{t 

bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo 

Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M– 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf 

gful/sx¿sf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL 

tof/ ug]{ / !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} gful/ssf] 

/fli6«o kl/rokq tof/ ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] Joxf]/f 

ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWoddfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 

5 . o; qmddf lgjf{rg cfof]un] k'/fgf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL /2 u/L gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ 

ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . ljkIfLsf] pQm sfo{ g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ / !@( - 

!_ ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5 . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ 

cGtu{t dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kf/L ;f]xL dtbftf 

gfdfjnLsf] cfwf/df ljleGg lgjf{rgx¿ ;~rfng 

ePsf 5g\ . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf $& sf] pkbkmf-@_ n] klg dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf #-!_ adf]lhd 

eP u/]sf] ;a} sfdsf/jfxL o;} P]gadf]lhd eP 

u/]sf] dflgg]5 egL Joj:yf u/]sf]n] pQm P]gn] 

k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnL /2 gu/L cBfjlws dfq} 

ug]{ clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .


j}zfv 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf # df lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfˆgf] k|ToIf /]vb]v, 

lgoGq0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f / lgb]{zgdf tf]lsPadf]lhd 

k|To]s lgjf{rgIf]qleqsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / 

gu/kflnsfsf] j8fsf] dtbftfsf] gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ug]{ tyf To;sf] cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ ug]{5 eGg] 

k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . P]gsf] pQm Joj:yfaf6 ;d]t 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] k'/fgf] dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ 

ab/ ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] b]lvG5 . dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^# sf] lgod 

-@_-v_ n] klg cfof]usf] sfd dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng / cBfjlws ug]{ dfq egL tf]s]sf] 5 . 

To;}u/L lgod * n] klg tTsfn sfod /x]sf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z gePsf] 

JolQmsf] gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ dfq} cfof]unfO{ clwsf/ 

lbPsf] 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ klxnf ;+sng 

ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ dtbftf gfdfjnL /2 ug]{ clwsf/ 

plNnlvt s'g} sfg"gn] lbPsf] 5}g . t;y{ cfof]usf] 

gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ ab/of]Uo 

5 . 


!@(-!_ df ;+ljwfg ;ef, hgdt ;+u|x tyf :yfgLo 

lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / 

lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{ / ;f] k|of]hgsf 

nflu dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] ug]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . t/ xfn 

pQm wf/fdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ s'g} lgjf{rgsf] 

3f]if0ff ePsf] cj:yf 5}g . t;y{ gofF dtbftf 

gfdfjnL s'g lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] 

xf] ;f] k|i6 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@(-$_ df 

;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd 

st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f 

ePadf]lhd x'g]5g\ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] 

;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

kmf]6f];lxtsf] gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL / 

gful/sx¿sf] /fli6«o kl/rokq tof/ kfg]{ sfo{qmd 

c;+j}wflgs 5 . 


bkmf @% df lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] sfo{sf 

30 30 

30 

;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] 5}g 

eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)%@ sf] bkmf @@ n] klg lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg 

p7fpg aGb]h nufPsf] lyof] t/ To;sf] 

k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf ljz]if cbfntdf k|Zg 

p7fpg afwf gkg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% 

df lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdsf] ;DaGwdf s'g} 

klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] u/L k|ltaGw 

nufOPsf] x'gfn] pQm bkmf @% g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf 

k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpmF . ;fy} 

ljkIfL cfof]usf] ljBdfg k'/fgf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnLnfO{ z"Gosf] cj:yfdf k'¥ofO{ k"0f{tof gofF 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ kfg]{;DaGwL / /fli6«o 

kl/rokq tof/ ug]{ ;d]tsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog 

ePdf nfvf}+ dtbftf dtbfgaf6 al~rt x'g] 

ePsf]n] cfof]usf] pQm sfo{nfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . l/6 lgj]bgdf clGtd 

6F'+Ëf] gnfu];Dd ljkIfL cfof]usf] kmf]6f];lxtsf] gofF 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ / /fli6«o kl/rokq 

tof/ ug]{ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog gug{' gu/fpg' 

egL cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] 

Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bgkq . 

ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufpg" . 

cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfusf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ 

ubf{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!@( -!_ tyf lgjf{rg cfof]u P]g, @)^# adf]lhd 

lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, lgb]{zg / 

lgoGq0f;d]t ug]{ u/L lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd 

st{Jo tf]lsPsf] / ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # adf]lhd 

dtbftfsf] gfd ;+sng / cBfjlws ug]{ u/L pQm 

cfof]unfO{ tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . To:t}, pQm P]gsf] 

bkmf %-!_-v_ adf]lhd dtbftf x'g !* jif{ pd]/ 

k"/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ egL dtbftfsf] pd]/ tf]lsPsf]df 

!* jif{ k'u]sf g]kfnL gful/ssf] gfd ;+sng 

ug'{kg]{df lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^&.^.@) df

*%#%– *%#%–;'lgn *%#%– ;'lgn /~hg /~hg l;“x l;“x lj?4 lj?4 lgjf{rg lgjf{rg cfof]u cfof]u ;d]t 

;d]t 

k|sflzt ;"rgfdf dtbftf x'g g;Sg] !^ jif{ pd]/ 

k'u]sf JolQmx¿af6 kmf]6f] / gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq;d]t lnO{ cfpg' egL cfJxfg u/]sf] 

b]lvPsf] / ;+ljwfg / sfg"gadf]lhd dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug{ kfpg];Dd clwsf/ ePsf]df 

;f] ;"rgfdf cfˆgf] clwsf/ gePsf] /fli6«o 

kl/rokq tof/ ug]{ k|of]hg;d]t /x]sf] egL pNn]v 

ePsf] b]lvPsf]n] dtbftf x'g cof]Uo !^ jif{ pd]/ 

k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] /fli6«o kl/rokq agfpg] 

k|of]hgsf nflu ;"rgf cfJxfg ug]{ / dtbfg ug{ 

cof]Uo !^ jif{ k'u]sf JolQmx¿sf] gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] clwsf/If]qleq g/x]sf] 

eGg] k|yd b[li6df g} b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f] 

;"rgfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ xfn h] h:tf] cj:yfdf 5 

oyfl:yltdf /fvL cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ug]{ gug]{ 

ljifodf b'j} kIf /fvL 5nkmn ug'{ pko'Qm b]lvFbf 

k|ToyL{x¿nfO{ ldlt @)^&.*.@* sf] tf/]v tf]sL 

k];Lsf] ;"rgf b'j} kIfx¿nfO{ lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z 

ug{" eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.*.!( sf] cfb]z . 

l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f & df cGo s'/fx¿sf 

cltl/Qm dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf @% df æ lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdsf] 

;DaGwdf s'g} klg cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] 

u/L k|ltaGw nufPsf]n] pQm bkmf @% g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 

x'Fbf k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFmÆ 

eGg] dfubfjL /x]sf]df lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPsf] ljifo 

ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ;'g'jfO{ x'g] k|s[ltsf] b]lvPsf]n] 

lgodadf]lhd ljz]if Ohnf;;dIf k]z ug"{ eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] ;Fo'Qm Ohnf;af6 ePsf] ldlt 

@)^&.*.@* sf] cfb]z . 

ljutdf ;DkGg ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] 

lgjf{rg tyf pklgjf{rgaf6 cfof]unfO{ k|fKt 

cg'ej, ljleGg /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o 

ko{j]Ifsx¿af6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg / cfof]uåf/f /fli6«o 

tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df ;Fslnt cg'ej / cfof]usf] 

k~rjifL{o /0fgLlts of]hgf, @)^% n] lnPsf] 

p2]Zo;d]tsf] cfwf/df cfof]usf] ldlt @)^^.#.* 

sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd lgjf{rgsf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf /xg] 

31 

31 

g]kfnL gful/ssf] kmf]6f] / cf}Fnf5fk ;d]tsf] ljj/0f 

;+sng u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] 

nflu ;j{k|yd gd"gf sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf kfFr lhNnfsf 

;ft uf=lj=;= x¿df ;f] sfo{qmd ;DkGg ul/Psf] 

lyof] . ;f] sfo{af6 k|fKt cg'ej ;d]tsf] cfwf/df 

cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.$.@$ sf] lg0f{oaf6 k|yd 

r/0fdf b]zsf %* j6} gu/kflnsfdf kmf]6f];lxtsf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng sfo{qmd ;~rfng 

eO/x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ k|To]s jif{ dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL bfloTj 

/ st{Jo tf]lsPcg';f/ gfdfjnL ;+sng sfo{nfO{ 

cTofw'lgs, ljZjfl;nf], e/kbf]{ / z'4 agfpg] kljq 

dg;foaf6 cTofw'lgs sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] 

dfWodaf6 kmf]6f] / cf}nf 5fk;d]tsf] ljj/0f ;+sng 

ug]{ /0fgLlt /x]sf] / g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfnon] 

klg ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ /fli6«o kl/rokq 

tof/ u/L ljt/0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf]df b'j} lgsfosf] 

Pp6} k|s[ltsf] sfo{ x'Fbf /fli6«o vr{df ldtJolotf 

sfod ug{ ;lsof];\ / /fi6«n] bf]xf]/f] vr{ Joxf]g{ 

gk/f];\ eGg] p2]Zon] b'j} lgsfoaLrsf] 

;xeflutfaf6 cfof]un] !^ jif{b]lv dflysf ;Dk"0f{ 

gful/ssf] ljj/0f Pp6} hgzlQm / ;|f]t ;fwgaf6 

;+sng ug]{ p2]Zo /fvL sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] 

xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!@(-!_ adf]lhd dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug{;Sg] 

lgjf{rg cfof]u Psdfq ;+j}wflgs lgsfo /x]sf] / 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !@ 

adf]lhd dtbftfsf] cfjZos ljj/0f ;+sng 

ug{;Sg] clwsf/ lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ dfq ePsf] 

l:yltdf lgj]bsn] ljj/0f ;+sng ug{ g} gkfpg] 

egL lnPsf] lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . log} l/6 

lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^&.^.!& df ;DdfgLt cbfntdf 

bfo/ ug'{ ePsf] g+= )^&—WO—)#@^ sf] l/6 

lgj]bgdf klg k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fpg' ePsf] 

ljifo g} ;dfj]z ePsf]df pQm l/6 lgj]bg ldlt 

@)^&.&.!& df vf/]h ePkl5 k'gM ;f]xL ljifonfO{ 

lnP/ bfo/ ug'{ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bg c=j+= &# g+= 

k|lts"n;d]t 5 . h'g;'s} cj:yf / ;dodf klg 

lgjf{rg ;Dkg u/fpg'kg]{ bfloTj af]s]sf] ;+j}wflgs


j}zfv 

lgsfo lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu sfg"gL ;+/If0f eO g} 

/xg' h?/L 5 / ;+ljwfgsf] dd{leq /x]/ g} lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] sfg"gL ;F/If0f kfO/x]sf] ljBdfg cj:yfdf 


;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgfljk/Lt ePsf] 

x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

ljkIfLx¿sf] 5'§f5'§} lnlvthjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] ljifodf 5nkmnsf 

nflu k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf ;a} 

ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvthjfkm k|fKt eO;s]sf] cj:yf 

b]lvFbf k"0f{ ;'g'jfO{ ug{ ldNg] b]lvof] . lgj]bstkm{af6 

pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L ;'lgn/~hg l;Fx, 

>L ;'/]Gb|s'df/ dxtf], >L ;ltzs'df/ emf, >L 

ljqmd /fO{, >L hub]j rf}w/L / >L s'd'bs'df/ 

e§/fO{n] !* jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] JolQmsf] gfd 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ afx]s !^ jif{ 

gf3]sf JolQmx¿nfO{ /fli6«o kl/rokq ljt/0f 

ug]{;d]tsf] sfd st{Jo ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lgjf{rg 

cfof]unfO{ tf]s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] cfof]usf] pQm 

sfo{ If]qflwsf/ljxLg / c;+j}wflgs 5 . dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # cg';f/ 

dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ / To;nfO{ 

cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{;Dd lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{;S5 . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)%@ cGtu{t klxnf 

cfof]uaf6 tof/ ePsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ ab/ 

u/]/ gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ eg] ;Qm}g . 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z eO;s]sf] 

JolQmsf] gfd gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg] ;DaGwdf 5'§} 

sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ 5g\ . ;f]cGtu{t kmf]6f];lxt 

dtbftf pkl:yt x'g'kg]{ eGg] vfnsf] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf 5}g . dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ ljifodf 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ s'g} 

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] eGg] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg 

;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf tyf sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] 

l;4fGtk|lts"n ;d]t ePsf] x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] 

32 

32 

cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 egL jx; ug'{eof] . ljkIfLsf 

tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh 

;'j]bL tyf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L e/tdl0f 

vgfnn] lgjf{rgnfO{ z'4 / kljq agfpg] p2]Zon] 

dtbftfx¿sf] kmf]6f] / cf}+nf5fk;lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL tof/ ug{ nfluPsf] xf] . o;af6 jf:tljs 

dtbftfx¿sf] dtflwsf/sf] ;F/If0f x'G5 . cGo 

b]zx¿sf] cg'ej x]bf{ o;af6 /fHox¿n] gSsnL 

dtbftfx¿sf] ;d:ofaf6 pGd'lQm kfPsf] b]lvPsf] 

5 . kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ubf{ jf 

/fHosf tkm{af6 gful/sx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] /fli6«o 

kl/rokqsf] nflu cfjZos ljj/0f lgjf{rg 

cfof]uaf6 ;+sng ubf{ lgj]bsnufot s;}sf] s'g} 

;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xsflwsf/df cf3ft kb}{g . 


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( ;Fu 

aflemPsf] 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjLsf ;DaGwdf pQm 

ljifo g]sfk @)%^ cÍ & k[i7 $(^ df k|sflzt 

ljz]if Ohnf;sf] lg0f{oaf6 lg/f]k0f eO;s]sf] 

cj:yf 5 . ctM lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z 

hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL jx; ug'{eof] . 

plNnlvt ax;;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ 

ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;DaGwdf lgDg k|Zgx¿df 

lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 M 

-s_ lgjf{rg cfof]un] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ / g]kfn ;/sf/af6 

ljt/0f x'g] /fli6«o kl/rokqsf] k|of]hgsf 

nflu ;d]t gful/sx¿sf] ljj/0f ;+sng 

ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5 5}g < 

-v_ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 

5 5}g < 

-u_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L 

x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < 

@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] eO/x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ cBfjlws 

dfq ug{ ;S5, kmf]6f];lxtsf] gofF dtbftf gfdfjnL


;d]t 

tof/ ug]{ tyf /fli6«o kl/rokq hf/L ug{sf nflu 

ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ ;d]tsf] cfof]usf] sfo{ 

sfg"gljk/Lt 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] . 

;f] ljifodf lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd st{Josf 

;DaGwdf ePsf ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL 

Joj:yfx¿tkm{ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'g cfof] . g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@(-!_ df of] 

;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL ;+ljwfg 

;ef, wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt ;+u|x tyf 

:yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, /]vb]v, 

lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 x'g]5 . ;f] 

k|of]hgsf nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ 

sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 egL cfof]usf] sfd 

st{Josf] af/]df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t}, 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # df 

cfof]un] cfˆgf] k|ToIf /]vb]v, lgoGq0f, ;'k/Lj]If0f 

/ lgb]{zgdf tf]lsPadf]lhd k|To]s lgjf{rg 

If]qleqsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsfsf] 

j8fsf] dtbftfsf] gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ tyf To;sf] 

cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ ug]{5 egL cfof]usf] sfo{sf] 

af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs 

tyf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx¿af6 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg, 

wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g;Sg] hgdt ;+u|x tyf :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rg;d]tsf] ;~rfng / /]vb]v 

ug]{ tyf lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f ug]{ nufotsf] ;Dk"0f{ 

lhDd]jf/L lgjf{rg cfof]upk/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] 

k|of]hgsf nflu dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ 

sfo{;d]t cfof]un] ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ u/L g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@(-!_ n] lgjf{rg 

cfof]unfO{ lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . 

#= dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf 

nflu dtbftf x'gsf nflu cfjZos of]Uotf nufot 

ljleGg k|lqmofut s'/fx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# tyf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^# hf/L ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . pQm P]g tyf lgodfjnLdf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng tyf cBfjlws ug]{ k|of]hgsf 

nflu lgjf{rg cfof]un] sfo{qmd k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, 

gfd btf{ clwsf/L lgo'Qm ug]{, ljj/0f ;+sngstf{ 

33 

33 

v6fpg], ljj/0f ;+sng;DaGwL sfo{qmd 6fF; 

ug'{kg]{, tTsfn sfod /x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL;d]t 

k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, dtbftf x'g of]Uotf ePsf] t/ 

tTsfn sfod /x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd 

;dfj]z gePsf] JolQmsf] gfd;d]t ;+sng ug]{, 

d[To' ePsf tyf a;fO ;/L cGoq uPsf dtbftfsf] 

gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg cfjZos ljj/0f 

;+sng ug]{, dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ePsf] q'l6 

;Rofpg ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{, ;+slnt ljj/0fcg';f/ 

cfjZos hfFra'em u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlws 

u/L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, To:tf] k|sflzt gfdfjnLdf 

gfd 5"6 x'guPsf dtbftf x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf 

JolQmx¿n] gfd ;dfj]z ug{ lbPsf] b/vf:t;d]t 

;+sng u/L ;+zf]lwt dtbftf gfdfjnL k|sfzg 

ug'{kg]{, dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} 

JolQmsf] gfd ;dfj]z x'g gx'g] egL k/]sf bfjL 

lj/f]w ;+sng ug'{kg]{, bfjL lj/f]w k/]sf] ljifodf 

hfFra'em u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{, dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

bf]xf]/f] gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] ljj/0f ;+sng u/L 

bf]xf]/f] gfd x6fpg'kg]{, bfjL lj/f]w, hfFra'em / 

;+zf]wgsf] k|lqmof k"/f ul/;s]kl5 gfdbtf{ 

clwsf/Ln] clGtd dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ u/L 

k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ h:tf sfo{ljlwut k|lqmofsf s'/fx¿ 

l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 

plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿sf] cWoog u/L x]bf{, 

s'g} klg avt x'g;Sg] lgjf{rgnfO{ b[li6ut u/L 

dtbftf gfdfjnLnfO{ b'?:t agfO/fVg cfjZos 

sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ 

cfˆgf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug{sf nflu ;Ifd 

Pj+ tTk/ agfpg] sfg"gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

$= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

tyf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)^# 

df 7fpF7fpFdf dtbftf gfdfjnL …;+sngÚ ug]{, 

…tof/Ú ug]{ tyf …cBfjlwsÚ ug]{h:tf zAbfjnLx¿ 

k|of]u ePsf b]lvG5g\ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !@(-!_df dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL 

…tof/Ú ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 eGg] 

Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ctM plNnlvt zAbfjnLx¿ 

cfkm}+df lg/k]If (Absolute) geO{ cj:yfg';f/


j}zfv 

kof{ojfrL zAbfjnLsf] ?kdf k|o'Qm ePsf b]lvG5g\ . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL …tof/Ú ug]{ cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs 

bfloTj /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] …tof/Ú ug]{ eGg] zAbleq 

gofF dtbftfx¿sf] gfd ;+sng ug]{ tyf eO/x]sf] 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s;}sf] gfd x6fpg'kg]{ 

cj:yf ePdf sfg"gadf]lhd x6fpg];d]tsf 

sfo{x¿ kg]{ g} b]lvG5 . 

%= v08 ^), cltl/QmfÍ !# ldlt 

@)^&.%.!$ sf] g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;"rgfdf ælgjf{rg cfof]un] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf # sf] 

pkbkmf -!_ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L 

kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ ePsf] 

/ klxnf] r/0fdf gu/kflnsf If]qdf, bf];|f] r/0fdf 

ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt If]qdf / t];|f] r/0fdf lxdfnL 

lhNnfdf dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ sfo{qmd 

/x]adf]lhd klxnf] r/0fdf ;Dk"0f{ gu/kflnsf If]qdf 

b]xfoadf]lhd dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng x'g] ePsf]n] 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsfl/sf nflu of] ;"rgf k|sfzg 

ul/Psf] 5Æ egL dtbftf lzIff sfo{qmd, dtbftfsf] 

gfd / ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ 3/b}nf] sfo{qmd / gfd 

btf{ ug]{ ltyL ldlt;lxtsf] sfo{qmd k|sfzg u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;f/ 

(Essence) jflnu dtflwsf/ ePsf] / jflnu 

dtflwsf/sf] ;'lglZrtfsf] nflu lgjf{rg k|lqmof 

g} dfkb08 x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf lgjf{rg k|lqmofnfO{ 

lgoldt Pj+ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg' kg]{ s'/fdf s;}sf] 

b'Odt x'Fb}g . To;sf nflu of]Uo dtbftfsf] dtbfg 

ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ Guarantee ug]{ / cof]Uo jf 

gSsnL dtbftfnfO{ dtbfg ug{af6 al~rt ug]{ 

s'/f ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ 

:jR5 kljq Pj+ k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ 

;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{rg cfof]upk/ lglxt /x]sf] 

kl/k|]Iodf dtbfg ug{ of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a} 

dtbftfx¿sf] klxrfgnfO{ kmf]6f] / cf}+nf5fk;lxtsf] 

kl/rokqsf dfWodaf6 ;'lglZrt u/L jf:tljs 

dtbftfsf] dtflwsf/sf] Guarantee ug]{ / 

;Defljt gSsnL dtbftfsf] ;d:ofaf6 lgjf{rg 

k|0ffnLnfO{ d'Qm ug]{ p2]Zon] cfof]un] u/]sf] pQm 

34 

34 

lg0f{o tyf ;f]cg';f/ k|sflzt cfof]usf] ;"rgfnfO{ 

sfg"gljk/Lt eGg ldNg] b]lvPg . 

^= ljkIfL cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.%.!$ sf] 

pQm ;"rgfsf] b|i6Jo -v_ df "g]kfn ;/sf/ - 

dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] ldlt @)^^.(.@@ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ qmddf /fli6«o 

kl/rokqsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu !^ jif{b]lv !* 

jif{;Ddsf ;a} g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] ljj/0f ;+sng 

ug{ cfof]unfO{ cg'/f]w ePadf]lhd !^ jif{ pd]/ 

k'u]sf / gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf ;a} 

g]kfnL gful/ssf] ljj/0f ;+sng ul/g]5" eGg] 

Joxf]/f;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f];DaGwdf 

ldl;n;+nUg sfuhft cWoog u/L x]bf{, g]kfn 

;/sf/n] gful/sx¿nfO{ /fli6«o kl/rokq ljt/0f 

ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] / ;f]sf nflu gful/sx¿af6 

cfjZos ljj/0f ;+sng ug'{kg]{ eGg] b]lvG5 . o;} 

kl/k|]Iodf lgjf{rg cfof]un] dtbftf gfdfjnL 

cBfjlws ug]{ ;dodf cfof]u;Fu ;dGjo u/L 

/fli6«o kl/rokqsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljj/0f;d]t 

Ps} k6s ;+sng ug]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ / ljkIfL 

cfof]uaLr 5nkmn eO{ kf/:kl/s ;xdltdf pQm 

lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f];DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/ 

/ lgjf{rg cfof]usf ldl;n ;+nUg kqfrf/, 5nkmn 

/ lg0f{ox¿ tyf ljkIfL cfof]usf] lnlvt hjfkm 

;d]tdf k|zf;lgs ;'udtf / cfly{s 

ldtJolotf;d]tsf b[li6af6 dtbftf gfdfjnL 

cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{ ;Fu;Fu} /fli6«o kl/rokqsf 

nflu cfjZos ljj/0f;d]t ;+sng ug]{ lg0f{o 

ePsf] xf] egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng tyf cBfjlws ug]{ lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf] sfd / /fli6«o kl/rokq ljt/0f ug]{ 

eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd b'j} /fli6«o sfo{qmd 

x'g\ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . b'j} sfo{qmdsf 

nflu cnu–cnu ;|f]t ;fwg 5'6\ofO{ /fHonfO{ 

bf]xf]/f] ef/ kg]{ u/L sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{eGbf 

b'j} lgsfon] ;dGjo u/L Pp6} 5ftfcGtu{t pxL 

;|f]t ;fwgaf6 b'j} sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ k|zf;lgs 

;'udtf / cfly{s ldtJolotf b'j}sf] b[li6af6 pko'Qm 

x'G5 eGg] ljkIfL cfof]usf] egfO;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]{ 

b]lvFb}g . ljkIfL cfof]uaf6 /fli6«o kl/rokqsf

*%#%– *%#%– *%#%–;'lgn *%#%– *%#%– ;'lgn /~hg /~hg l;“x l;“x lj?4 lj?4 lgjf{rg lgjf{rg cfof]u cfof]u cfof]u ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{ sfo{af6 

cfof]usf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxLdf 

s'g} k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ jf To;af6 s'g} dtbftfsf] 

sfg"gL xsflwsf/df cf3ft kg]{ eGg] cj:yf;d]t 

gb]lvFbf cfof]usf] pQm sfo{;d]t sfg"gljk/Lt 5 

eGg] lgj]bssf] dfubfjL tyf ljåfg sfg"g 

Joj;foLx¿sf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . 

&= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !@* df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 . wf/f 

!@( df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/sf] 

Joj:yf 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ;/sf/ jf /fHosf 

cGo s'g} klg c+uaf6 :jtGq /flvPsf] 5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@* df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] 

Gofokflnsf;/xsf] :jtGqtfsf] Guarantee 

ul/Psf] 5 . ljwflosf / :yfgLo lgsfo k|hftGqsf 

cleGg c+u x'g\ . k|hftGq / cfjlws lgjf{rg Ps 

csf{sf k'/s x'g\ . cfjlws lgjf{rgaf6 hgtfsf] 

tfhf Mandate dfkm{t\ g} k|hftGqn] gofF zlQm 

k|fKt ub{5 . To;sf nflu :jR5 / lgikIf lgjf{rg 

cfjZos k5{ . lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 g} hgtfn] 

cfkm"n] r'g]/ k7fPsf k|ltlglwn] /fi6«lxt / cfkm\gf] 

lgjf{rg If]qsf nflu s] s:tf sfd u/] jf u/]gg\ 

egL d"NofÍg ug]{ ub{5g\ . r'gfjsf] cefjdf hgtfn] 

cfkm\gf k|ltlglwsf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . 

o;sf] cnfjf k|To]s cfjlws r'gfjdf dtbftfx¿ 

ylkFb} hfG5g\ / To;/L ylkg] cyf{t\ dtbftf aGg 

pd]/ k'u]sf gful/sx¿n] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ 

cyf{t\ Voting Right sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/]/ ljwflosf 

Pj+ :yfgLo lgsfodf gofF Mandate ;lxt gofF 

k|ltlglw k7fpg] clwsf/k|fKt ub{5g\ . 

*= k|hftGqsf] ljz]iftf cfjlws lgjf{rg 

xf] . hgtfn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwsf nflu dfq 

k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ Mandate lbP/ k7fPsf x'G5g\ . 

tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf a9L cjlw hgk|ltlglwx¿ 

kbdf a:g] xf] eg] To:tf] Joj:yf Democratic 

geO{ Dictatorship df kl/0ft x'g;S5 . To;}n] 

To:tf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] of t r'gfjdf tfhf 

Mandate kfpg' k5{ of t gofF k|ltlglwn] Mandate 

kfpg' k5{ . o;sf nflu lgjf{rg ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . 

35 

35 

(= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !@( n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef tyf 

hgdt ;+u|xh:tf dxTjk"0f{ lgjf{rg u/fpg] 

lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] 5 . Joj:yflksfsf] cfjlws 

lgjf{rg / :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgeGbf klg 

;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg / hgdt ;+u|xsf] 

lgjf{rgsf] a]Un} dxTj x'G5 . b]zdf xfn gofF 

;+ljwfg n]lvFb}5 . o; k|;Fudf lgjf{rg cfof]u 

cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo kfng ug{ ;bf tTk/ 

/xg' kb{5 . lgjf{rgsf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} dtbftf / 

pDd]b\jf/ x''g\ . r':t b'?:t k|zf;g / ;'zf;gsf] 

l;4fGt eg]sf] b]zsf ;a} lgsfox¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] 

st{Jo slQ klg l9nfO{ gu/L ;DkGg ug'{ xf] . 

cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfg / ef/td} klg ljwflosfsf] 

cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5 jf sf/0fa; ;+;bnfO{ cufl8 

g} lj36g u/L dWofjlw lgjf{rg ug'{ k/]sf] cj:yfdf 

klg 5f]6} cjlwdf cfdlgjf{rg ;DkGg u/L 

ljwflosfsf] u7g ug]{ sfo{df lgjf{rg u/fpg] 

lgsfon] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5 . 

!)= ldlt @)^&.%.!$ df k|sflzt ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ;"rgfdf kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

;f] qmddf dtbfg ug{ of]]Uo s'g} klg gful/ssf] 

gfd g5"6f];\ eGg] g} lgjf{rg cfof]usf] p2]Zo 

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ljwflosfsf] nflu xf];\ jf 

;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu xf];\ jf hgdt ;+u|xsf] nflu 

xf];\ jf :yfgLo lgsfosf nflu xf];\ h'g;'s} 

k|of]hgsf nflu klg !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf of]Uo 

dtbftfn] dtbfg ug{ kfpg' kb{5 . dtbfg ug]{ 

xs df}lns xs xf]Og . of] xs P]gn] l;h{gf u/]sf] 

sfg"gL xs cyf{t\ Statutory Right xf] . lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf] ;"rgfdf !^ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf ;a} 

gful/sx¿sf] gfd ;+sng ug]{ eGg] b]lvG5 . 

;f]cg';f/ !* jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf / b'O{ jif{kl5 !* 

jif{ pd]/ k'Ug] ;a} gful/sx¿sf] clen]v lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] /fVbf l/6 lgj]bsn] cfklQ ug'{kg]{ s'g} 

sf/0f b]lvFb}g . eljiodf x'g] lgjf{rgx¿sf] 

k|of]hgsf nflu gofF dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ug]{ tyf eO/x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlws


j}zfv 

u/L gofF dtbftf ;"rL tof/ ug]{ nufotsf sfd 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug{;S5 . lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ 

l/6 lgj]bsn] lhsL/ u/]h:tf] k'/fgf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnLnfO{ cBfjlws dfq ug"{ egL of] 

cbfntnufot s;}af6 afWo ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g . 

!!= cj bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, dtbftf 


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( 

;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm 

eGg] lgj]bssf] csf]{ dfubfjL /x]sf] 5 . ;f] 

;DaGwdf pQm P]g / ;+ljwfgsf b'j} k|fjwfgx¿ 

pNn]v u/L t'ngfTds ljj]rgf ug'{ cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf @% b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M– 

@%= cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] M b]xfosf 

ljifodf s'g} klg cbfntdf s'g} klg k|Zg 

p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g M— 

-s_ s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

s'g} JolQmsf] gfd btf{ ePsf] jf gePsf] 

jf btf{ ug{ x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] ljifodf, 

-v_ gfd btf{ clwsf/L jf lghn] v6fPsf] 

clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] dtbftf gfdfjnL 

tof/ u/]sf] jf o; kl/R5]badf]lhd 

;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf yk36 u/]sf] ljifodf . 

j[xQ/ hgsk'/ If]q ljsf; kl/ifb\ 

;~rfns kl/ifb\\ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !@( b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M– 

!@(= lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / 

clwsf/M -!_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf 

/xL ;+ljwfg ;ef, wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt 

;ªu|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, 

/]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 

x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL 

tof/ ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 . 

-@_ ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] nflu pDd]b\jf/Lsf] 

dgf]gog btf{ eO;s]sf] t/ lgjf{rg k"/f 

36 

36 

gx'Fb} s'g} pDd]b\jf/ wf/f ^% cg';f/ cof]Uo 

5 jf x'g uPsf] 5 eGg] k|Zg p7]df To;sf] 

lg0f{o lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 . 

-#_ lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfˆgf] sfd, st{Jo / 

clwsf/dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ 

k|d'v lgjf{rg cfo'Qm, lgjf{rg cfo'Qm jf 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] 

zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug{ 

kfpg] u/L ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 . 

-$_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf 

sfo{ljlw sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd 

x'g]5g\ . 

!@= lgj]bssf] dfubfjL pQm P]gsf] bkmf 

@% sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 

5 eGg] /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( sf] $ 

j6f pkwf/fx¿df cnu–cnu ;+j}wflgs 

Joj:Yffx¿ ;dfj]z eO{ pQm wf/f !@( Pp6f 

;fdfGo -General_ wf/fsf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;f] wf/fsf] s'grflxF k|fjwfg;Fu P]gsf] Joj:yf 

aflemPsf] xf] egL lgj]bsn] :ki6 ls6fg -Specify_ 

u/L bfjL lng;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bsn] :ki6 ls6fg 

u/L bfjL glnPsf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt - 

Hypothetical_ cfwf/df o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf] 

c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ljwflosfn] agfPsf] 

sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g . 

lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f #@ tyf !)&-@_ pNn]v u/L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg 

bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . wf/f #@ ;+ljwfgsf] efu 

tLgsf] df}lns xs zLif{scGtu{t ;dfj]z ePsf] 

cfkm}+df Pp6f df}lns xs xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] efu 

tLgdf wf/f !@ b]lv #! ;Dd ;dfj]z ePsf 

df}lns xsx¿ xgg\ ePsf] cj:yfdf tL xsx¿sf] 

k|rngsf nflu wf/f !)& cGtu{t o; cbfntdf 

lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs wf/f #@ n] k|bfg ub{5 . o; 

cy{df wf/f #@ sf] xs pkrf/fTds xs xf] . 

o;n] dfu u/]sf] pkrf/ k|fKt x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] 

Guarantee ub}{g, s]jn o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]qcGtu{t df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu


;d]t 

lgj]bg ug{ kfpg] xs -Right to Move the 

Supreme Court_ nfO{ dfq k|Tofe"t ub{5 . To:t} 

wf/f !)&-!_ sf] k|fjwfg ljwflosL sfg"gsf] Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ / wf/f !)&-@_ sf] k|fjwfg xgg\ 

ePsf df}lns xsx¿sf] k|rng u/fpg] / ;fj{hlgs 

xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] 

;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ o; 

cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ 

x'g\ . o; cy{df wf/f !)& ;du|df xs / pkrf/ 

b'j} xf] . lgj]bsn] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, 

@)^# sf] bkmf @% g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 egL dfubfjL 

u/]sf] ljifoa:t' ljwflosL sfg"gsf] Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

!)&-!_ cGtu{t lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg'kg]{df lgj]bsn] 

wf/f !)&-@_ pNn]v u/L lgj]bg lnO{ cfPsf];d]t 

ldn]sf] b]lvPg . 

!#= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% df lgjf{rg cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg cbfntdf 

s'g} klg k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] 5}g egL plNnlvt 

Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f 

!)& åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/sf] Joj:Yff;Fu aflemPsf] 5 ls eGg] 

;DaGwdf x]bf{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

! n] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cËLsf/ 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . wf/f ! sf] pQm Joj:yf wf/f !)& 

sf] Joj:yf;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt -Dependent_ 

/x]sf] 5 . wf/f !)& sf] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf wf/f 

! tyf wf/f #@ sf] Joj:Yff ;fsf/ -Materialize_ 

x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 

;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df 

sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu wf/f !)& åf/f o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] Pivotal 

Role /x]sf] 5 . o; cbfntsf] pQm c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/nfO{ ljwflosfn] agfPsf] s'g} klg sfg"gn] 

lgoGq0f jf ;Lldt ug{ ;Sb}g . wf/f !)&-@_ sf] 

k|ltaGwfTds jfSofFzdf clwsf/If]qsf] cefj 

ePsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] rnfPsf] 

37 

37 

ljz]ifflwsf/sf] sf/jfxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] 

;hfodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{5}g eGg] 

Joj:yf u/L ;f]afx]s cGo ;j} lgsfoaf6 ePsf 

;a} sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] ;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f o; 

cbfntaf6 x'g ;Sg] u/L v'Nnf /flvPsf] x'Fbf 

dtbftf gfdfjnLsf ljifodf lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ s'g} cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg 

p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g egL dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:Yffn] 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|bQ 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ pk]Iff -Ignore_ ug]{, 

cgfb/ -Dishonour_ ug]{, lg:t]h t'Nofpg] jf s'g} 

klg ?kaf6 ;Lldt jf lgolGqt ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . 

!$= dtbfg ug]{ xs df}lns xs xf]Og . 

dtbfg ug]{ xs sfg"gL xs cyf{t\ Statutory 

Right ;Dd xf] . To;}n] dtbfgsf] clwsf/nfO{ 

xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 

5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgk|bQ 

df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu dfq geO{ pkrf/sf] 

csf]{ j}slNks Joj:yf gePsf] tyf csf]{ pkrf/sf] 

Joj:Yff eP klg To:tf] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf 

k|efjxLg /x]sf] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu 

;d]t xf] eGg] s'/f pQm wf/fdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v 

ePsf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg x]bf{, lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

tof/ ug]{ dtbftf gfdfjnL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ 

;fdfGo cbfntåf/f Goflos lg/f]k0f -Judicial 

Scrutiny_ x'g g;Sg] u/L ;fdfGo cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /fVg] ljwflosL dg;fo /x]sf] 

:ki6 b]lvG5 . dtbfgsf] xs sfg"gL xs ePsf] / 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z geOsg 

gful/sx¿n] ;f] xssf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] kl/k|]Iodf 

u}/sfg"gL ta/af6 s'g} dtbftfsf] gfd dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z gu/L lghnfO{ dtbfgsf] 

xsaf6 al~rt ul/Psf] v08df pQm P]gsf] bkmf 

@% n] kLl8t gful/snfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] 

dfu{ k|z:t gu/]sf] eP tfklg lghn] pkrf/ljxLg 

cj:yfdf /xg'kg]{ b]lvFb}g . sfg"gn] j}slNks


j}zfv 

pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gu/]sf] pQm sfg"gL xssf] 

k|rngsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd 

o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/cGtu{t 

pkrf/k|fKt ug]{ lghsf] xs ;'/lIft g} /xg] ePsf] 

x'Fbf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf 

@% sf] k|fjwfgn] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt 

clwsf/ -Excessive Power_ k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] 

k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 

eGg];d]t b]lvg cfPg . 

!%= cj t];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bg 

n]vaf6 lgj]bs JolQmut xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ 

ePsf] egL pkrf/ dfu ug{ cfPsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g . 

k|:t't ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z 

ePsf] egL l/6 lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ pNn]v u/L k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ 

sf] xs pkrf/fTds xs xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf dfly 

ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] 5 . wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t 

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] 

;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] lg/f]k0f ug]{ u/L o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ ljz]if clwsf/ xf] . pQm 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/cGtu{t o; cbfntdf l/6 

lgj]bg lnO{ cfpg] JolQmn] g]kfndf /x]sf] s'g} ju{ 

jf ;d'bfosf] ;fd"lxs xs lxt jf ;/f]sf/sf] 

ljifonfO{ pNn]v u/L cfpg' kg]{ / ;f] xslxtsf] 

pkef]u ug{af6 al~rt ePsf pQm ju{ jf 

;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿ u/LaL, clzIff, c1fgtf jf 

cGo o:t} sf/0fn] pkrf/ dfu ug{ o; cbfntdf 

cfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f klg 

k'li6 ug'{kb{5 . cGoyf To:tf] ljjfbnfO{ ;fj{hlgs 

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb dfgL o; cbfntn] ;'g'jfO ub}{g . 

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] ljkIfL lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.%.!$ sf] ;"rgfaf6 g]kfndf 

a;f]af; ug]{ s'g rflxF ju{ jf ;d'bfosf 

dflg;x¿sf] s] s:tf] xs jf clwsf/df cf3ft 

k/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/f / pQm ju{ jf ;d'bfosf 

JolQmx¿ s] s:tf] sf/0faf6 pkrf/ dfu ug{ o; 

cbfntdf cfpg g;Sg] cj:yfdf 5g\ eGg] s'/f 

pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . ctM o:tf] lgj]bgaf6 

38 38 

38 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] pQm ;"rgfdf ;fj{hlgs 

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ;dfj]z ePsf] dfgL o; cbfntn] 

;'g'jfO{ ug{ ldNg] ;d]t b]lvPg . 

!^= ctM dflysf k|s/0fx¿df ul/Psf] 

ljZn]if0faf6 kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ 

ug]{ / ;f] qmddf /fli6«o kl/rokqsf nflu cfjZos 

ljj/0f;d]t lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ;+sng ug]{ u/L ;f] 

cfof]uaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o tyf ;f];DaGwL cfof]usf] 

;"rgf sfg"gljk/Lt /x]sf] b]lvg gcfPsf] / dtbftf 


g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@( tyf 

!)&-@_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg];d]t b]lvg gcfPsf]n] 

lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 

ePg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . 

!&= dtbfgsf] xs nf]stflGqs zf;g 

Joj:yfdf Ps ;f/e"t xs xf] . gful/ssf] pQm 

xsnfO{ ljlw;Ddt tl/sfaf6 ;'lglZrt ug{sf 

nflu lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ 

ug]{ ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf 

/fli6«o dxTjsf] pQm ljifoj:t'df rf;f] b]vfO{ 

lgj]bsn] l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf 

kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ qmddf 

dtbfg ug{ lgwf{l/t of]Uotf ePsf s'g} klg gful/s 

dtbfg ug{af6 jl~rt gx'g] u/L / dtbfg ug{ 

cof]Uo JolQm tyf cGo s'g} JolQmn] gSsnL dtbftf 

agL dtbfg ug{ g;Sg] cfjZos k|aGw ldnfO{ 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug"{ u/fpg" egL ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L 

ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk;lxtsf] hgfp 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 

lbO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" . 

pQm /fodf xfdLx¿ ;xdt 5f}+ . 

Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf 

Gof=j}Bgfy pkfWofo 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn k'; * ut] /f]h % z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{

*%#^– *%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– *%#^– ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#^ 

*%#^ 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L= 


dfggLo GofofwLz k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ 

l/6 g+= @)^&–WS–))!& 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).@$.@ 

ljifoM pTk|]if0f;d]t . 

lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #@ 

j:g] clwjQmf ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n ;d]t 

lj?4 


;d]t 

dtbfg ug]{ / ;+ljwfg;ef jf ljwflosf 

cyf{t\ ;+;b / :yfgLo lgsfodf pDd]b\jf/ 

aGg] clwsf/ gful/snfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5 . 

nfdf] ;dob]lv j;f]jf; ub}{cfPsf] eP 

klg g]kfnL gful/s eGg] kl/ro u/fpg] 

k|df0f g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq xf] . 

;+ljwfg;ef jf ;+;b jf :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿df pDd]b\jf/ aGg] jf dtbfg 

ug]{ b'j} clwsf/ Political Right xf] . 

Political Right s]jn gful/snfO{ dfq 

k|fKt x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=#_ 

gful/s egL lrgfpg] gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqsf] cefjdf ;DalGwt JolQm vf; 

b]zdf nfdf] ;dob]lv a;f]af; ul/cfPsf] 

xf] eGg] lrgfpg] cGo h'g;'s} kl/rokqsf] 

cfwf/df dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt x'Fb}g . 

To;/L a;f]af; u/]sf] eGg] k|df0f jf 

gful/stf k|fKt ug{;Sg] eGg] of]Uotfn]] 

39 

39 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ Substitute 

jf Replace ug{ ;St}g . gful/s / 

/fhgLlts clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ 

gful/sn] dfq k|fKt ub{5 . To:tf] clwsf/ 

k|of]u ug{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt 

u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ 

g]kfnL gful/s x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf] ;j}n] 

g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng} k5{ 

egL afWo ug{ g;Snf t/ s;}n] g]kfnsf] 

gful/ssf] x}l;otn] of] b]zdf cfkm\gf] 

Voting Right dfkm{t\ Political Right 

Exercise ug]{ xf] eg] cfkm"nfO{ kl/ro 

u/fpg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng'kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=@)_ 


pkbkmf -!_ df ægful/stfsf] k|df0fkqÆ 

eGg] zAbfjnL :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqnfO{ g} Substitute ug]{ u/L cGo 

sfuhft ljwflosfn] yKg ;St}g . dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ sfod} /fvL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq s]xL u/L c:ki6 

jf låljwfhgs b]lvPdf gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqsf] Corroboration / Verify 

sf] nflu dfq hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ nufot 

pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df pNn]v ePsf cGo 

sfuhkqx¿ gfd btf{ clwsf/Ln] dfu 

ug{ ;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=@#_ 

;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs 

;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df 

sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu wf/f !)& åf/f 

o; cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/sf] Pivotal Role /x]sf] 5 . 

o; cbfntsf] pQm c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{


j}zfv 

ljwflosfn] agfPsf] s'g} klg sfg"gn] 

lgoGq0f jf ;Lldt ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=@%_ 

dtbftf gfdfjnLsf ljifodf lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ s'g} 

cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g 

egL dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:Yffn] 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ 

k|bQ c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ pk]Iff 

-Ignore_ ug]{, cgfb/ -Dishonor_ ug]{, 

lg:t]h t'Nofpg] jf s'g} klg ?kaf6 ;Lldt 

jf lgolGqt ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=@^_ 

lgj]bssf tkm{af6M pkl:yt ljåfg\ jl/i7 

clwjQmfx¿ >L l;Gw'gfy Kofs'/]n, >L 

ljZjsfGt d}gfnL / >L zDe' yfkf tyf 

ljåfg\ clwjQmfx¿ >L z]/axfb['/ s]=;L=, 

>L af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{, 8f=>L eLdfh'{g 

cfrfo{, >L 6Lsf/fd e§/fO{, >L rGb|sfGt 

1jfnL, >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]t, >L 

/ljgf/fo0f vgfn, >L Clif/fd l3ld/], 

>L t'n;L e§, >L tf/fk|;fb nfld5fg], 

>L kbd /f]Ssf, >L lbg]z/fh ;Tofn / 

>L ;'efif cfrfo{ 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg\ ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh 

;'j]bL / ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf tkm{af6 

pkl:yt ljåfg\ pkGofoflwjQmf >L 

e/tdl0f vgfn 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, 

wf/f !,@,*,(,!),!!,$^,^#,^% / !@( 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf 

%-!_-s_ 

cfb]z 

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=Mg]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@, !)&-!_ tyf !)&-@_ 

adf]lhd bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M– 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng sfo{qmd @)^& z'? u/]sf] 5 . 

;f] sfo{qmddfkm{t\ cfof]un] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

k|fKt u/]sf g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] gfd dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L d'n'ssf ;du| 

gu/kflnsf tyf uf=lj=;=af6 sfd z'? u/]sf] lyof] . 

t/ ;f]adf]lhd sfd ;DkGg ug{ ljleGg :yfgdf 

afwf Jojwfg k'u]sf] egL gful/stf k|df0fkq 

gePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df cfof]un] 

gful/stf gePsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t hUufwgL 

btf{ k|df0fk"hf{, z}lIfs k|df0fkq, :yfgLo lgsfosf] 

l;kmfl/z cflbsf] cfwf/df dtbftf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z 

ug]{ u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] 

bkmf !!-!_, -@_, -#_ df /x]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

zJbfjnLafx]s cGo Joj:yfx¿ / P] P]gsf] bkmf 

@%-s_, -v_ sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg 

@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f !, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, 

^%, !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] / lgjf{rg cfof]un] ldlt 

@)^&.&.!^ df u/]sf] plNnlvt lg0f{o dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ / 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf / 

wf/f !,@,*,(,!),$^,^#,^%,!@( sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] 

x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ 3f]lift u/L 

k/dfb]znufot hf] rflxg] pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L 

ul/kfpFm egL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] 

wf/f #@, !)& -!_ / -@_ adf]lhd of] lgj]bg lnO{ 

cfPsf 5f}+ . 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

k|:tfjgfdf jflnu dtflwsf/ tyf cfjlws lgjf{rg, 

wf/f @ df g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf 

g]kfnL hgtfdf /xg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . wf/f * df 

;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avtsf] gful/stf, wf/f ( 

40 

40

*%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

df cËLs[t jf ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf, wf/f !) df 

gful/stfsf] k|flKt / ;dflKtsf ljifodf pNn]v 

ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f $^ df Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] 

;b:o x'gsf] nflu g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] 

x'g'kg]{ / ;f]cg';f/ k|wfgdGqL x'gsf] nflu ;d]t 

g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ s'/f :ki6 

5 . wf/f ^# df ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g;DaGwL s'/f, 

wf/f ^% df ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf nflu 

g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt ug'{kg]{ ljifo / wf/f !@( 

df ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg pNn]v 

ul/Psf 5g\ . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿af6 

g]kfnL gful/stf ePsf] JolQmnfO{ dfq dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6 5 . t;y{ dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-!_, -@_, 

-#_ df /x]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq zAbfjnLafx]s 

cGo Joj:Yffx¿ / pQm P]gsf] bkmf @%-s_ -v_ sf] 

Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

k|:tfjgf, wf/f !,@,*,(,!),$^,^#,^% / !@( ;Fu 

aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ tyf !)&-!_ 

adf]lhd P]gsf pQm Joj:yfx¿ k|f/Deb]lv g} 

cdfGo 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg ub{5f}+ . 


bkmf !!-!_ df dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ubf{ 

cfjZos k/]df gfd btf{ clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt 

JolQm jf lghsf] kl/jf/;Fu lghsf] hGd pd]/ jf 

af;:yfg v'n]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq, hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, 

;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f 

hf/L s'g} kl/rokq dfu ug{;Sg]5 eGg] Joj:yf 

/x]sf] 5 . To:t} bkmf !!-@_ df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd 

dfu ul/Psf] k|df0f k]z ug{ g;s]df gfd btf{ 

clwsf/Ln] To:tf] JolQm;Fu ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=jf 

gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fsf] l;kmfl/z dfu 

ug{;Sg]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . bkmf !!-#_ df 

pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z klg k]z ug{ 

g;Sg] JolQmsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf btf{ ug{ 

g;Sg] Joj:yf ub}{ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k]z ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] 

41 

41 

dfq dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ afwf 

k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . 

pQm P]gsf] bkmf @% -s_ df s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf s'g} JolQmsf] gfd btf{ ePsf] 

jf gePsf] jf btf{ ug{ x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] ljifodf 

/ bkmf @% -v_ df gfd btf{ clwsf/L jf lghn] 

v6fPsf] clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] dtbftf gfdfjnL 

tof/ u/]sf] jf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] dtbftf 

gfdjfnLdf yk36 u/]sf] ljifodf s'g} klg 

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf 

/x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cf8df ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ljgf 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo 

lgsfo ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f 

;+:yfåf/f hf/L kl/rokqsf cfwf/df dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df 

lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !,@,*,(,!),$^,^#,^%,!@( 

tyf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf 

%-!_ -s_ ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f 

ab/ ul/kfpg of] lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ . 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] 

JolQm lgjf{rgdf pDd]b\jf/;d]t aGg ;Sg] x'Fbf 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq glnPsf u}/g]kfnL 

gful/snfO{ hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ cflbsf] cfwf/df 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug'{ c;+j}wflgs 

x'G5 . ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]un] s'g} JolQm g]kfnL 

gful/s xf] eGg] s'/fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ug]{ geO{ g]kfnL 

gful/stf k|fKt JolQmnfO{ dfq dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

;dfj]z u/L jflnu dtflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf 

ug]{ u/fpg] xf] . klxn] g]kfnL gful/s xf] eGg] k'li6 

eO;s]sf] JolQm dfq ;+ljwfgtM kl5af6 dtbftf 

x'g kfpF5 . s'g} JolQmnfO{ klxnf dtbftf agfP/ 

kl5af6 p g]kfnsf] gful/s xf] xf]Og egL 

l5gf]kmfgf] ug{ ldNb}g . 

g]kfnsf] pQ/L efudf /x]sf ltAatLog 

z/0ffyL{x¿ / k"jL{ efudf /x]sf e"6fgL 

z/0ffyL{x¿sf] /xg;xg, wd{, ;+:s[lt tyf cg'xf/ 

g]kfnLx¿;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] /x]sf] / k/:k/df


j}zfv 

ljjfx;d]t ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{G5 . z/0ffyL{x¿;Fusf] 

j}jflxs ;DaGwaf6 hlGdPsf ;Gtfg k|rlnt 

sfg"gadf]lhd ljb]zL x'g] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g . t/ 

z/0ffyL{x¿ / pgLx¿sf ;Gtfg ljb]zL x'Fbfx'Fb} 

klg g]kfnsf ljBfnox¿df cWoog ug{ kfpg] 

x'Fbf pgLx¿;Fu g]kfnsf ljBfnox¿af6 hf/L 

ul/Psf] z}lIfs k|df0fkq x'G5 . sltko 

z/0ffyL{x¿;Fu hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{;d]t /x]sf] 

kfOG5 . To:t} ef/t;Fu /x]sf] v'nf ;Ldfgfsf 

sf/0f hf] sf]xLn] v'nf ;Ldfgfsf] kmfObf p7fpg 

;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]t dWogh/ /fvL gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqsf] cfwf/df dfq} dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

gfd ;"lrs[t ug'{ afWofTds x'G5 . ctM ljgf 

gful/stf k|df0fkq hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ / z}lIfs 

k|df0fkqsf cfwf/df dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ 

xf] eg] /fli6«otfdfly uDeL/ ;Fs6 pTkGg x'g;S5 . 


bkmf @% df lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] ljleGg 

sfdsf] ;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] egL aGb]h 

nufOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f !@( df lgjf{rg cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo 

/ clwsf/sf] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm 

wf/fn] cfof]usf] sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg 

p7fpg aGb]h nufPsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgn] g} 

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g/f]s]sf] s'/fnfO{ P]gn] 

/f]Sg ldNb}g . cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] 

ljifodf ;+ljwfgdf g} k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( df lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] 

sfdsf/jfxLsf] ljifodf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg 

gkfOg] egL Joj:Yff gePsf] cj:yfdf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% df 

lgjf{rg cfof]un] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ 

qmddf u/]sf sfdsf/jfxLsf] ;DaGwdf cbfntdf 

k|Zg p7fpg gkfOg] u/L nufPsf] aGb]h cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( ;Fu :ki6tM aflemPsf] 5 . 

ctM dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf !!-!_, -@_ -#_ df /x]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

zAbfjnL afx]s cGo Joj:Yffx¿ / P]=P]gsf] bkmf 

@%-s_ -v_ df plNnlvt Joj:Yffx¿ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

42 

42 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, @, *, (, !), 

$^, ^#, ^%, !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf k|f/Deb]lv g} 

cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . ljkIfL lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ 

jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj 

ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] 

kl/rokqsf cfwf/df lagf gful/stf k|df0fkq 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f 

!, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, ^% / !@( tyf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ ljk/Lt 

ePsf]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd 

pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm . ;fy} g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *-!_ adf]lhd g]kfnsf] 

gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / g]kfnsf] gful/stf k|fKt 

ug{ of]Uo egL cflwsfl/s lgsfo ;DalGwt lhNnf 

k|zf;g sfof{noaf6 k|df0fkq lbPsf g]kfnL 

gful/snfO{ dfq dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ug'{ 

egL ljkIfLsf gfddf k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm . 

ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ ut]sf] 

lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ePdf g]kfnL gful/stf k|fKt 

JolQm / gful/stf k|fKt gu/]sf] JolQmsf aLrdf 

s'g} km/s geO{ /fli6«otfdfly g} uDeL/ c;/ k'Ug], 

nfvf}F nfv u}/g]kfnL dtbftf agL d'n'ssf] cl:tTjdf 

g} uDeL/ ;Fs6 pTkGg eO{ ck"/0fLo Iflt x'g] / 

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] k|of]hg g} ;dfKt x'g] x'Fbf l/6 

lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'Fuf] gnfu];Dd ljkIfL lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] pQm lg0f{o sfof{Gjog 

gug'{ gu/fpg' egL cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L 

ul/kfpFm . dtbftf gfdfjnL;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o 

dxTjsf] ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOnfO{ cu|flwsf/ k|bfg ul/kfpFm 

eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bgkq . 

ljkIfLx¿af6 lnlvthjfkm dufpg" . 

cGtl/d cfb]zsf] dfutkm{ x]bf{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @, ^#-&_ tyf ^%-s_ 

;d]tsf Joj:yfn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dfq 

lgjf{rgdf ;xeflutf ;d]tsf xs k|bfg u/]sf] 

kfOof] . vf; u/L wf/f ^#-&_ df :ki6 zAbdf


;d]t 

";+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|To]s 

g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd 

dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 " egL g]kfnL gful/snfO{ 

dfq dtflwsf/ lbPsf] kfOof] . 

g]kfnL gful/stf k|flKt cgj/t\ rNg] 

sfg"gL k|lqmof ePsf] / dtbftf gfdfjnL klg 

lg/Gt/ ;+sng x'g] k|lqmof ePsf]af6 g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|flKtkZrft\ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd 

;dfj]z ug{ s'g} sfg"gL aGb]h g/x]sf] kfOof] . 

g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;dfj]z u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug{ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf %-s_ ;d]tn] s'g} cfklQ /x]sf] 

gb]lvO{ o; sfo{df lg/Gt/tf lbg ;lsg] g} sfg"gL 

Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvof] . 


bkmf !!-!_ sf] æhUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L 

sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] 

;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} 

kl/rokqsf cfwf/dfÆ ;d]t dtbftfsf ?kdf 

gfd btf{ ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf 

tyf wf/f !, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, ^% / !@( ;Fu 

aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ ;+ljwfg;+ut 5, 

5}g o; ljjfbsf] clGtd lsgf/f nfUbf ljrf/ 

ul/g] k|Zg xf] . cbfntdf k|j]z kfO;s]sf] o; 

sfg"gL k|Zgsf] oyf]lrt lg/f]k0f x'g' g} kg]{ cj:Yff 

pTkGg ePsf] 5 . 

tTsfn lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ 

sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ g]kfnL gful/stf afx]ssf cfwf/df 

klg dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ sfo{ hf/L /fVg] 

jf g/fVg] eGg] ;Gbe{df ck"/0fLo Iflt tyf ;'ljwf 

/ ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtsf] s;Ldf x]l/g'kg]{ ePsf] 

5 . gful/stf afx]s cGo ljsNksf] cfwf/df 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug'{ sfg"g;+ut x'g] jf 

gx'g] s'/f o; cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg x'g k'u]sf] 

cj:Yffdf ;f] o; cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLg sfg"gL 

k|fjwfgnfO{ sfo{fGjog ub}{ hfg' plNnlvt ;'ljwf 

/ ;Gt'ng tyf ck"/0fLo Ifltsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df 

plrt b]lvPg . 

43 

43 

t;y{ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq afx]s 


lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f 

;+:yfåf/f ul/Psf] kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df klg 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ lgjf{rg cfof]usf] 

ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] lg0f{o of] ljjfbsf] clGtd 

6'+uf] gnfu];Dd sfof{Gjog gug'{ gu/fpg' egL 

ljkIfLx¿sf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 

5 . ;fy} dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng;DaGwL of] 

ljifoj:t'df /fli6«o ;+j]bgzLntfsf] k|Zg;d]t 

cGt/lglxt ePaf6 cu|flwsf/ lbO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.*.( sf] cfb]z . 

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf g]kfnL gful/ssf] 

dtflwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] 

ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] / xfdL gful/sx¿sf];d]t 

;/f]sf/ lglxt ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

@)$( sf] lgod $@-@_ adf]lhd l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

;'g'jfOdf ;dfj]z x'g kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf 

g'/ df]xDdb / clwjQmf j[h]Gb|s'df/ rf}w/Lsf] 

;+o'Qm lgj]bgkq . 

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf g]kfnL gful/ssf] 

dtflwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] 

ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] / xfdL gful/sx¿sf];d]t 

;/f]sf/ lglxt ePsf]n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

@)$( sf] lgod $@-@_ adf]lhd l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

;'g'jfOdf ;dfj]z x'g kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dw]zL 

no;{ Pzf]l;Pzgsf tkm{af6 clwjQmfx¿ 

ldlyn]zs'df/ l;Fx, /Tg]Zj/k|;fb zdf{, ;Ltf/fd 

cu|jfn, gf/fo0f emf, /d0fs'df/ s0f{ / jL/]Gb| 

7fs'/sf] ;Fo'Qm lgj]bgkq . 

g]kfnL ;dfhdf AofKt n}lËs lje]bsf 

sf/0f clwsf+z dlxnfx¿ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

k|fKt ug{af6 jl~rt 5g\ . To;df klg Psn 

dlxnfx¿nfO{ gful/stf pknJw u/fpg]tkm{ 3/ 

kl/jf/sf ;b:on] kxn ug]{ ;Defjgf cToGt Go"g 

/x]sf] tYo xfd|f] ;fdflhs kl/j]zaf6 :ki6 5 . 

olb l/6 lgj]bssf] dfucg';f/ dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g / lgjf{rg cfof]usf] lg0f{o


j}zfv 

ab/ ug{] / /fHon] To:tf pk]lIft Psn 

dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;/n tl/sfn] gful/stf k|df0fkq 

pknJw u/fpg kxn gug]{ xf] eg] tL g]kfnL 

gful/sx¿ dtbfgh:tf] /fhgLlts clwsf/af6 

al~rt x'G5g\ . ctM ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf] k|:t't 

l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfOdf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, 

@)$( sf] lgod $@ -@_ adf]lhd lgj]bsx¿nfO{ 

;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ?kdf ;fd]n u/fO{ g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg of]Uotf k'u]sf ;j} 

dlxnfx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f !! adf]lhd gful/stf 6f]nL v6fO{ 

3/b}nf]d} ;/n, ;xh / lgMz'Ns?kdf gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq pknJw u/fpg' / To;/L gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq ljt/0f gu/];Dd dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng tyf k|sfzg gug'{ gu/fpg' egL ljkIfLsf 

gfpFdf k/dfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

dfgj clwsf/sf nflu dlxnf, Psn dlxnf ;d"xsf 

tkm{af6 clwjQmf sljtf kf08], hglxt ;+/If0f 

d~rsf tkm{af6 clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ / dlxnf, 

sfg"g / ljsf; d~rsftkm{af6 clwjQmf dL/f 

9'+ufgfsf] ;Fo'Qm lgj]bgkq . 

P]g lgdf{0f ePsf] % jif{ kl5 / ;f] 

P]gadf]lhd lgjf{rg;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg ljnDjsf] 

l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;d]t vf/]hefuL /x]sf] 5 . 

ck"/0fLo Iflt jf xflgsf] cj:Yff;d]t ljBdfg 

gePsf]n] PskIfLo ;'g'jfOsf] cfwf/df Psn 

Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.*.( df hf/L ePsf] cGtl/d 

cfb]z vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] dw]zL no;{ 

Pzf]l;ogzgsf tkm{af6 clwjQmf ldlyn]zs'df/ 

l;Fx;d]tsf] lgj]bgkq . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ ljifo 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] If]qflwsf/leq kg]{ / ;f] sfo{df 

o; dGqfnosf] s'g} ;+nUgtf gx'g] x'Fbf c;DalGwt 

lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]hefuL 5 . ;fy} s] slt sf/0faf6 dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] 

Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] s'/f ljkIfLn] 

:ki6 ?kdf pNn]v gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t l/6 

44 44 

44 

lgj]bg o'lQm;+ut 5}g eGg] Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL sfg"g 

tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] lnlvthjfkm . 

cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.$.@$ sf] lg0f{oaf6 

gful/stfsf] cfwf/df kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;Íng sfo{ ;~rfng eO/x]sf]df 

gful/stfnfO{ dfq} cfwf/ dfgL gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ubf{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ul/g;s]sf 

JolQmx¿ dtbftfsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt x'g;Sg] 

egL ljleGg /fhgLlts bn Pj+ :yfgLo:t/sf 

JolQmx¿n] cfof]uaf6 ;~rfng eO/x]sf] pQm 

sfo{df cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] sf/0f s]xL 

gu/kflnsfx¿df sfo{qmd g} :ylut ug'{k/]sf] / 

o;} ljifodf ;DdfgLt cbfntdf gful/stf gePsf 

JolQmsf xsdf klg dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, 

@)^# sf] bkmf !! df Jojl:yt k|fjwfgcg'¿k 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ul/kfpFm egL l/6 

lgj]bg;d]t k/]sf] cj:yf;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L 

coff]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] j}7saf6 gful/stf 

k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf t/ dtbftf x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf 

JolQmsf] hGd:yfg, :yfoL 7]ufgf, hGd ldlt, pd]/ 

/ afj' jf cfdf;d]tsf] gfd k'li6 x'g] u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-!_ cg';f/ 



;+:yfaf6 hf/L ePsf] kl/rokq k]z u/]df To:tf] 

JolQmsf] ljj/0f ;+sng u/L kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ / To:tf] k|df0f k]z 

ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!-@_ cg';f/ ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= 

jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fn] hGd:yfg, :yfoL 

7]ufgf, hGd ldlt, pd]/ / afj' jf cfdf;d]tsf] 

gfd k'li6 x'g] u/L dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ljj/0f 

;dfj]z ul/lbg lgwf{l/t 9fFrfdf l;kmfl/z u/]df 

ljj/0f ;+sng u/L kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ePsf] 

xf] . ;f] lg0f{o ubf{ klg l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v ug'{ 

ePh:tf] u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dtbftf ;"rLdf 

gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ geO{ ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf 

tyf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# df ePsf]


;d]t 

Joj:yfcg';f/ of]Uo / jf:tljs g]kfnL guf/sx¿ 

sf]xL klg dtbfgsf] cj;/af6 jl~rt gxf]pmg\ 

eGg] dg;fo /flvPsf] xf] . lgjf{rgnfO{ cem :jR5, 

kljq Pj+ ljZj;gLo agfpg cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] 

pkof]u u/L kmf]6f] / cf}+7f5fk;lxtsf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+Íng sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] / 

pQm sfo{ ubf{ k|ydtM gful/stf k|df0fkqnfO{ g} 

cfwf/ dfgL ;Íng ul/Psf] eP klg dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! nufotsf] 

ljBdfg sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut ub}{ 

cfof]un] gful/stf k|df0fkqsf ;fy} cGo 

cfwf/x¿nfO{ klg :jLsf/ u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;Íng ug]{ u/L cfof]usf] cl3Nnf] lg0f{odf s]xL 

la:tf/ u/L kmf]6f];lxtsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL ;Íng 

ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . ;f] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt g} 

ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] lnlvthjfkm . 

s'g} cd's P]gsf] s'g} Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] 

s'g} k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f] Joj:yf ab/ 

3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd bfjL lnFbf P]gsf] 

of] k|fjwfg of] o; sf/0f o;/L ;+ljwfgsf] o; 

wf/fdf /x]sf] k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 egL 

:ki6?kdf bfjL lnO{ ;f] s'/fdf cbfnt ;Gt'i6 x'g] 

u/L k|df0f;d]t k]z ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . sfg"g 

;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 egL bfjL lng] kIfpk/ g} 

;f] bfjL k|dfl0ft ug]{ ef/ lgxLt /xG5 . k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, 

@)^# sf] bkmf !!-!_, -@_, -#_ Pj+ bkmf @% -s_ / 

-v_ sf] Joj:Yff ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL pNn]v 

ug'{sf] cnfjf ;f] s'/f k'li6 x'g;Sg] tYoo'Qm ;a"b 

k|df0f;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf dfuadf]lhdsf] 

cfb]z hf/L x'g;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g . ljkIfL 

lgj]bsn] eg]h:tf] g]kfnsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

k|fKt JolQmnfO{ dfq dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z 

u/L gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng gkfPsf t/ 

;+ljwfgsf] efu @ Pj+ g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^# 

adf]lhd g]kfnsf] gful/s dflgg] JolQmnfO{ dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z gug]{ xf] eg] ;f] sfo{ ;+ljwfgsf] 

45 

45 

wf/f !# df Jojl:yt ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt 

x'ghfG5 . ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{nosf] lnlvthjfkm . 


bkmf !!-!_, -@_, -#_ sf] Joj:yfn] u}/g]kfnL 

gful/snfO{ dtbftf agfpg] xf]Og, ;f]xL P]gsf] 

bkmf % n] s:tf JolQm dtbftf aGg ;S5g\ eGg] 

:ki6 u/]sf] 5 . ctM u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ dtbftf 

agfpg vf]h]sf] eGg] bfjL ts{;+ut 5}g . l/6 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ljkIfL u[x dGqfnosf] 

lnlvthjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

cGtl/d cfb]z vf/]h x'g] gx'g] eGg] ;DaGwdf 

5nkmnsf nflu k]z x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf 

;j} ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt hjfkm kl/;s]sf] b]lvFbf 

k"0f{ ;'g'jfO ug{ ldNg] b]lvof] . 

lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ jl/i7 

clwjQmfx¿ >L l;Gw'gfy Kofs'/]n, >L ljZjsfGt 

d}gfnL / >L zDe' yfkf tyf ljåfg\ clwjQmfx¿ 

>L z]/axfb['/ s]=;L=, >L af]0f{axfb'/ sfsL{, 8f=>L 

eLdfh'{g cfrfo{, >L 6Lsf/fd e§/fO{, >L rGb|sfGt 

1jfnL, >L dfwjs'df/ a:g]t, >L /ljgf/fo0f 

vgfn, >L Clif/fd l3ld/], >L t'n;L e§, >L 

tf/fk|;fb nfld5fg], >L kbd /f]Ssf, >L lbg]z/fh 

;Tofn / >L ;'efif cfrfo{n]] ug'{ePsf] ax;sf] 

;+lIfKt Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 


* n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt JolQm / 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg of]Uo JolQm b'j}nfO{ 

g]kfnsf] gful/s dfg]sf] eP tfklg cj pk|fGt 

s;}n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng} kb}{g eGg] pQm 

wf/fsf] dg;fo xf]Og . o:tf] ;Fs'lrt cy{ ul/g' 

x'Fb}g . gful/s xf] eGg] s'/fsf] k|df0f gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq g} xf] . To;}n] /fhgLlts tyf gful/s 

clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ rfxg] gful/sn] 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng} kb{5 . s'g} JolQm ;Rrf 

gful/s xf] / cfkm\gf] gful/s Pj+ /fhgLlts


j}zfv 

clwsf/k|lt pm ;r]t 5 eg] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

lngdf pbf;Lg /xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo x'Fb}g . 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg] pd]/ !^ jif{ / dtbfg 

ug{ kfpg] pd]/ !* jif{ lgwf{/0f eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{af6 

g} gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|flKtkZrft\ dfq} dtbfg 

ug]{ tyf pDd]b\jf/ aGg] nufotsf /fhgLlts 

clwsf/x¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;lsg] p2]Zo cGt/lglxt 

/x]sf] dfGg' kb{5 . gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|flKtdf 

cToGt sl7gfO{ ePsf] eP jf e]befj JofKt /x]sf] 

eP ;d:ofsf] sf/0f x'g ;SbYof] t/ g]kfndf 

To:tf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g . /fHon] 3/b}nf]d} uP/ 

eP klg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ljt/0f ul/cfPsf] 

5 . 

;DalGwt /fi6«;Fu gful/stfsf] ;DaGw 

geO{ s'g} JolQmsf] /fhgLlts tyf gful/s 

clwsf/sf] hGd g} x'Fb}g . To;}n] gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqsf] ljsNk ljBfnoaf6 hf/L ul/Psf] 

kl/rokqh:tf sfuhftx¿ x'g ;Sb}gg\ . hUufwgL 

btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ h:tf sfuhftx¿af6} gful/stfsf] 

k'li6 x'g] eP gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ 5'§} 

sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] s'g} cf}lrTo g} x'Fb}g . 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] ljsNk gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq g} xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f * sf] Joj:yfn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

glnPsf JolQmnfO{ klg dtbfg ug{ / pDd]b\jf/ 

aGg 5"6 lbPsf] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f ^% / dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf % df b'j} k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfnsf] gful/s 

x'g'kg]{ k"j{zt{ lgwf{/0f eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

g} grflxg] u/L ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs 

5 . 

gful/s xf] xf]Og eGg] s'/fsf] osLg u/]/ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gn] 

lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] 

afx]s g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] s'/f k'li6 ug{] bf];|f] 

sfg"gL Joj:yf cfkm}df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ / eO/x]sf] 

sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ k|efjxLg t'Nofpg] p2]Zoaf6 

NofOPsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf dtbftf 

46 

46 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf 

-!_ df /x]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq afx]ssf cGo 

Joj:yfx¿ / pkbkmf -@_, -#_ sf] Joj:yf;d]t 

c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift x'g'kb{5 . lgjf{rg cfof]usf 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] 

u/L ;+ljwfgn] cfof]unfO{ pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] 

5}g . lgjf{rg cfof]un] klg ;+ljwfg / sfg"gcGtu{t 

/x]/ g} sfd ug'{kb{5 . olb lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ 

;+ljwfg / sfg"geGbf dfly /fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] 

g]kfndf ;+ljwfgjfb / sfg"gsf] zf;g 5 eGg' 

lg/y{s x'ghfG5 . t;y{ dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sngsf] l;nl;nfdf cfof]un] u/]sf 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿ cbfntaf6 Gofoof]Uo x'g g;Sg] 

u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf 

@% n] nufPsf] k|ltjGw;d]t ;+ljwfgljk/Lt /x]sf] 

5 . ctM gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqafx]s hUufwgL 

btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ cflbsf cfwf/df ;d]t dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ ;lsg] Joj:Yff u/]sf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!- 

!_,-@_,-#_ sf] k|fjwfg / bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg;d]t 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;Fu aflemPsf] 

x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kb{5 . 

ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt 

ljåfg\ ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL / ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ 

pkGofoflwjQmf >L e/tdl0f vgfnn] ug'{ePsf] 

jx;sf] ;F+lIfKt Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 


* df g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{ of]Uo 

JolQmx¿;d]t g]kfnsf] gful/s x'g] ;+j}wflgs 

k|fjwfg /x]sf]n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnO{g;s]sf 

g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ ;d]t dtbfgsf] clwsf/ 

;'lglZrt ug{ ljwflosfn] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] 

Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg ldNb}g . 

bkmf !! sf] Joj:Yffn] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

dxTjnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] jf cgfb/ u/]sf] klg 

xf]Og . gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lnOg;s]sf] cj:Yffdf 

;DalGwt JolQm g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg

*%#^– *%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– *%#^– ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

of]Uo JolQm xf] jf xf]Og eGg] osLg u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 

hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fkq nufotsf ;Da4 k|df0fx¿ 

dfu ug{;Sg] u/L ePsf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf 

;+ljwfg;Ddt g} /x]sf] 5 . lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ u/]sf] ljifodf s'g} 

cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg gkfpg] u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% n] nufPsf] 

k|ltjGw g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|lts"n 

/x]sf] 5}g egL lgj]bs ;'lgn/~hg l;Fx lj?4 

lgjf{rg cfof]u;d]t ePsf] @)^&–WS–))!( sf] 

l/6 lgj]bgdf ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lg/f]k0f eO;s]sf] 

5 . t;y{ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf] gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq afx]ssf cGo Joj:yfx¿, pkbkmf -@_ 

Pj+ -#_ sf Joj:Yffx¿ tyf bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg;d]t 

;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] / pQm P]gsf] bkmf !!-!_,- 

@_, -#_ adf]lhd dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ 

u/L lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df ePsf] 

lg0f{o;d]t ;+ljwfg;Ddt /x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]h x'g'kb{5 . 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] 

lgod $@-@_ adf]lhd cbfntsf] cg'dlt k|fKt 

u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf dw]zL no;{ Pzf]l;Pzgsf 

tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ clwjQmfx¿ >L 

/Tg]Zj/k|;fb zdf{, >L ldlyn]zs'df/ l;Fx, >L 

;Ltf/fd cu|jfn, >L huGgfy dxtf] l;Fx, >L 

/dgs'df/ s0f{ / >L k+shs'df/ s0f{n]] ug'{ePsf] 

jx;sf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 


bkmf % n] dtbftfsf] of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] 

gful/s x'g'kg]{ elgPsf] 5 . gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

clgjfo{?kdf k|fKt u/]s} x'g'k5{ elgPsf] 5}g . 

P]gsf] of] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f * sf] efjgf / dd{ cg's"n ePsf] x'Fbf 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! 

sf] ;du| k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 . gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq glnP klg gful/s gful/s g} x'G5 . 

u}/gful/s jf ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf 

47 

47 

efu lng kfpg' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fdf /fHo / ;a} 

gful/s ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . t/ gful/snfO{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq glnPs} cfwf/df dtbfg 

ug{af6 al~rt ul/g' ;+ljwfgljk/Lt x'G5 . 

u}/gful/sn] dtbfg ug{ kfpg' kb{5 eGg] s;}sf] 

klg cledt x'g ;Sb}g . t/ g]kfnL gful/sn] 

dtbfg ug{af6 jl~rt x'g' x'Fb}g eGg] s'/fdf rfFlx 

;j} ;+j]bgzLn x'g}kb{5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

dxTjnfO{ gh/cGbfh u/]sf] xf]Og . gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq lnO{ g;s]sf gful/sx¿nfO{ klg j}slNks 

k|df0fx¿sf] cfwf/df klxrfg u/L dtbfg ug]{ 

pgLx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] xf] . t;y{ 

g]kfnsf] gful/s xf] eGg] s'/f osLg u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 

l;kmfl/zh:tf k|df0fx¿nfO{ u|fx\o u/]sf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] Joj:yf 

;+ljwfg;Ddt 5 . ;+ljwfg / ;DalGwt sfg"gsf] 

kof{Kt cWoog g} gu/L l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf] 

5 . kfrf}+ ;+zf]wgåf/f vf/]h eO;s]sf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $^ ;Fu ;d]t P]gsf] Joj:yf 

aflemPsf] 5 egL bfjL ul/Psf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] 

s'g rflxF k|fjwfg;Fu P]gsf] Joj:yf aflemPsf] xf] 

egL l/6 lgj]bgdf :ki6 u/L ls6fg ul/Psf] 5}g . 

;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf tyf wf/f !,@,*,(,!),^#,^% 

/ !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] egL s'g} vf; k|fjwfgsf] 

ls6fg gu/L uf]Zjf/f ?kdf ul/Psf] bfjLsf cfwf/df 

cbfntn] P]gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ldNb}g . 

t;y{ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 . 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] 

lgod $@-@_ adf]lhd cbfntsf] cg'dlt k|fKt 

u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf hglxt ;F/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ 

/ dfgj clwsf/sf nflu Psn dlxnf ;d"xsf 

tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg\ clwjQmfx¿ >L k|sfzdl0f 

zdf{ / >L sljtf kfF8]n] ug'{ePsf] jx;sf] ;FlIfKt 

Joxf]/f lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 

gful/stf;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ 

Citizenship as a status / Citizenship as a


j}zfv 

right u/L b'O{ lsl;daf6 x]l/g'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f * Citizenship 

as a status ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] efu 

# cGtu{tsf s'/fx¿ tyf wf/f ^% cGtu{tsf] 

ljifo Citizenship as a right ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] efu # tyf wf/f ^% cGtu{tsf] xssf] 

pkef]unfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ /fHon] wf/f !! cg';f/ 

lgoldt?kdf gful/stf ljt/0f 6f]nL;d]t v6fO{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ 

k|efjsf/L?kdf ;DkGg ug'{ cfjZos 5 . g]kfnL 

;dfhdf JofKt n}lËs lje]b tyf k5f}6]kgsf sf/0f 

dlxnfx¿ cem To;df klg Psn dlxnfx¿nfO{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|flKtdf ;d]t sl7gfO /x]sf] 

tYonfO{ x[bo+ud ul/g'kb{5 . gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

k|flKtdf /x]sf] sl7gfOsf sf/0f pgLx¿ dtbfg 

ug]{ gful/s xsaf6 jl~rt x'g] l:ylt x'g' x'Fb}g . 

plNnlvt ax; lhsL/;d]t ;'gL lg0f{otkm{ 

ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg 

k|Zgx¿df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M 

-!_ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf 

!! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf] ægful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqÆafx]ssf cGo Joj:yf, ;f]xL bkmfsf] 

pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf tyf bkmf @% 

sf] Joj:yf;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, @, *, (, !), $^, 

^#, ^% / !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 5}g < 

-@_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng;DaGwL ljkIfL 

lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] lg0f{o 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] dfly 

k|Zg g+=-!_ df plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ tyf 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf 

%-!_-s_ df plNnlvt k|fjwfg;d]tsf] k|lts"n 

/x]sf] 5 5}g < 

-#_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gkg]{ 

xf] xf]Og < 

@= klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bssf] 

d'Vo dfu æljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]un] kmf]6f];lxtsf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dtbftf 

48 

48 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf 

-!_ tyf -@_ adf]lhd egL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqafx]s 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{, ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo 


;+:yfåf/f hf/L kl/rokq tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt 

jf gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/z;d]tsf cfwf/df dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)^&.&.!^ df 

lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ df /x]sf] ægful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkqÆ afx]ssf cGo Joj:yfx¿ / pkbkmf -@_ 

/ -#_ sf] ;Dk"0f{ k|fjwfg tyf bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf;d]t 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f 

!, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, ^% / !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] 

x'Fbf cfGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd 

k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm / 

ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] pQm 

lg0f{o;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ / 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf %-!_s_ 

;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f 

ab/ ul/kfpFmÆ eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;f];DaGwdf ;j{k|yd 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] 

ljj]rgf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !! lgDgfg';f/ 

/x]sf] 5 M 

bkmf !!M gfd btf{ ug{ k|df0f dfu ug{;Sg]M 

-!_ o; P]gadf]lhd s'g} JolQmsf] gfd dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf btf{ ubf{ cfjZos k/]df gfd 

btf{ clwsf/Ln] ;DalGwt JolQm jf lghsf] 

kl/jf/;Fu lghsf] hGd jf pd]/ jf af;:yfg 

v'n]sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq, hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo 

lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf 

lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} kl/rokq 

dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 . 

-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd dfu ul/Psf] k|df0fkq 

k]z ug{ g;s]df gfd btf{ clwsf/Ln] To:tf] 

JolQm;Fu ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf

*%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– ;/f]hgfy ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fsf] l;kmfl/z 

dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 . 

-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] l;kmfl/z klg k]z 

ug{ g;Sg] JolQmsf] gfd dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

btf{ ul/g] 5}g . 

t/ g]kfnL gful/snfO{ g]kfnL gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq k]z ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0fn] dfq dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg] 

5}g . 


^% df ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:osf] of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 

5 . pQm wf/f ^% sf] v08 -s_ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

;b:o x'gsf] nflu g]kfnL gful/s x'g'kb{5 elgPsf] 

5 . To:t} dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] 

bkmf %-!_ sf] v08 -s_ df dtbftf x'g g]kfnL 

gful/s dfq of]Uo x'g] u/L of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5 . 


sf] pkbkmf -!_ df dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ 

ubf{ cfjZos k/]df gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

cnfjf, 

-s_ hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf, 

-v_ ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L 

:jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f 

hf/L kl/rokq dfu u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug]{ Joj:Yff ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . 

#= To;}u/L ;f] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -@_ df 

olb dflysf s'/fx¿ k]z ug{ g;s]df ufpF ljsf; 

;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] ;DalGwt j8fsf] 

l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df klg dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

gfd btf{ ug]{ Joj:Yff ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] pkbkmf 

-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofFzdf t g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k]z ug{ g;s] klg dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ ;Sg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] 

kfOG5 . dtbfg ug]{ / ;+ljwfg;ef jf ljwflosf 

cyf{t\ ;+;b / :yfgLo lgsfodf pDd]b\jf/ aGg] 

clwsf/ gful/snfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5 . nfdf] 

;dob]lv j;f]jf; ub}{cfPsf] eP klg g]kfnL gful/s 

49 

49 

eGg] kl/ro u/fpg] k|df0f g]kfnL gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq xf] . ;+ljwfg;ef jf ;+;b jf :yfgLo 

lgsfox¿df pDd]b\jf/ aGg] jf dtbfg ug]{ b'j} 

clwsf/ Political Right xf] . Political Right s]jn 

gful/snfO{ dfq k|fKt x'G5 . oxfF g]kfn kIf ePsf] 

g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] ICCPR, 1966 sf] wf/f 

@% sf] d"n / v08 -a_ / -b_ pNn]v x'g cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . 

Every citizen shall have the right and 

the opportunity, without any of the 

distinctions mentioned in article 2 and 

without unreasonable restrictions: 

(a) To take part in the conduct of public 

affairs, directly or through freely 

chosen representatives; 

(b) To vote and to be elected at genuine 

periodic elections which shall be by 

universal and equal suffrage and shall 

be held by secret ballot, guaranteeing 

the free expression of the will of the 

electors. 

ICCPR sf] wf/f @% Political Right 

Exercise ug]{ wf/f xf] . pQm wf/fdf pNn]v ePsf] 

/fhgLlts clwsf/ s]jn gful/snfO{ dfq k|fKt 

x'g] :ki6 Joj:Yff xf] . 

$= ca k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] ljjfbsf] 

ljifo x]bf{ ljjfb ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:osf] nflu 

g]kfnsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt u/L g]kfnL 

gful/s egL k|dfl0ft JolQm dfq x'g'k5{ eGg] 

;DaGwL /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f ^% df ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu 

pDd]b\jf/sf] of]Uotf wf/f ^%-s_ df æg]kfnL 

gful/sÆ x'g'kg]{5 eGg] 5 . g]kfnL gful/s eGgfn] 

;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df pNn]v ePsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] 

g]kfnL gful/s eg]sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df 

g]kfnL gful/s x'g] of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5 . efu @ 

df pNn]v ePsf] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQmsf] g]kfnsf] 

gful/s x'g of]Uotf k'U5 . cyf{t\ g]kfnL gful/s


j}zfv 

eGg] k|df0f ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu 

ag]sf] g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^# / pQm P]gcGtu{t 

ag]sf] lgodfjnLsf] cg';"rL cg';f/ k|fKt 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt JolQm xf] . 

%= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^% df ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

;b:osf] nflu tf]lsPsf] kfFr of]UotfdWo] -s_ df 

klxnf] of]Uotf g]kfnL gful/s x'gkg]{ u/L g]kfndf 

hlt;'s} nfdf] ;dob]lv a;f]af; u/]sf] eP klg 

Lex Domicil g]kfn g} eP klg / g]kfnL gful/stfsf] 

nflu ;+ljwfgcg';f/sf] of]Uotf k'u]s} eP klg 

g]kfnL gful/s egL lrlgg] sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] 

clwsf/Laf6 k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g eg] To:tf] 

JolQm ;+ljwfg;ef ;b:osf] pDd]b\jf/ aGg g;Sg] 

s]jn g]kfnsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt JolQm 

dfq pDd]b\jf/ jf dtbftf aGg;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# df ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gsf] 

Joj:yf 5 . wf/f ^# adf]lhd ul7t ;+ljwfg;efn] 

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{sf ;fy} wf/f *# adf]lhd 

Joj:yflksfsf] ;d]t clwsf/ k|of]u ub{5 . wf/f 

#* / #( cg';f/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 

g} wf/f #& sf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ 

dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g x'G5 / ;+ljwfg;efn] g} 

Joj:yflksfsf] x}l;otn] sfg"g agfpg], ah]6 kfl/t 

ug]{, wf/f !%% adf]lhd ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf lgo'Qm 

x'g] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Confirmation Hearing / 

wf/f !%^ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] ;lGw 

jf ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg;d]t ub{5 . s'g} klg /fHon] 

o:tf] /fhgLlts clwsf/ cfkm\gf] gful/snfO{ dfq 

k|bfg ub{5 . gful/s / afl;Gbfdf km/s gful/sdf 

cfkm\gf] /fi6«k|lt Allegiance x'G5, h'g s'/f 

gful/stf k|fKt ug]{ a]nf lnPsf] ;kyaf6 JoQm 

x'G5 . t/ gful/s aGg of]Uotf k'u]sf] t/ gful/stf 

glnPsf] JolQmn] cfkm\gf] Allegiance sf] ;ky 

lnPsf] x'Fb}g . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ /fhgLlts clwsf/ 

k|of]u ug{ gful/s x'gk5{ eGg] s'/f ICCPR sf] 

wf/f @%-a_-b_-c_ df Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . 

^= ;fj{hlgs kbdf ;f]em} jf r'gfjdfkm{t\ 

jf cfjlws r'gfjdf efu lng jf pDd]b\jf/ aGg 

gful/s g} x'gkg]{ Joj:yf ICCPR df dfq xf]Og 

50 

50 

@^ dfr{ !(($ df k]l/;df ePsf] Inter 

Parliamentary Council sf] !%$ cf}+ Session df 

adopt u/]sf] Declaration on Criteria for Free 

and Fair Election ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffn] klg :jR5 / 

lgikIf cfjlws r'gfaaf6 dfq lbuf] / alnof] ;/sf/ 

aGg;Sg] / To:tf] ;/sf/n] dfq ;Dk"0f{ gful/ssf] 

k|ltlglwTj u5{ eGb} :jR5 / lgikIf r'gfjnfO{ hf]8 

lbFb} To:tf] r'gfj / r'gfadf p7\g] pDd]b\jf/ gful/s 

g} x'gkg]{ of]Uotf o;/L tf]lsPsf] 5 M 

2. Voting and Elections Rights 

(1) Every adult citizen has the right to 

vote in elections, on a non- 

discriminatory basis. 

(2) Every adult citizen has the right to 

access to an effective, impartial and 

non-discriminatory procedure for the 

registration of voters. 

(3) No eligible citizen shall be denied the 

right to vote or disqualified from 

registration as a voter, otherwise 

than in accordance with objectively 

verifiable criteria prescribed by law, 

and provided that such measures 

are consistent with the State's 

obligations under international law. 

(4) Every individual who is denied the 

right to vote or to be registered as a 

voter shall be entitled to appeal to a 

jurisdiction competent to review 

such decisions and to correct errors 

promptly and effectively. 

(5) Every voter has the right to equal 

and effective access to a polling 

station in order to exercise his or her 

right to vote. 

(6) Every voter is entitled to exercise his 

or her right equally with others and 

to have his or her vote accorded 

equivalent weight to that of others.

*%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

(7) The right to vote in secret is absolute 

and shall not be restricted in any 

manner whatsoever. 

Inter Parliamentary Council (I.P.C.) 

sf] pQm 3f]if0ffn] klg s'g} klg b]zsf] /fhgLlts 

clwsf/sf] k|of]u To; b]zsf] gful/sn] dfq ug{;Sg] 

k|:tfj Adopt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgjclwsf/ ;DaGwL 

cGo Regional Human Right Instrument x¿ 

h:t} African Charter on Human and Peoples' 

Rights sf] wf/f !#M! df klg /fhgLlts clwsf/ 

k|of]u ug{ gful/s g} x'gkg]{ egL of]Uotf o;/L 

tf]lsPsf] 5 M 

Art. 13:1. Every citizen shall have the 

right to participate freely in the 

government of his country, either 

directly or through freely chosen 

representatives in accordance with 

the provisions of the law. 

2. Every citizen shall have the right of 

equal access to the public service of 

his country. %: 

3. Every individual shall have the right 

of access to public property and 

services in strict equality of all 

persons before the law. 

American Convention on Human 

Rights sf] wf/f @# df klg pDd]b\jf/ aGg / 

r'gfjdf efu lng gful/s g} x'g'kg]{ of]Uotf 

tf]lsPsf] 5 M 

Art. 23: Right to Participate in 

Government: 1. Every citizen shall 

enjoy the following rights and 

opportunities: 

(a) to take part in the conduct of public 

affairs, directly or through freely 

chosen representatives; 

(b) to vote and to be elected in genuine 

periodic elections, which shall be by 

51 51 

51 

universal and equal suffrage and by 

secret ballot that guarantees the 

free expression of the will of the 

voters; and 

(c) to have access, under general 

conditions of equality, to the public 

service of his country. 

2. The law may regulate the exercise 

of the rights and opportunities 

referred to in the preceding 

paragraph only on the basis of age, 

nationality, residence, language, 

education, civil and mental capacity, 

or sentencing by a competent court 

in criminal proceedings. 

o;/L dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o 

Convention ICCPR / Regional Instrument 

x¿n] klg gful/snfO{ dfq s'g} klg ;fj{ef}d 

/fi6«sf] r'gfjdf pDd]b\jf/ aGg] / dt v;fNg] 

clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

&= k|hftGqsf nflu lgikIf cfjlws r'gfj 

clt cfjZos x'G5 . gful/sx¿sf] df}lns :jtGqtf 

;F/If0f ug]{ sfd k|ltikwf{Tds ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs 

Joj:yf / sfg"gsf] zf;gcGtu{t dfq ;Dej x'G5 . 

s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ;/sf/nfO{ gful/sx¿n] æd]/f] 

;/sf/ egL own ug{Æ/ æ;/sf/n] j}wflgstf 

k|fKt ug{Æ lglZrt ;dodf uf]Ko dtbfgsf] cfwf/df 

:jR5 / lgikIf lgjf{rgsf dfWodaf6 r'gfj ePsf] 

x'g' kb{5 . vf; u/L ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf o;/L 

uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f lgikIf / :jR5 t/Lsfaf6 ePsf] 

lgjf{rgsf] cfwf/df ePsf] r'gfjåf/f ul7t 

Joj:yflksf / ToxL Joj:yflksfaf6 ag]sf] ;/sf/ 

g} Electorate / ljwflosfk|lt Accountable x'G5 

/ To:tf] ;/sf/ g} Representative Character 

sf] x'G5 . log} s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL g]kfndf klg 

;/sf/n] Representative Character k|fKt ug{ 

;sf];\ eg]/ :jR5, :jtGq / lgikIf lgjf{{rgåf/f 

ljwflosfsf] u7g x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . To;/L


j}zfv 

ljwflosfsf] u7g ePkl5 ljwflosfaf6 aGg] 

;/sf/nfO{ hgtfx¿n] own u5{g\ eg]/ g} g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ^%-s_ df 

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu g]kfnL gful/s 

g} x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . 

dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] ICCPR, Inter 

Parliamentary Council sf] !%$ cf}+ Session n] 

Adopt u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] cnfjf cGo Regional 

Instrument klg x]]g{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . 

Conference on Security and 

Cooperation in Europe: (Document of the 

Copenhagen Meeting of the Conference on 

the Human Dimension 29th June 1990 (29 

International Legal Material 1305 (1990) 

h;nfO{ Copenhagen Document elgG5 To;df 

CSCE /fi6«x¿n] klg ( a'Fb] 3f]if0ffkqdf Ps k|d'v 

a'Fbf /fhgLlts jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf cyf{t\ Political 

or Public Office sf] kbdf gful/s dfq x'g;Sg] 

egL Adopt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm 3f]if0ffsf] kfrf}+ 

a'Fbf o;k|sf/ 5 M– 

Respect the right of citizens to seek 

political or public office individually or as 

representatives of political parties or 

organizations without discrimination elgPsf] 

b]lvG5 . Guy S. Goodwill Gill åf/f lnlvt / tof/ 

ul/Psf] Inter Parliamentary Union åf/f k|sflzt 

Free and Fair Election International Law and 

Practice k':tsdf s'g s'g /fi6«df dtbfg clgjfo{ 

5 eGg] l;nl;nfdf Formal constitutional or 

statutory recognition of the citizen's right 

to vote is common to most states and plays 

both a substantive and a confidence building 

role; a few countries make voting 

compulsory, with respect to parliamentary 

elections most states lay down citizenship 

age and residency requirements elgPsf] 5 . 

*= ljwflosL jf ;+;bLo r'gfjdf 

gful/stf dfq xf]Og gful/stf t clgjfo{ g} eO{ 

52 52 

52 

gful/stfsf] ;fy} Residency jf :yfoL a;f]af; 

klg cfjZos k5{ . lsgeg] gful/s eP klg nfdf] 

;do ljb]zdf a;f]af; u/]sf] xf] eg] /fi6«sf] 

cfjZostf, hgtfsf] rfxgf / /fi6«sf] kl5Nnf 

36gfsf] af/]df ljb]zdf a;]sfnfO{ hfgsf/L x'Fb}g . 

nfdf] ;do ljb]zdf a;]sf] ePdf p;n] jf:tljs 

cy{df k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;St}g . To;}n] gful/stf 

dfq xf]Og a;f]af; klg cfjZos k5{ . Sieghart 

sf] Human Rights 363 Application 7566/76 

Decisions & Reports df European 

Commission on Human Rights n] gful/stfsf] 

;fy;fy} Residency Requirement klg ylkPsf] 

eGg] b]lvG5 . 

Maastricht Treaty sf] efu @ Title 1 

Article F (Citizenship of the Union) df Art 

8b(2) df European citizen is also entitled to 

vote and stand as candidate for the 

European Parliament in his or her member 

state country of residence eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 

5 . 

Canada sf] Charter of Rights and 

Freedoms sf] Section 3 df klg gful/snfO{ 

dfq Vote ug{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . 

(= ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf ljwflosfsf] 

nflu pDd]b\jf/ aGg, dtbfg ug{, ;fj{hlgs kb 

u|x0f ug{ / h"/Lsf] ;b:o x'g gful/s x'gkb{5 . 

u}/gful/sn] oL clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpFb}gg\ . 

cd]l/sfdf gful/sn] cfDbfgLcg';f/ s/ ltg'{k5{ 

/ P]g sfg"g lgodsf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . cd]l/sfdf 

gful/sx¿sf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] clwsf/ g} dtbfg 

ug]{ clwsf/ dflgG5 . u}/gful/sn] klg rfx]df 

ToxfFsf] sfg"gsf] zt{ k"/f u/]kl5 Naturalized 

cd]l/sL gful/ssf] nflu lgj]bg ug{;S5 . lgj]bg 

:jLsf/ ePkl5 / ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ljlw k"/f u/]kl5 

Oath of Allegiance lng nufOG5 . Oath of 

Allegiance lnPkl5 Naturalized citizen aGb5 . 

cd]l/sfsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq hf/L ul/G5 / 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq hf/L u/]kl5 dfq dtbfg

*%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy *%#^– ;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n Kofs'/]n lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

ug{ / ;/sf/L kbdf lgo'Qm x'g Pj+ ;/sf/ lgdf{0f 

ug]{ sfddf ;xefuL x'g kfOG5 . 

!)= dfly plNnlvt ljleGg /fi6«x¿sf] 

sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj+ Region sf Instrument x¿ 

x]bf{ h'g;'s} /fi6«df klg Political Right cyf{t\ 

gful/s / /fhlglts clwsf/ gful/snfO{ dfq 

k|fKt ePsf] b]lvG5 . gful/s egL lrgfpg] 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] cefjdf ;DalGwt JolQm 

vf; b]zdf nfdf] ;dob]lv a;f]af; ul/cfPsf] xf] 

eGg] lrgfpg] cGo h'g;'s} kl/rokqsf] cfwf/df 

dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt x'Fb}g . To;/L a;f]af; 

u/]sf] eGg] k|df0f jf gful/stf k|fKt ug{;Sg] eGg] 

of]Uotfn]] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ Substitute 

jf Replace ug{ ;St}g . gful/s / /fhgLlts 

clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ clwsf/ gful/sn] dfq k|fKt 

ub{5 . To:tf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . 

!!= s'g} klg b]zsf gful/sx¿n] gful/s 

/ /fhgLlts clwsf/ pkef]u ub{5g\ t/ ljb]zL 

cyf{t\ Aliens n] To:tf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ug{ 

kfpFb}gg\ . To;} u/L National / Citizen cyf{t\ 

gful/sdf km/s x'G5 . National x'Fb}df Citizen 

gx'g ;S5 t/ Citizen rflxF National x'G5 . Hyde 

n] International Law 2nd edition df It follows 

that all nationals of a state are not its citizens 

though all aliens of a state must be its 

nationals eg]sf] b]lvG5 . a]nfotsf] sfg"g British 

Nationality Act 1981 cg';f/ j]nfotsf] pklgj]z 

x'Fbfsf] s'g} Territory jf Protectorate sf 

gful/sx¿ a]nfotL National dflgG5 t/ ltgLx¿ 

/fhgLlts clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ a]nfotL gful/s 

dflgb}gg\ . cd]l/sfsf] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ United 

States Nationality Act n] National pNn]v u/] 

klg National nfO{ gful/s dfg]sf] b]lvFb}g . 

cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgn] klg gful/snfO{ dfq pNn]v 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ToxfFsf] Immigration and 

Naturalization Act 1952 n] cd]l/sg Samoa 

h:t} cGo efu h;nfO{ Union df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 

5}g, ToxfFsf afl;GbfnfO{ cd]l/sL National dfg]sf] 

53 

53 

5 t/ gful/s dfGb}g . g]kfndf klg nfdf] ;do 

a;f]af; ul/cfPsf] s'g} JolQm;Fu ;/sf/L sfof{no, 

:yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf 

lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ePsf] g]kfnL gful/s egL 

kl/ro u/fpg] k|df0fkq jf g]kfnL gful/s egL 

lrgfpg] :yfgLo lgsfosf] l;kmfl/z ePsf] JolQm 

x'g;Snf . To:tf] JolQm National x'g;S5 t/ 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu @ / 

g]kfn gful/stf P]g, @)^# adf]lhdsf] Citizen 

gx'g ;S5 . 

!@= ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . 

g]kfndf lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

! df ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"g x'g] / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] 

sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 eGg] Joj:Yff 

ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn Constitutional Supremacy 

ePsf] b]z xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! cg';f/ ;+ljwfg 

d"n sfg"g x'g] / ;+ljwfg;+u aflemg] sfg"g 

aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] / wf/f !)&-!_ n] 

o; cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo 

ug{ ;Sg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ lbPsf] x'Fbf Joj:Yfflksf 

;+;b sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf Sovereign eP 

tfklg Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgljk/Lt gx'g] 

u/L cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg;+u gaflemg] u/L sfg"g agfpg' 

kb{5 . olb s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemG5 eg] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ sf] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/dfkm{t\ o; cbfntn] To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ 

cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{ ;Sb5 . 

!#= g]kfnsf] Joj:Yfflksf ;+;b ;fj{ef}d 

5 . t/ Joj:yflksf ;+;b g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] creature ePsf] sf/0f cfkm\gf] 

creator cyf{t\ ;+ljwfgljk/Lt cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg;+u 

aflemg] u/L sfg"g agfpg ;Sb}g . ;+j}wflgs 

efiffdf eGbf Joj:yflksf ;+;b sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ 

sfddf Supreme / Sovereign 5 t/ cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! sf] sf/0f g]kfndf 

Parliamentary Supremacy geO{ Constitutional 

Supremacy ePsf] sf/0f o;n] Subject to the 

limitation of the constitution dfq sfg"g agfpg 

;S5 . olb Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] agfPsf] s'g} sfg"g


j}zfv 

;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPdf aflemPsf] xb;Dd To:tf] 

sfg"g o; cbfntn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{ 

;Sb5 . o; k|;+udf x]bf{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

^%-s_ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o x'gsf] nflu g]kfnL 

gful/s x'gkg]{ :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf]df dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !!sf] pkbkmf 

-!_ df ePsf] "gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq" eGbf kl5sf] 

"hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo 


;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} kl/rokqÆ / pkbkmf 

-@_ df /x]sf] æufpF ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] 

;DalGwt j8fsf] l;kmfl/zÆ eP klg x'g] eGg] 

sfg"gL Joj:yf ljwflosfn] cfkm\gf] clwsf/If]q 

gf3L agfPsf] sfg"g dfGg'k5{ . plNnlvt sfuhsf] 

k|df0fn]]] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ Substitute 

ug{ ;St}g . To;}n] pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

^%-s_ Pj+ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# 

sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ sf] Joj:yfsf] cg's"n b]lvFb}g . 

pQm Joj:Yff wf/f ^% sf] v08 -s_ sf] cg's"n 

gePsf] dfq xf]Og ICCPR sf] wf/f @% sf] 

Joj:Yffsf] klg ljk/Lt b]lvof] . 

!$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f ^# df gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ Ps ;+ljwfg;ef 

u7g ug]{ Joj:Yff ePsf] 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg nfu" 

ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;ef u7g e} xfn ;+ljwfg n]vg 

sfo{ z'? e};s]sf] 5 . wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -&_ sf] 

Joj:Yffcg';f/ @)^# d+l;/ d;fGt;Dd !* jif{ 

pd]/ k"/f ePsf g]kfnL gful/sx¿af6 g} 

;ljwfg;ef ;b:o lgjf{lrt ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . wf/f 

^#-!_ adf]lhd ul7t ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfo{sfn wf/f 

^$ df tf]lsPsf] 5 . wf/f *@ df ;+ljwfg;efn] 

kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv 

;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g] pNn]v 5 . 

!%= wf/f ^# adf]lhd ul7t ;+ljwfg;ef 

k|To]s $÷% jif{df cfjlws r'gfjåf/f u7g x'g] 

Continuity kfpg] ljwflosf xf]Og . ;+ljwfg;ef 

g]kfnL hgtfåf/f ePsf] @)^@÷@)^# sf] 

cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ nf]stflGqs ;+3Lo 

;+/rgfsf] u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ dfq 

54 54 

54 

u7g ePsf] xf] . wf/f ^$ df tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf 

;+ljwfg n]lvg] / wf/f *@ cg';f/sf] sfd k"/f 

ePkl5 ;+ljwfg;efsf] sfd} ;dfKt x'g] / cj 

;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu r'gfj x'g] Joj:Yff;d]t 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf gePsf]n] lgjf{rg ;DkGg e} 

;+ljwfg;ef g} u7g e};s]sf] x'Fbf dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] pQm Joj:Yff cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^% -s_ ljk/Lt / ;f] wf/f ^%-s_ 

;Fu d]n gvfg] c;Fut b]lvP klg wf/f !)&-!_ 

k|of]u u/L lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! -!_ / -@_ 

sf pQm zJbx¿ cdfGo ug'{ eg]sf] Moot Case 

df xft xfNg' x'ghfG5 . o; cbfntn] wf/f !)&- 

!_ sf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ Assumed Potential 

Invasion of a Right df k|of]u ub}{g . wf/f !)&- 

!_ sf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ Actual / Threatened 

invasion of right x'g}k5{ . ;+ljwfg;efsf] k|;+udf 

To:tf] cj:yf clxn] kf/ e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . r'gfj 

;dfKt eO{ ;+ljwfg;ef g} u7g eO{ cj:yf kl/jt{g 

e};s]sf] / ;Defljt ljjfb ;dfKt e};s]sf] 

cj:Yffdf wf/f !)&-!_ k|of]u x'Fb}g . cd]l/sfsf] 

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Doremus v. Board of 

Education (1952) 342 US 429 sf] d'2fdf If 

owing to change in status / Mills v. Green 

(1895) 159 US 561 sf] d'2fdf If the issue 

has been dead ePdf x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] JofVof 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

!^= ;+ljwfg;ef u7g eO;s]sf] / jt{dfg 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf k'gM csf]{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g 

x'g] Joj:yf gePsf]n] wf/f ^%-s_ sf] k|;+udf 

cyf{t\ ;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] 

xsdf Dead Issue ePsf]n] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! df plNnlvt 

lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf zJbx¿ cfhsf] cj:yfdf 

;+ljwfg;efsf] ;b:o lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf] nflu 

cdfGo ul//xg kg]{ ePg . 

!&= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf !!-!_ tyf -@_ sf] cdfGo / ab/ dfu 

u/]sf] pQm Joj:yfx¿sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL


;d]t 

gful/sjfx]s cGo JolQmn] klg dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

gfd btf{ ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 / ljwflosfsf] 

nflu x'g] r'gfjdf u}/g]kfnL gful/sn] klg dtbfg 

ug]{ / u}/g]kfnL gful/s klg ljwfos aGg hfg] xf] 

ls eGgnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf Joj:Yfflksf ;+;b 

jf ;+;bsf] 5'§} lgjf{rgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFb}g . 

o;sf] sf/0f jt{dfg ;+ljwfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg xf] 

/ ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg agfO{ oxL 

;+ljwfg;efn] kfl/t u/]kl5 gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" 

x'G5 . gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 gofF ;+ljwfg 

cGtu{tsf] ljwflosf aGg] / gofF ;+ljwfgcGtu{tsf] 

ljwflosfn] agfPsf] dtbftf / r'gfj;DaGwL sfg"g 

gofF ;+ljwfg;Fu bfh]/ x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . t;y{ 

;+ljwfg;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/]kl5 gofF ;+ljwfg 

nfu" x'g] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;efn] g} Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] 

sfd ug{ jfx]s 5'§} ;+;bsf] Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf 

tTsfn Tof] ;Defjgf gb]lvPsf]n] o; cbfntn] 

x:tIf]k ul/xfNg k/]g . 

!*= t/ lgjf{rg cfof]un] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ sfd lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . 

cfh ;+sng u/]sf] gfdfjnL g} ;DejtM jt{dfg 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t x'g;Sg] ;Defljt s'[g} 

r'gfj / gofF ;+ljwfg nfu" ePkl5 x'g] s'g} klg 

lgsfosf] r'gfjdf klg k|of]u x'g] xf] . dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfaf6 ;f] 

s'/f k|i6 b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg 

;DkGg eO;s]sf] eP klg ;+ljwfg;efsf] 

lgjf{rgafx]s gofF ;+ljwfgcGtu{t x'g] r'gfj / 

cGo lgjf{rgsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] ;du| k|of]hg ;dfKt 

ePsf] geO{ afFsL g} /xg] x'Fbf ;f] P]gsf] 

;+j}wflgstfsf] ljifodf lgj]bsn] p7fPsf s]xL 

k|Zgx¿df ljrf/ ug'{ jf~5gLo /x]sf] 5 . 

!(= lgj]bssf] d'Vo bfjL lgjf{rgdf 

dtbftf aGg / pDd]b\jf/ x'g;d]t g]kfnsf] gful/s 

x'g'kg]{ egL ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 

cj:yfdf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt gul/sg 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z x'g / pDd]b\jf/ 

aGg;d]t ldNb}g eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;f];DaGwdf 

55 

55 

ljkIfLx¿ / Intervener ;d]tsf] lhsL/ rflxF 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f * n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

glnPsf] eP klg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng of]Uo 

JolQmnfO{ ;d]t g]kfnsf] gful/s dfg]sf] x'Fbf 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{nfO{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq g} rflxG5 eGg ldNb}g, 

g]kfnsf] gful/s xf] eGg] s'/f k'li6 ug]{ hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, 

;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f 

hf/L ul/Psf] s'g} kl/rokq jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] 

l;kmfl/z eP klg dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z 

ug{ x'G5 eGg] /x]sf] 5 . ;f];DaGwdf ;j{k|yd 

gful/stfsf] ljifodf ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] 

ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f *-!_ df ;+ljwfg k|f/De 

x'Fbfsf avtsf] gful/stfsf] ;DaGwdf ePsf] 

Joj:yf lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M 

wf/f *M ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avtsf] gful/stfM 

-!_ of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt g]kfnsf] 

gful/stf k|fKt u/]sf] / o; efuadf]lhd 

gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uo JolQmx¿ g]kfnsf 

gful/s x'g]5g\ . 

@)= sfg"gadf]lhd gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

k|fKt u/]kl5 pQm k|df0fkqn] g} g]kfnL gful/s 

eGg] k|dfl0ft ub{5 . To;} u/L ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] 

gful/stf k|fKt ug{ of]Uotf tf]sL To:tf] of]Uotf 

k'u] klg of]Uotf k'Ub}df gful/s eGg]df 

Identification sf] ;d:of cfpg] x'gfn] of]Uotf 

k'u]sf] JolQmn] klg cfkm\gf] kl/ro u/fpg 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug{'k5{ . gful/s x'g] 

of]Uotf k'Ub}df dtbfg / pDd]b\jf/ aGg] k|of]hgsf] 

nflu gful/sx¿n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lng} gkg]{ 

xf]Og . k|hftGqdf /fHon] s;}nfO{ klg s'g} sfd 

ug{ afWo ug{ ;St}g . cyf{t\ g]kfnL gful/s x'g 

of]Uotf k'u]sf] ;j}n] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

lng} k5{ egL afWo ug{ g;Snf t/ s;}n] g]kfnsf] 

gful/ssf] x}l;otn] of] b]zdf cfkm\gf] Voting 

Right dfkm\{t Political Right Exercise ug]{ xf] eg]


j}zfv 

cfkm"nfO{ kl/ro u/fpg gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq 

lng'k5{ . To;}n] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt ug'{ / 

gug'{n] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug]{ 

k|of]hgsf nflu tflTjs c;/ ub}{g eGg] ljkIfL 

tyf Intervenor tkm{sf ljåfg\ sfg"g 

Joj;foLx¿sf] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . 

ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ^%|s_ 

df lgjf{rgdf pDd]b\jf/ aGgsf nflu / dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ df 

dtbftf x'gsf] nflu g]kfnL gful/s x'g'kb{5 egL 

tf]s]sf] of]Uotfsf] tfTko{ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt 

g]kfnL gful/s xf] eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt x'g] b]lvFb}g . 

@!= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 


k|df0fkqÆ afx]ssf æhUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L 

sfof{no, :yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] 

;+:yf jf lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] kl/rokqÆ 

eGg] Joj:yfx¿ / pkbkmf -@_ df /x]sf] æufpF 

ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/zÆ eGg] 

Joj:yfx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^%-s_sf] 

k|fjwfgsf] cg's"nsf] Joj:yf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf 

dfly ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] 

JofVof ubf{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfsf] p2]ZonfO{ ;fy{s 

agfpg ;se/ Harmonious construction 

ug'{kb{5 . of] sfg"g JofVofsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt xf] . 

s'g} sfg"gsf] Constitutionality sf ;DaGwdf 

k/LIf0f ubf{ ;se/ To:tf] sfg"g ;+ljwfgcg's"n 5 

eGg]tkm{ x]g'{k5{ . olb ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldf gf3]sf] :ki6 

b]lvG5 eg] dfq c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug{'k5{ eGg] 

dfGo l;4fGt xf] . 

@@= ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eO;s]sf] 

x'Fbf wf/f ^%-s_ sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf 

lnOPsf] bfjLnfO{ moot case egL dfly ljj]rgf 

eO;s]sf] x'Fbf oxfF k'g/fj[lQ ul//xg' k/]g . 

lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL lbPsf] dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !!-!_ / -@_ sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *-!_, ^%-s_ / dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ sf] 

;fk]Iftfdf x]g{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . 

56 

56 

@#= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ df dtbftf x'gsf nflu g]]kfnL 

gful/s x'g'kg]{ egL of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] 5 . pQm 

bkmf %-!_-s_ df pNn]v ePsf] æg]kfnL gful/sÆ 

eGg] zAbn] ægful/stfsf] k|df0fkq k|fKt g]kfnL 

gful/sÆ nfO{ hgfpF5 egL dfly JofVof eO;s]sf] 

5 . bkmf %-!_-s_ sf] pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ cyf{t\ 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{ g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfPsf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f] 

bkmfsf] cy{nfO{ cGoyf ug]{, cgfb/ ug]{ jf lgolGqt 

jf ;Fs'lrt ug]{ s'g} klg sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f *-!_ / ^%-s_ sf] k|lts"n / c;+j}wflgs 

x'G5 . o; b[li6af6 x]bf{ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL 

P]g @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df 

k/]sf æhUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{Æ, æ;/sf/L sfof{no, 

:yfgLo lgsfo, ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] ;+:yf jf 

lzIf0f ;+:yfåf/f hf/L ul/Psf] kl/rokqÆ / æufpF 

ljsf; ;ldlt jf gu/kflnsfsf] l;kmfl/zÆ h:tf 

Joj:yfx¿ P]gdf /fvL tL sfuhftnfO{ klg 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] bhf{df /fVg] eg]sf] 

ljwflosfn] a9L clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] dfGg'k5{ . 

pkbkmf -!_ df ægful/stfsf] k|df0fkqÆ eGg] 

zAbfjnL :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ 

g} Substitute ug]{ u/L cGo sfuhft ljwflosfn] 

yKg ;St}g . dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd btf{ ug{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ sfod} 

/fvL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq s]xL u/L c:ki6 jf 

låljwfhgs b]lvPdf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

Corroboration / Verify sf] nflu dfq hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{ nufot pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df pNn]v 

ePsf cGo sfuhkqx¿ gfd btf{ clwsf/Ln] 

dfu ug{ ;Sg] eGg] a'em\g k5{ . 

@$= l/6 lgj]bgdf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @% sf] 

Joj:yf;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ljleGg 

wf/fx¿;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] lhsL/ 

/x]sf] 5 . pQm bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg lgDgfg';f/ 

/x]sf] 5 M


;d]t 

bkmf @%M cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg g;lsg] M b]xfosf 

ljifodf s'g} klg cbfntdf s'g} klg k|Zg 

p7fpg ;lsg] 5}gM– 

-s_ s'g} lgjf{rg If]qsf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

s'g} JolQmsf] gfd btf{ ePsf] jf gePsf] 

jf btf{ ug{ x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] ljifodf, 

-v_ gfd btf{ clwsf/L jf lghn] v6fPsf] 

clwsf/k|fKt JolQmn] dtbftf gfdfjnL 

tof/ u/]sf] jf o; kl/R5]badf]lhd 

;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf 

yk36 u/]sf] ljifodf . 

@%= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% sf] pQm k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@( tyf !)&-@_ ;Fu 

aflemPsf] x'Fbf ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bs 

;'lgn/~hg l;Fx lj=lgjf{rg cfof]u;d]t ePsf] 

)^&–WS–))!( sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf k|Zg p7fOPsf] 

lyof] . ;f] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] ljz]if 

Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.(.* df ePsf] cfb]zdf 

lgDgfg';f/ JofVof ePsf] 5 M 

ædtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% df lgjf{rg cfof]un] tof/ u/]sf] 

dtbftf gfdfjnLsf ;DaGwdf s'g} klg cbfntdf 

s'g} klg k|Zg p7fpg kfOg] 5}g egL plNnlvt 

Joj:Yff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !)& åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/sf] Joj:Yff;Fu aflemPsf] 5 ls eGg] 

;DaGwdf x]bf{, g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

! n] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ clËsf/ 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . wf/f ! sf] pQm Joj:yf wf/f !)& 

sf] Joj:yf;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt -Dependent_ 

/x]sf] 5 . wf/f !)& sf] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf wf/f 

! tyf wf/f #@ sf] Joj:Yff ;fsf/ -Materialize_ 

x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] 

;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df 

sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu wf/f !)& åf/f o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] Pivotal 

Role /x]sf] 5 . o; cbfntsf] pQm c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/nfO{ ljwflosfn] agfPsf] s'g} klg sfg"gn] 

lgoGq0f jf ;Lldt ug{ ;Sb}g . 

@^= wf/f !)&-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds 

jfSofFzdf clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s 

Joj:yflksf–;+;bn] rnfPsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] 

sf/jfxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]s]sf] ;hfodf ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{5}g eGg] Aoj:yf u/L ;f]afx]s 

cGo ;j} lgsfoaf6 ePsf ;a} sfdsf/jfxLx¿sf] 

;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f o; cbfntaf6 x'g ;Sg] 

u/L v'Nnf /flvPsf] x'Fbf dtbftf gfdfjnLsf 

ljifodf lgjf{rg cfof]un] u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLpk/ 

s'g} cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g egL 


df pNn]v ePsf] Joj:Yffn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& 

åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/nfO{ 

pk]Iff -Ignore_ ug]{, cgfb/ -Dishonor_ ug]{, 

lgZt]h t'Nofpg] jf s'g} klg ?kaf6 ;Lldt jf 

lgolGqt ug{;Sg] b]lvFb}g . 

@&= dtbfg ug]{ xs df}lns xs xf]Og . 

dtbfg ug]{ xs sfg"gL xs cyf{t\ Statutory 

Right ;Dd xf] . To;}n] dtbfgsf] clwsf/nfO{ 

xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 

5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfgk|bQ 

df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu dfq geO{ pkrf/sf] 

csf]{ j}slNks Joj:yf gePsf] tyf csf]{ pkrf/sf] 

Joj:Yff eP klg To:tf] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf 

k|efjxLg /x]sf] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu 

;d]t xf] eGg] s'/f pQm wf/fdf :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v 

ePsf] 5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

sf] bkmf @% sf] k|fjwfg x]bf{, lgjf{rg cfof]un] 

tof/ ug]{ dtbftf gfdfjnL;Fu ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ 

;fdfGo cbfntåf/f Goflos lg/f]k0f -Judicial 

Scrutiny_ x'g g;Sg] u/L ;fdfGo cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/eGbf aflx/ /fVg] ljwflosL dg;fo /x]sf] 

:ki6 b]lvG5 . 

@*= dtbfgsf] xs sfg"gL xs ePsf] / 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z geOsg 

gful/sx¿n] ;f] xssf] k|of]u ug{ g;Sg] kl/k|]Iodf 

57 

57


j}zfv 

u}/sfg"gL ta/af6 s'g} dtbftfsf] gfd dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z gu/L lghnfO{ dtbfgsf] 

xsaf6 al~rt ul/Psf] v08df pQm P]gsf] bkmf 

@% n] kLl8t gful/snfO{ ;fdfGo sfg"gL pkrf/sf] 

dfu{ k|z:t gu/]sf] eP tfklg lghn] pkrf/ljxLg 

cj:yfdf /xg'kg]{ b]lvFb}g . sfg"gn] j}slNks 

pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gu/]sf] pQm sfg"gL xssf] 

k|rngsf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ adf]lhd 

o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/cGtu{t pkrf/ 

k|fKt ug]{ lghsf] xs ;'/lIft g} /xg] ePsf] x'Fbf 


sf] k|fjwfgn] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ clgolGqt 

clwsf/ -Excessive Power_ k|bfg u/]sf] / ;f] 

k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 

eGg];d]t b]lvg cfPg .Æ 

@(= /fli6«o ljwflosfsf] lgjf{rg xf];\ jf 

hgdt ;Fu|x jf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg xf];\ 

h'g;'s} lgjf{rg klg /fli6«o cleofgs} ?kdf ;DkGg 

x'g] ub{5 . k|fo M kfFr kfFr jif{sf] cGt/fndf ul/g] 

o:tf cfdlgjf{rgx¿ nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] Jofks 

tof/L, /fi6«;]jsx¿sf] cys kl/>d, u[xsfo{ / 

/fli6«o wgsf] 7"nf] nufgLdf ;DkGg x'g] ub{5g\ . 

o:tf lgjf{rgx¿ lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f k"j{ lgwf{l/t 

;dodf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf 

lgjf{rg ;DkGg gx'g] xf] eg] /fli6«o ;|f]t ;fwg / 

wgsf] gf]S;fgL t x'G5 g} sltko hl6n ;+j}wflgs 

tyf sfg"gL ult/f]wx¿ pTkGg x'g ;St5 . t;y{ 

lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f k"j{ lgwf{l/t ldlt / ;dodf 

lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g' cTofjZos x'G5 . To;}n] 

lgjf{rgsf] tof/L / ;~rfng;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ 

r/0fa4 / Jojl:yt ?kdf lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 

klxn] g} k|sfzg u/L lgwf{l/t sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{l/t 

;dod} ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cGoyf lgjf{rg 

tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;DkGg x'g ;St}g . 

#)= lgjf{rgsf] nflu dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;sngb]lv lgjf{rg kl/0ffdsf] 3f]if0ff;Ddsf ;a} 

r/0fx¿ plQs} dxTjk"0f{ / ;+j]bgzLn x'G5g\ . 

Pp6f lglZrt ;dofjlwleq x/]s r/0fsf 

sfo{qmdx¿ ;DkGg x'g' clgjfo{ x'G5 . o:tf k|To]s 

58 

58 

r/0fdf gful/s jf dtbftfx¿sf] ;xeflutf 

a9LeGbf a9L dfqfdf x'g ;sf];\ eGg] clek|fon] 

To:tf lgjf{rg sfo{qmdx¿sf] Jofks k|rf/ k|;f/ 

u/]/ gful/sx¿sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ clwsflws 

agfpg] k|of; klg lgjf{rg cfof]un] ub{5 . To;sf 

nflu gful/sx¿nfO{ plrt ;do klg k|bfg ul/Psf] 

x''G5 . 

#!= lgjf{rgsf] sfo{qmd Tight x'g] / 

tf]lsPsf] ldlt / ;dodf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g' 

ckl/xfo{ x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf s'g} gful/s klg g5"6"g\ 

egL lgjf{rg cfof]un] lgjf{rgsf] ;Dk"0f{ 

sfdsf/jfxL / tof/L ax't xf]lzof/L / ;fjwfgLsf 

;fy u/]sf] x'G5 . cTowLs ;fjwfgL ckgfpFbf 

klg olb s'g} dtbftfsf] gfd e"nj; 5'6\g uP5 

g} eg] klg b]zJofkL ?ksf] dtbfg sfo{qmdnfO{ 

c;/ gk/f];\ egL cbfntsf] ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/af6 

dfq sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] xf] . 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ sf] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]q cGtu{tsf] pkrf/ eg] pknJw x'G5 . 

o;af6 pkrf/sf] dfu{ g} aGb ul/Psf] eg] xf]Og, 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t pkrf/ kfpg;Sg] 

Joj:yf ;bf v'nf /xG5 . lgjf{rg;DaGwL s'g} 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t 

dfq pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] xf] . To:tf 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿nfO{ ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t 

pkrf/ k|bfg ubf{ Ps tx k'g/fj]bgsf] clwsf/;d]t 

k|bfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h;af6 Goflos pkrf/sf] k|lqmof 

cem l9nf x'g] eO{ lgjf{rgsf] sfddf afwf k'[Ug 

hfG5 . dtbfg ug]{ xs df}lns xs geO{ sfg"gL 

xs ePsf] / ;f] sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu 

;fwf/0f cbfntsf] Jurisdiction sf] Joj:yf gu/] 

klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t o; 

cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 pkrf/ kfpg] 

s'/fnfO{ v'Nn} /flvPsf] 5 . 

#@= o;/L ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qnfO{ afx]s 

u/L c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qnfO{ v'nf /fVg'sf] sf/0f 

s] xf] eg] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ eg]sf] 

l56f] / k"0f{ Gofo k|fKt ug]{ Ps ;zQm dfWod xf] . 

lgjf{rgsf sfo{qmdx¿ cToGt Tight x'g] x'Fbf


;d]t 

o:tf]df Prompt Remedy s} cfjZostf kb{5 . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf @% 

n] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ u/]sf] ljifodf ;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]qaf6 pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gu/L c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]qsf] Joj:yf ug'{sf] csf]{ klg k|of]hg 

/x]sf] 5 . Tof] s] xf] eg] lgjf{rgsf] sfo{qmd 

lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf ;DkGg 

ug'{kg]{ x'gfn] lgjf{rg;DaGwL ph"/Lx¿ ljnDj 

gu/L lsgf/f ug'{k5{ . To;}n] ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q 

cGtu{t pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gul/Psf] xf] . 

##= k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;Gbe{df dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf @% n] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ubf{ s'g} JolQmsf] gfd btf{ ePsf] 

jf gePsf] jf btf{ ug{ x'g] jf gx'g] ljifo / 

clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ 

u/]sf] jf dtbftf gfdfjnL Update u/]sf] 

ljifonfO{ ;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 dfq pkrf/sf] 

Joj:yf gul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 

#$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !@(-!_ df ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"gsf] cwLgdf 

/xL ;+ljwfg;ef, wf/f !%& adf]lhd x'g] hgdt 

;Fu|x tyf :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rgsf] ;~rfng, 

/]vb]v, lgb]{zg / lgoGq0f lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 

x'g]5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu dtbftfx¿sf] gfdfjnL 

tof/ ug]{ sfo{ lgjf{rg cfof]un] ug]{5 eGg] pNn]v 

ePsf] 5 . ;f]cg';f/ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ug]{ ljifodf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# 

/ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL lgodfjnL @)^# df 

ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ x]bf{ dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng tyf cBfjlws ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lgjf{rg 

cfof]un] sfo{qmd k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, gfd btf{ clwsf/L 

lgo'Qm ug]{, ljj/0f ;+sngstf{ v6fpg], ljj/0f 

;+sng;DaGwL sfo{qmd 6fF; ug'{kg]{, tTsfn sfod 

/x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnL;d]t k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, 

dtbftf x'g of]Uotf ePsf] t/ tTsfn sfod 

/x]sf] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z gePsf] 

JolQmsf] gfd;d]t ;+sng ug]{, d[To' ePsf tyf 

a;fOF ;/L cGoq uPsf dtbftfsf] gfd dtbftf 

gfdfjnLaf6 x6fpg cfjZos ljj/0f ;+sng ug]{, 

59 59 

59 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ePsf] q'l6 ;Rofpg ljj/0f 

;+sng ug]{, ;+slnt ljj/0fcg';f/ cfjZos 

hfFra'em u/L dtbftf gfdfjnL cBfjlws u/L 

k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, To:tf] k|sflzt gfdfjnLdf gfd 

5"6 x'guPsf dtbftf x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf JolQmx¿n] 

gfd ;dfj]z ug{ lbPsf] b/vf:t;d]t ;+sng 

u/L ;+zf]lwt dtbftf gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug'{kg]{, 

dtbftf gfdfjnLdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} JolQmsf] 

gfd ;dfj]z x'g gx'g] egL k/]sf bfjL lj/f]w 

;+sng ug'{kg]{, bfjL lj/f]w k/]sf] ljifodf hfFra'em 

u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{, dtbftf gfdfjnLdf bf]xf]/f] 

gfd ;dfj]z ePsf] ljj/0f ;+sng u/L bf]xf]/f] 

gfd x6fpg'kg]{, bfjL lj/f]w, hfFra'em / ;+zf]wgsf] 

k|lqmof k"/f ul/;s]kl5 gfdbtf{ clwsf/Ln] clGtd 

dtbftf gfdfjnL tof/ u/L k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ h:tf 

sfo{ljlwut k|lqmofsf s'/fx¿ l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf 

lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt sfg"gL 

Joj:yfx¿sf] cWoog u/L x]bf{, s'g} klg avt 

x'g;Sg] lgjf{rgnfO{ b[li6ut u/L dtbftf 

gfdfjnLnfO{ b'?:t agfO/fVg cfjZos sfg"gL 

Joj:yfx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ cfˆgf] 

;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug{sf nflu ;Ifd Pj+ 

tTk/ agfpg] sfg"gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

#%= dfly ljj]lrt ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL 

Joj:yfx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ lgjf{rg cfof]u Ps 

:jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( cGtu{t /x]/ cfkm\gf] sfd 

st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Gbe{df lgjf{rg 

cfof]u clwsf/;DkGg / ;Ifd /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ ;DaGwdf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# n] u/]sf plNnlvt 

sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ r/0fa4, l;nl;n]jf/ / 

kf/bzL{;d]t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng ubf{ lrQ ga'em\g] JolQmn] bfjL lj/f]w ug{ 

kfpg], ;f] bfjL lj/f]w u/]sf] s'/fdf ;DalGwt 

clwsf/Ln] sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ / 

;f]xLcg';f/ dtbftf gfdfjnLdf Update u/L 

clGtd gfdfjnL k|sfzg ug'{kg]{ h:tf pQm P]g / 

lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx¿ x]bf{ dtbftf gfdfjnL


j}zfv 

tof/ ug]{ ljifodf lgjf{rg cfof]usf 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿ kf/bzL{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . oL 

sfdx¿df lgjf{rg cfof]u s'g} pDd]b\jf/k|lt Bias 

ePdf jf lgjf{rg cfof]un] cfkm"df gePsf] clwsf/ 

k|of]u u/]df jf sfg"gljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]df jf 

k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt s'g} sfd u/]df 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #@ adf]lhd ;DalGwt 

JolQmn] wf/f !)&-@_ åf/f o; cbfntnfO{ k|fKt 

c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ cGtu{t lgj]bg lbg;Sg] g} 

x'Fbf pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] eGg ldn]g . t;y{ 


n] lgjf{rg cfof]unfO{ Excessive Right k|bfg 

u/]sf] / ;f] Joj:yf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@( 

;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL k'Ug;Sg] 

b]lvPg . 

#^= dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 


k|df0fkqÆ afx]ssf cGo Joj:yf tyf pkbkmf -@_ 

/ -#_ sf] Joj:yf / bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, @, 

*, (, !), $^, ^#, ^% / !@( ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] 

5 eGg] lgj]bssf] bfjL /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bsn] pNn]v 

u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfnufot pQm ljleGg 

wf/fx¿ cf–cfkm\g} a]Unfa]Un} p2]Zo af]s]sf wf/fx¿ 

x'g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf jf pQm wf/fx¿sf] s'g 

rflxF k|fjwfg;Fu dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]gsf] 

tL Joj:yfx¿ lsg / s;/L aflemPsf] xf] 

eGg];DaGwdf lgj]bsn] ;Gtf]ifhgs sf/0f b]vfpg 

;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . bfjL g} lnP klg ;+ljwfg;Fu 

afem]sf] eg]sf] P]gsf] Joj:yf lsg / s;/L afem]sf] 

xf], cbfntnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]/ b]vfpg] sQ{Jo 

lgj]bssf] x'G5 t/ wf/f ^%-s_ ;Fuafx]s plNnlvt 

wf/f !, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, !@( ;Fu dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf plNnlvt bkmfx¿ 

s;/L aflemPsf] x'g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf l/6 lgj]bgdf 

/ ;'g'jfO{df ;d]t lgj]bsn] Justify ug{ g;s]sf]]n] 

To;tkm{ ljrf/} ug{ k/]g . o; ljifodf lgj]bs 

;'lgn/~hg l;Fx lj= lgjf{rg cfof]u;d]t ePsf] 

l/6 g+=)^&–WS–))!( sf] l/6 lgj]bgdf o; 

60 

60 

cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 lgj]bsn] :ki6 ls6fg 

u/L bfjL glnPsf] cj:yfdf cg'dflgt 

-Hypothetical_ cfwf/df o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf] 

c;fwf/0f clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ljwflosfn] agfPsf] 

sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ pko'Qm x'Fb}g 

eGg] l;4fGt;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvG5 . cem 

lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg 

@)^# sf] wf/f $^ t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg o; 

cbfntdf ldlt @)^&.*.^ df btf{ x'g' cufl8 g} 

cyf{t\ ldlt @)^%.#.@( df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

df ePsf] kfrf}F ;+zf]wgåf/f g} vf/]h eO;s]sf] 

b]lvG5 . t;y{ ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt wf/fx¿;Fu 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]gsf] tL Joj:yfx¿ 

lsg / s;/L aflemPsf] xf] eGg g;sL ;+ljwfgsf] 

k|:tfjgf tyf ljleGg wf/fx¿ pNn]v dfq u/L 

uf]Zjf/f ?kdf lnPsf] bfjL tyf vf/]h eO;s]sf] 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f;Fu ;d]t pQm P]gsf] k|fjwfg 

aflemPsf] egL lnPsf] bfjLsf cfwf/df P]gsf] 

;+j}wflgstfsf] k/LIf0f ug{ gldNg] ePsf]n] To;tkm{ 

ljrf/} ul//xg k/]g . 

#&= ca bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, 

lgj]bssf] csf]{ dfu dtbftf gfdfjnL 

;+sng;DaGwL ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt 

@)^&.&.!^ sf] lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, @, *, (, !), $^, ^#, 

^% / !@( tyf dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, 

@)^# sf] bkmf %-!_-s_ df plNnlvt 

k|fjwfg;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfL cfof]usf] 

pQm lg0f{o;d]t pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpmF 

eGg] /x]sf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bssf] k|:t't dfu dfly 

k|Zg g+=! df plNnlvt dfusf] kl/k"/ssf] ?kdf 

/x]sf] b]lvPsf] / ;f];DaGwdf dfly k|Zg g+=! sf] 

;Gbe{df g} ljj]rgf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf oxfF ;la:tf/ 

ljj]rgf ul//xg k/]g . 

dfly k|Zg g++=! sf] ;Gbe{df ljZn]if0f ubf{, 

lgj]bsn] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug{ dfu u/]sf] 


sf] pQm Joj:yfx¿ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf %-!_ sf] v08 

-s_ / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^% sf] v08 -s_

sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L :jtGq ?kn] k|of]u x'g ;St}g, 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ jf ;/sf/L sfof{no jf 

cGoqaf6 hf/L ePsf] k|df0fkqn] dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf -%_-!_-s_ / 

bkmf !!-!_ df ePsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqnfO{ 

Substitute ug{ ;St}g, dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng 

ubf{ ;f] P]gsf] bkmf -%_-!_-s_ / bkmf !!-!_ df 

ePsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq z+sfhgs jf 

låljwfhgs ePdf gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] 

Corroboration / Verify sf] nflu dfq hUufwgL 

k|df0fkq jf cGo kl/rokq ;xfosl;4 x'g;S5 

egL JofVof eO;s]sf] 5 . . pQm JofVofaf6 dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! df pNn]v 

ePsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqafx]s cGo k|df0f 

sfuhx¿sf] k|of]u ;f] P]gsf] bkmf -%_-!_-s_ df 

ePsf] Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L x'g g;Sg] egL 

l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL lgjf{rg 

cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] pQm lg0f{o;d]t 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f *-!_ / 

dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf -%_- 

!_-s_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 eGg] b]lvg cfPg . ctM 

ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] 

pQm lg0f{o ab/ ul//xg kg]{ b]lvPg . 

#*= ca k|Zg g++=# sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ 

ubf{, dfly k|Zg g+=! / @ df ljj]rgf x'Fbf dtbftf 

gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf 

-!_ df /x]sf] ægful/stfsf] k|df0fkqÆ afx]ssf 

cGo Joj:yfx¿ / pkbkmf -@_ / -#_ sf] ;Dk"0f{ 

k|fjwfg tyf bkmf @% sf] Joj:yf;d]t g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, @, 

*, (, !), $^, ^#, ^% / !@( ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf 

cfGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd 

k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm / 

ljkIfL lgjf{rg cfof]usf] ldlt @)^&.&.!^ sf] 

pQm lg0f{o;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿ 

/ dtbftf gfdfjnL;DaGwL P]g @)^# sf] bkmf %- 

!_-s_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt ePsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f 

ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] dfubfjL k'Ug g;Sg] u/L JofVof 

eO;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z 

61 

61 

hf/L ug{ k/]g . t/ gful/stf / dtbfg ug]{ 

gful/ssf] xs;Fu ;DalGwt /fli6«o dxTjsf] 

ljifoa:t' ;dfj]z ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ 

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf gfddf 

b]xfoadf]lhd lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] 5MM 

-s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] 

lgod $@ adf]lhd ;+nUg ePsf ljleGg 

lgj]bgx¿ dWo] Pro–public sf] 

lgj]bgjfx]s cGo Intervener sf xsdf 

dfly JoQm ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 g} dfu 

Address ePsf] 5 . t/ Pro–public n] 

p7fPsf] Psn dlxnfn] gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq gkfPsf] sf/0faf6 dtbftf 

gfdfjnLdf gfd ;dfj]z ug{af6 jl~rt 

x'g x'+b}g eGg] dfu hfoh b]lvG5 . of] 

dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg xf] . k|hftGqdf sfg"gdf 

tf]lsPsf] pd]/ k"/f ePsf ;a} g]kfnL 

gful/sx¿n] r'gfjdf pDd]b\jf/ aGg / 

dt v;fNg kfpg'k5{ . olb dtbfg ug{ 

of]Uo Ps dfq gful/s dt v;fNg] 

clwsf/af6 al~rt x'G5 eg] To:tf] 

Joj:yfnfO{ ;a} gful/sx¿sf] ;xeflutf 

ePsf] k|ltlglwd"ns k|hftGq dfGg 

;lsFb}g . To;}n] s'g} g]kfnL gful/s 

Psn dlxnf ePs} sf/0f dtbfg ug{ / 

r'gfjdf pDd]b\jf/ jGg] xsaf6 jl~rt 

x'g x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgn] dlxnf, k'?if / t];|f] 

lnËLnfO{ lnËsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g] 

Joj:Yff u/]sf] / g]kfn CEDAW df kIf 

ePsf] sf/0f Psn dlxnf nufot t];|f] 

lnËLn] ;d]t cfkm\gf] OR5fcg';f/ g]kfnL 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpg'kg]{ x'Fbf 

o;tkm{ cfjZos Joj:Yff ug{" Ù 

-v_ g]kfn kIf ePsf] dxf;lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn 

sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g] Joj:Yff g]kfn ;lGw 

P]g, @)$& df /x]sf] 5 . of] Joj:Yff x'g' 

klg kb{5 . lsgeg] sfg"gsf] zf;g x'g] 

b]zdf To:tf] b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gk|ltsf] 

/ dfgj clwsf/k|ltsf] cfk\mgf] 

*%#^– *%#^–;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t 

;/f]hgfy Kofs'/]n lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t 




*%#^–


j}zfv 

k|ltj4tfaf6 ljrlnt x'g' x'Fb}g . g]kfn 

@) eGbf j9L dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL 

dxf;lGwdf kIf ePsf] sf/0f ut @) 

jif{b]lv o; cbfntn] g]kfn ;lGw P]g, 

@)$& sf] bkmf ( nfO{ 6]s]/ dfgj 

clwsf/;DaGwL dxf;lGwx¿sf] Joj:Yff 

nfu" ub}{cfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g @)$& 

sf] Joj:yf / p2]Zo g} oxL xf] t/ s'g} 

s'g} dxf;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿ g]kfn 

sfg"g;Fu d]n gvfg] klg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] 

nflu Convention on the Rights of the 

Child (CRC) sf] gfjfnssf] kl/efiff / 

g]kfn sfg"gsf] gfjfnssf] kl/efiffsf] 

pd]/ km/s km/s b]lvG5 . xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f ! n] Constitutional Supremacy 

eg]sf] / xfd|f] ;+;b sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ 

sfddf Sovereign ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfn kIf 

ePsf] dxf;lGwsf] Joj:Yff Enabling 

Legislation dfkm{t\ nfu" ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f ! sf] Joj:yfsf] dd{ / efjgf cg's"n 

x'g hfg] x'gfn] o;tkm{ ;d]t cfjZos 

sfg"gL Joj:Yff ldnfpg" / 

-u_ dtbftf gfdfjnL ;+sng ubf{ sf]xL klg 

of]Uo gful/s g5"6'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] k|rlnt 

g]kfn sfg"gadf]lhd g]kfnL gful/stfsf] 

k|df0fkq kfpg of]Uo JolQmx¿nfO{ 

gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq lbg] ;/n ;'ne / 

k|efjsf/L Joj:yf ldnfO{ dtbftf 

gfdfjnL ;+sng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg" . 

k|:t't cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L dxf– 

GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lbO{ 

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfOlbg" . 

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . 


Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& df3 @$ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ 

 

62 

62 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#& 

*%#& 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf; 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/ 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo 

@)^%–FN– )!@@ 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.%.!&.% 

d'2fM k/dfb]z . 

k'g/fj]bs ljkIfLM u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, 

l8NnLjhf/ sf7df8f+}sf tkm{af6 P]=sf= 

k|zf;s ;]dGt/fh rfkfufO{ / u'7L 

;+:yfg tx;Ln zfvf sfof{no 

sfndf]rgsf tkm{af6 P]=sf sfof{no 

k|d'v cRo'tfgGb kf]v/]n 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f 

g+= @& j:g] lji0f'dfof dxh{g 

z'? km};nf ug]{ GofofwLzx¿M 

df=Gof=>L df]xg k|sfz l;6f}nf 

df=Gof=>L 1fg]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ 

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf km};nf ug]{MM 

df=Gof=>L /fdk|;fb >]i7 

df=Gof=>L lvn/fh /]UdL 

sfg"gn] clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfosf] gfddf 

k/dfb]z hf/L x'g g;Sg] . 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gsf] nflu sfg"gL 

xs / sfg"gL bfloTj ljBdfgtf x'g' kb{5 . 

cyf{t\ k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfg"gL st{Jo 

kfngf ug{ nufpg] ;zQm pkrf/ xf] .

*%#&– *%#&–u'7L *%#&– u'7L u'7L ;+:yfg ;+:yfg s]= s]= sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 lji0'dfof lji0'dfof dxh{g 

dxh{g 

To;}n] sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{ ug{ nufpg of] 

cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!@_ 

df]lxofgL xssf] k"hf{ lbg] bfloTj u'7L 

;+:yfgsf] geO{ e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Lsf] 

ePsf] cj:Yffdf sfg"gn] clwsf/} 

gePsf] lgsfo u'7L ;+:yfgsf] gfpFdf 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ sfg"gtM 

gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!$_ 

df]xL xs lbg] lbnfpg] jf o;;DaGwL 

k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifo x]g]{ lgsfo 

lhNnf cbfnt gePsf] / To:tf] df]xL 

xssf] btf{ u/L k|df0fk"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ug]{ 

clwsf/k|fKt lgsfo klg u'7L ;+:yfg ePsf] 

eGg] sfg"gdf gb]lvPsf] cj:Yff / l:yltdf 

To:tf] lgsfopk/ k/dfb]z hf/L x'g 

g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!%_ 

k'g/fj]bs ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L 

/fdk|;fb uf}8]n 

k|ToyL{ lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L d'lQm 

k|wfg 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

g]sfk @)%#, cÍ $, lg=g+= ^!&!, k[i7 

#*& 

g]sfk @)^!, cÍ !!, lg=g+= &$%&, k[i7 

!#(( 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #!-@_ 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ 

u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @& 

cfb]z 

Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/M ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 

ldlt @)^#.&.! sf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

@)$* sf] bkmf !!-!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd 

ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, l8NnLjhf/ 

;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cg'dlt k|bfg e} k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf 

btf{ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo 

Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M 

d lgj]bssf] ;;'/f hf]udfg dxh{gn] 

;fljsb]lv hf]tL ef]uL 3/ agfO{ j;f]jf; u/L 

cfpg' ePsf] sf=lh=c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf] hUUff 

@)@! ;fndf gfkL x'Fbf uf]+uj' uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ 

-s_ ls=g+= ^$# sf] If]=km= )–!)–) sfod ePsf]df 

e"nn] ubf{ hf]tfxf dxndf sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd 

hlgP tfklg d]/f] ;;'/fn] hf]tef]u u/L cfpg' 

ePsf]df ;;'/fsf] d[To' kl5 d]/f] klt jfj'sfhL 

dxh{gn] hf]tef]u u/L pQm u'7Lsf] gfO{s] sfG5f 

dxh{gnfO{ jfnL a'emfO{ j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf]n] ;f] 

df]xL 3/jf;sf] hUufsf] df]xL cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ 

ul/kfpFm egL d]/f] klt jfj'sfhL dxh{gn] k|ToyL{ 

u'7L nut tyf tx;Ln sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ 

sf/jfxLs} qmddf kltsf] @)%#.!@.!@ df d[To' e} 

lgj]lbsfn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf k'k{If ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] / 

pQm ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUuf hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ 

u'l7of/af6 sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd s§f u/L t}gfyL 

hUufwgLn] k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt ePkl5 lnnfd ug]{ 

u/L ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 

@)%$.&.% df / u'7L tx;Ln sfof{noaf6 

@)%$.$.@) df ePsf] lg0f{opk/ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntdf lg0f{o ab/ xs sfod d'2f u/L sf/jfxL 

x'Fbf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 d]/f] lkm/fb 

bfjLadf]lhd u'7L nut tyf tx;Ln sfof{nosf] 

@)%$.$.@) / u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] 

@)%$.&.% sf] lg0f{o ab/ e} ls=g+= ^$# sf] df]xL 

3/jf;sf] hUuf d lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf df]lxofgL 

xs btf{ u/L xs sfod u/L hUufwgL c;g 

cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf d lgj]lbsf ePsf] hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{ d}n] kfpg] 7x/L @)%^.!.@! df ePsf] 

63 

63


j}zfv 

km};nfpk/ ljkIfLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg 

k/]sf]df lghx¿sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug g;Sg] 

7x/L @)%*.%.!! df km};nf eO;s]sf] 5 . 

t;y{ k|ToyL{x¿n] clGtd ?kdf /x]sf] 

km};nf ;d]tnfO{ cj1f u/L pQm ls=g+= ^$# sf] 

hUufsf] hUufwgL dxndf c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / 

df]xL d lgj]lbsf sfod u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ 

lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] sfo{ u}/sfg"gL ePsf] lglj{jfb 

5 . ctM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%^.!.@! 

sf] km};nfcg'¿k d]/f] lgj]bgpk/ cfjZos 

sf/jfxL u/L sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $-s_ 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] If]qkmn )–!)–) hUufsf] d]/f] df]xL 

3/jf;sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tfdf hUufwgL 

c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / df]xL xs d lgj]lbsfsf] 

gfddf btf{ u/L d lgj]lbsfnfO{ df]xL sfod ePsf] 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lbg' egL k|ToyL{x¿sf 

gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL 

lgj]lbsfn] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gdf lbPsf] 

lgj]bg bfjL . 

o;df lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z 

hf/L x'g gkg]{ sf/0f eP sfg"gadf]lhdsf] ;a"b 

k|df0f ;d]t v'nfO{ !% lbgleq cfkm} jf 

sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt 

hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL of] cfb]z / lgj]bgsf] k|ltlnlk 

;d]t ;fy} /fvL k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfddf Dofb hf/L 

u/L lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

ldlt @)%*.!@.@*.$ sf] cfb]z . 

ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] km};nf 

sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lgsfo u'7L ;+:yfg xf] egL 

s'g} sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] 5}g . sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/L 

tf]]s]sf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg dfq k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 

x'Fbf nfUg g;Sg] l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] 

k|i6 5 . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] u'7L 

;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] lgsfo 

u'7L ;+:yfg xf] egL s'g} sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] 5}g . 

sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/L tf]]s]sf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg 

dfq k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 

64 

64 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u'7L tx;Ln zfvf 

sfof{no, sfnfdf]rgsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/]sf] ls=g+= ^$# sf] 

h=/f]= )–!)–) hUuf ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntsf] ldlt @)%^.!.@! sf] km};nfcg';f/sf] 

btf{ ;|]:tf sfod u/L ;f]sf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ 

lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbg' kg]{df To:tf] sfo{ ljkIfLx¿af6 

;dod} eP u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg gcfPaf6 lgj]bgsf] 

k|s/0f -$_ df pNn]v ePsf] dfuadf]lhd btf{ 

;|]:tf sfod u/L k|df0f k"hf{ lbg] ;d]tsf sfo{ 

cljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL k|ToyL{x¿sf 

gfpFdf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf *-@_ 

adf]lhd k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L lbg] 7x5{ 

eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt @)%(.&.& 

sf] cfb]z . 

ljjfbsf] ls=g+= ^$# sf] h=/f]= )–!)–) 

hUufsf] df]lxofgL xs sfod;DaGwL d'2f e"ld;'wf/ 

clwsf/Ln] x]g'{ kg]{df sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 

ePsf] :jtM sfg"gL k|efjxLg x'g] cglws[t lg0f{osf] 

cfwf/df ePsf] k/dfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og . 

df]lxofgL xssf] k"hf{ lbg] bfloTj u'7L ;+:yfgsf] 

geO{ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf] ePsf] ljBdfg sfg"gL 

Joj:yfnfO{ x]b}{ gx]/L u'7L ;+:yfgsf gfddf sfg"gn] 

ug}{ g;Sg] sfd ug'{ egL k/dfb]z hf/L u/]sf] 7f8} 

sfg"gljk/Lt 5 / ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUuf 

c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf] ePsf] / u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, 

@)## sf] bkmf @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofFzsf] 

v08 -s_ adf]lhd df]lxofgL xs gkfpg] / lglZrt 

sfd u/]jfkt vfGuLsf] ?kdf / ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ 

gkfpg] u/L k|fKt ePsf] hUuf eP tkm{ Goflos 

b[li6 k'u]sf] 5}g . t;y{, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] 

cfb]z k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf / sfg"gsf dfGo 

l;4fGtljk/Lt ePsf]n] ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/f 

;d]tsf] ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] 

tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg 

kq . 

o;df cfk"mn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ eO{ 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 lgj]lbsfsf]

*%#&– *%#&–u'7L *%#&– u'7L ;+:yfg ;+:yfg s]= s]= sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 lji0'dfof lji0'dfof dxh{g 

dxh{g 

dfuadf]lhd lgh df]xL sfod eO{ hUufwgL xssf] t]/f] d]/f] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ug]{ 

k|df0fk"hf{ lgj]lbsfnfO{ lbg' kg{] sfg"gL bfloTjjf6 clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;f] 

u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @%, @^ / @& bkmfn] u'7Lsf] hUufnfO{ afx]s u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvg 

adf]lhd klg klG5g gldNg] cj:yfdf pko'{Qm gcfPaf6 u'7L hUufsf] xsdf ;d]t ;a"b k|df0f 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] a'emL df]xL ;DaGwL t]/f] d]/f] k|Zgdf lg0f{o ug]{ 

cj:yf ljBdfg ePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ 

dfuadf]lhd btf{ ;|]:tf sfod u/L k|df0f k"hf{ lbg] egL ldlt @)^#.#.!# df l;4fGt k|ltkfbg e}/x]sf] 

;d]tsf] sfo{ cljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL b]lvG5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdf hf/L cbfntaf6 bfjLsf] hUuf jfbLsf] gfpFdf df]lxofgL 

ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] cfb]z ldn]s} xs btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ ;d]t kfpg] 

b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt 7x¥ofO{ ldlt @)%^.!.@! df ePsf] km};nfnfO{ 

@)^#.&.! sf] km};nf . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] ;d]t ;b/ u/]sf]df 

k|:t't ljjfbsf] hUuf c;gl:yt >L 

cGgk"0f{ u'7L ljkIfLsf klt;lxtsf u'l7of/n] u'7L 

rnfO{ cfnf]kfnf];Fu pQm hUuf sdfO{ cfo:tfn] 

k"hf rnfO{ cfPsf] hUufxf] . Psnf}6L df]xL xs 

x'g] hUuf xf]Og . o:tf] u'7L rnfPjfkt hf]tef]u 

ug{ kfpg] hUufdf To:tf] u'7L rnfpg] /sdLn] 

df]lxofgL xs gkfpg] egL u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## 

sf] bkmf @& sf] k|ltjGwfTds jfSofFz v08 -s_ 

df :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:Yff 5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf 

;d]tsf] ljj]rgf g} gu/L ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ 

x'Fb}g . df]xL gfd;f/L nufotsf ljifodf lg0f{o 

ug]{ clwsf/} gePsf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf] gfpFdf 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt, kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ ug]{ u/]sf] ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nf o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs 

dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo ;d]t lj?4 u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf k|ltkflbt 

l;4fGt ;d]tsf] q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL 

;f] km};nfadf]lhd cfkm"nfO{ df]xL sfod ePsf] 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lbg' egL k/dfb]z 

hf/L ul/kfpFm egL lji0f' dfof dxh{gn] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gdf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ;f] cbfntaf6 

dfuadf]lhd btf{ ;|]:tf sfod u/L k|df0fk"hf{ 

lbg] ;d]tsf] sfo{ cljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' egL 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/lbg] 7x¥ofO{ ePsf] 

cfb]z o; cbfntsf] ;Fo'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt 

@)^#.&.! df ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L lg0f{o 

ab/ xs sfod d'2fdf df]xL sfod ug]{ u/]sf] 

km};nf sfof{Gjogsf l;nl;nfdf hf/L ePsf] 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo ;d]tsf] 

d'2fdf o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt -g]sfk 

@)%#, lg=g+= ^!&!, k[= @*&_ ;d]tsf] k|lts"n 

/x]sf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf 

!! sf] pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|:t't 

d'2f k'g/fjnf]sg u/L x]g]{ cg'dlt k|bfg u/L 

lbPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^^.@.* sf] cfb]z . 

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

o; cbfntdf d'2f k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu kg{ Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf 

cfPsf] lgj]bg . 

k'g/fj]bs u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, l8NnLjhf/ 

o;df lgj]bs dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo 

;d]t lj?4 u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t 

ePsf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] 

lgj]bgdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 e"ld 

;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #!-s_ n] df]lxofgL 

65 

65 

;d]tsf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L 

/fdk|;fb uf}8]nn] ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUuf 

df]xL nfUg] hUuf xf]Og . ljkIfLx¿ df]xL xf]Ogg\, 

u'l7of/ x'g\ . u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @& 

sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ u'7L


j}zfv 

rnfpg] u'l7of/n] df]lxofgL xs gkfpg] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . clwsf/ g} gePsf] lgsfo u'7L 

;+:yfgnfO{ df]xLsf] k|df0fkq lbg' egL o; 

cbfntaf6 ePsf] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfof{Gjog 

x'g ;Qm}g . k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd df]xL xs :yflkt 

ug{ ;flwsf/ lgsfo e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nodf hfg'k5{ . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z 

hf/L x'g] u/L ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] o; 

cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

k|ToyL{ lji0f'dfof dxh{gsf] tkm{af6 

pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf >L d'lQm k|wfgn] ljjflbt 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL cGgk"0f{ u'7L xf] 

eg] lji0f'dfof dxh{gsf ;;'/f hf]udfg dxh{g 

hf]tfxf df]xL x'g\ . cbfntaf6 ePsf] clGtd km};nf 

kfngf ulb{g eGg u'7L ;+:yfgn] kfpFb}g . ljjflbt 

hUufsf] df]xL hf]udfg dxh{g xf]Og eGg] k|Zg 

u'7L ;+:yfgn] p7fPsf]df cbfntn] df]xL dfg]sf] 

cj:yf 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sgsf] 

lgj]bgdf lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ cfwf/ lnO{Psf] ghL/ 

k|:t't ljjfb;+u ldNb}g . t;y{, o; cbfntaf6 

ldlt @)^#.&.! df ePsf] km};nf sfod xf];\ eGg] 

Joxf]/fsf] jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] ug'{ ePsf] 

jx; Pj+ ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ 

ljrf/ ubf{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 bfjLsf] 

hUuf jfbLsf] gfpFdf df]lxofgL xs btf{ u/L 

hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t kfpg] 7x¥ofO{ ldlt 

@)%^.!.@! df ePsf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

kf6gn] ;d]t ldlt @)%*.%.!! df ;b/ u/L clGtd 

km};nfadf]lhd sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, uf]+uj' uf=lj=;=j8f 

g+= $ -s_ sf] ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufsf] 

hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tfdf hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ 

u'7L / df]xLxs d lgj]lbsfsf] gfddf btf{ u/L 

df]xL sfod ePsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lbg' 

egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] 

gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL 

lji0f'b]jL dxh{gsf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL 

/x]sf]df ljkIfLn] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] km};nf 

66 

66 

sfof{Gjog u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L sfg"gn] u'7L 

;+:yfgnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5}g . sfg"gn] ls6fgL u/L 

tf]]s]sf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg dfq k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 

x'Fbf sfg"gljk/Lt bfo/ ePsf] lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] 

lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 

ldlt @)%(.&.& df k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePsf] 

/ pQm cfb]z pk/ ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg 

k/]sf]df lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd btf{ ;|]:tf sfod 

u/L k|df0fk"hf{ lbg] ;d]tsf] sfo{ cljnDj ug'{ 

u/fpg' egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

;d]tsf gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ egL 

o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.&.! df km};nf ePsf] 

/ pQm km};nfpk/ ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 lbPsf] k'g/fjnf]sgsf] 

lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 lg:;f k|bfg e} lg0f{ofy{ 

k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgDg lnlvt k|Zgx¿sf] 

ljj]rgf u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] 

cj:yf x'G5 x'b}g egL x]/L ljZn]if0f u/L lg0f{o 

lbg' kg]{ b]lvg cfof] . 

!_ ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufdf 

df]xL;DaGwL ljjfb 5, 5}g < 

@_ df]xL;DaGwL ljjfb b]lvPsf] cj:Yffdf 

lhNnf cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ug{ ldNg] 

cj:yf x'G5 x'Fb}g < 

#_ cbfntaf6 ePsf] clGtd km};nf 

sfof{Gjog gx'g] cj:Yff klg l;h{gf x'g 

;S5, ;Sb}g < 

$_ k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bg dfu bfjLadf]lhd 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 

5, 5}g < 

%_ o; cbfntsf] ;Fo'Qm Ohnf;af6 ldlt 

@)^#.&.! df ePsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5, 

5}g < 

@= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zg cyf{t km};nf 

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu dfu ePsf] d'2fsf] ljjflbt


dxh{g 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufdf df]lxofgL;DaGwL 

ljjfb /x]sf] 5, 5}g < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, uff]uj' uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ -s_ 

ls=g+= ^$# sf])–!)–) hUufsf] hUufwgL 

sf=lh=c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / df]xL dxndf sfG5f 

dxh{gsf] gfd hlgPsf] ldl;n ;+nUg hUufwgL 

k|df0fk"hf{af6s: b]lvG5 . oL k|ToyL{ lji0f'dfof 

dxh{g ;d]t pk/ ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUufdf ;;'/f 

hf]udfg dxh{gn] ;fljsb]lv hf]t ef]u u/L 3/ 

;d]t agfO{ j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf]df @)@! ;fndf 

gfkL x'Fbf e"nn] ubf{ hf]tfxf dxndf u'7Lsf] gfO{s] 

sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd hlgPsf]n] ;;'/fsf] d[To' 

kl5 klt jfj'sfhL dxh{gn] u'7L nut tyf tx;Ln 

sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL s} qmddf kltsf] 

@)%#.!@.!@ df d[To' ePsf]n] hf]tfxf dxndf 

/x]sf] sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd s§f u/L lnnfd ug]{ 

u/L u'7L tx;Ln sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%$.$.@) 

sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug]{ u/L u/]sf] u'7L ;+:yfg 

sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%$.&.% sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L 

xs sfod ul/kfpFm egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf 

lkm/fb kq lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf c;g 

cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf] u'7L t}gfyL hUuf xf] . ljjflbt 

hUufdf cfh;Dd sf]xL klg df]xL sfod gePsf] 

x'Fbf jfbLsf] ;;'/f hf]udfg dxh{g df]xL x'g] k|Zg} 

cfpFb}g . xsb}ofljxLg lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf7df8f}+ u'7L tx;Ln sfof{no 

;d]tsf] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L 

ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufdf 

df]lxofgL;DaGwL k|Zg / ljjfb /x]sf] k|i6 ?kdf 

b]lvg cfpF5 . 

#= bf];|f] k|Zgtkm{ x]bf{ ls=g+= ^$# sf] )– 

!)–) hUuf c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf] ePsf]df ljjfb 

g/x]sf] / lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntdf lbPsf] lg0f{o ab/ xs sfod d'2fdf 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUuf hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L 

ePsf]df df]xL nutdf u'l7of/ sfG5f dxh{gsf] 

gfd n]lvg uPsf]n] df]xL dxnsf] sfG5f dxh{gsf] 

gfd s§f u/L t}gfyL hUufwgLn] k|df0fk"hf{{ k|fKt 

ePkl5 lnnfd ug]{ u/L u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

67 

67 

sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%$.&.% df Pj+ u'7L tx;Ln 

sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%$.$.@) df ePsf] lg0f{o 

ab/ u/L ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufsf] hUUffwgL 

c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf lji0f'dfof dxh{gsf] 

gfpFdf xs sfod x'g] 7x/L @)%^.!.@! df km};nf 

ePsf] / pQm km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbL u'7L ;+:yfg 

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df 

jfbL bfjLadf]lhd x'g] u/L z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%*.%.!! df km};nf eO{ clGtd 

eP/ /x]sf] k|df0fdf k|fKt ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . 

$= k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] 

ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUuf ;;'/f 

hf]udfg dxh{gn] ;fljsb]lv hf]tef]u u/L 3/ 

;d]t agfO{ j;f]jf; u/L cfPsf]df gfkLdf 

hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf dxndf 

e"nn] ubf{ u'7Lsf] gfO{s] sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfpF 

hlgPsf]n] lgh sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd s§f u/L 

cfkm\gf] gfpFdf df]lxofgL xs sfod ul/kfpFm egL 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf lkm/fb bfjL lnPsf] 

cj:Yff /x]5 . plNnlvt ljjfbdf df]lxofgL ;DaGwL 

k|Zg ;dfj]z /x]sf] / e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] 

bkmf #! -s_ n] df]lxofgL xssf] k|flKt jf t]/f] 

d]/f];DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ 

clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

%= lgj]bs dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo ;d]t 

lj?4 u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] 

pTk|]if0f d'2fdf -g]sfk @)%#, cÍ $, lg=g+= ^!&! 

k[=@*&_ o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 "e"ld;DaGwL 

P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf #! -s_ n] df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f] 

d]/f] ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ 

clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf], ;f] bkmfn] u'7Lsf] hUufsf] 

xsdf ;d]t ;a"b k|df0f a'emL df]xL;DaGwL t]/f] 

d]/f] k|Zgdf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/ 

clwsf/LnfO{ ePsf] dfGg' kg]{ " egL @)%#.#.!# 

df cfb]z e} l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . 

^= k|:t't k/dfb]z dfu ePsf] ljjfbsf] 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufdf jfbL bfjLadf]lhd


j}zfv 

df]lxofgL xs btf{ u/L df]xL xs sfod u/L hUuf 

wgL cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf jfbL lji0f'dfof dxh{g 

sfod u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t kfpg] 7x/L 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%^.!.@! df 

km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntn] df]lxofgLsf] k|Zg ;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] 

ljjfbsf] ;DaGwdf lkm/fb lnO{ df]xL gfd;f/L 

xs sfod x'g] u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . 

df]lxofgL xssf] k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifodf 

pk/f]Qm plNnlvt km};nfdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtaf6 

lhNnf cbfntn] x]/L lg0f{o ug{ clwsf/ ePsf] 

b]lvFb}g . 

&= ca t];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\ cbfntaf6 

ePsf] clGtd km};nf sfof{Gjog gx'g] cj:yf 

klg l;h{gf x'g ;S5, ;Sb}g < eGg] ;DaGwdf 

ljrf/ ubf{ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL lzj/fh /fO{ 

lj?4 k|ToyL{ jfbL dfl0fsnfn >]i7 ePsf] btf{ 

ab/ btf{ d'2f -g]sfk @)^!, cÍ !!, lg=g+= 

&$%&, k[=!#((_ df o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ 

Ohnf;af6 ;flwsf/ lgsfon] sfg"gsf] ljk/Lt 

u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ sfg"g;+ut lg0f{o sbflk klg 

eGg ;lsFb}g . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df 

@)@%.&.( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgaf6 bkmf @^ 

s=df df]xL nfu]sf] hUufsf] df]lxofgL xs 

j]rljvg, bfg bftJo jf s'g} lsl;dn] xs 

5f]8fO{ lng gkfOg] Joj:yf ePkZrft\ lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 c+z xs nfUg] egL df]xL nfu]sf] 

ls=g+= !@@ sf] hUufdf c+z xs nfUg] u/L 

@)#! ;fndf sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] lg0f{o 

u/]sf] / ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t pQm d'2f 

clGtd x'g uP klg tL km};nfx¿ plNnlvt 

sfg"gL k|fjwfgsf] ljk/Lt x'g uPsf]n] To;nfO{ 

sfg"g;+ut eGg g;lsg] eGg] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg 


*= k|:t't ljifo x]bf{ df]lxofgL xssf] 

t]/f] d]/f] cyf{t df]xL xs k|flKt;DaGwL ljjfbdf 

sfg"gn] If]qflwsf/ g} gePsf] ljifodf lkm/fb 

lnO{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd df]xL gfd;f/L xs sfod 

x'g] u/L ePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] 

68 

68 

km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] 

ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] km};nf sfof{Gjog gu/]sf] 

egL ;f] km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] tkm{ 

k/dfb]z hf/L ug{ dfu u/L lgj]bg k/]sf] cj:yf 

b]lvG5 / To:tf] l:yltdf k/dfb]z hf/L ug{ ldN5, 

ldNb}g eGg] k|Zg pkl:yt ePsf] 5 . 

(= o;y{ rf}yf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ug'{ 

eGbf k"j{ s:tf] cj:Yffdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L 

ug{ ldN5 ;f] ;DaGwdf x]g'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . Gofo 

k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -@_ 

n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|fb]lzs 

clwsf/If]qleq s'g} lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] s'g} 

JolQmsf] sfg"g k|bQ xsdf cf3ft k'¥ofPdf jf 

;f] xssf] k|rngsf] nflu cfjZostfg';f/ 

jGbLk|ToIfsLs/0f k/dfb]z jf lgif]wf1fsf] cfb]z 

hf/L ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5 . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ ;fj{hlgs 

lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{kg]{ sfd 

gu/]df k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] To:tf] clwsf/L jf 

lgsfosf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ 

;Sg] b]lvG5 . 

Black's Law Dictionary df 

Mandamus nfO{ (Latine " we command") - 

"A writ issued by a superior court to compel 

a lower court or a government offficer to 

perform mandatory or purely ministerial 

duties correctly." egL kl/efiff u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

!)= o;}u/L ;do ;dodf ef/tsf] 

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg k/dfb]zsf] ;DaGwdf 

JofVof u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf ;fGble{s 

s]xL lg0f{ox¿ p4[t ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntn] Director of settlements, A.P. and 

others v. M.R. Apparao and others ePsf] d'2f 

-AIR, 2002 SC 1598) df Mandamus is a 

command issued to direct any person, 

corporation, inferior courts or Government, 

requiring him or them to do some particular 

thing therein specified which appertains to 

his or their office and is in the nature of a


dxh{g 

public duty. A Mandamus is available against km};nf u/]sf] / k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;d]t pQm 

any public authority including adminstrative q'l6k"0f{ km};nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf u'7L ;+:yfg 

and local bodies, and it would lie to any s]Gb|Lo sfof{non] lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd 

person who is under a duty imposed by 

statute or by common law to do a particular 

act. The duty that may be enjoined by 

Mandamus may be one imposed by the 

constitution, a statute common law or by 

rules or orders having the force of law. egL 

JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

To;}u/L ef/ts} ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] State 

of U.P. and others v. Harish Chandra and 

others ePsf] d'2f -AIR, 1996 SC 2173) df No 

Mandamus can be Issued to direct 

Government to refrain from enforcing 

provision of law or to do something contrary 

to law.egL JofVof ePsf] cj:yf klg /x]5 . 

!!= o; cbfntaf6 lgj]bs 1fg' 

rfkfufO{ lj?4 sfof{no k|d'v, e}/xjf eG;f/ 

sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%) ;fnsf] l/6 g+= 

#!&) sf] k/dfb]z d'2f -;jf]{Rr cbfnt j'n]l6g, 

jif{ $, cÍ #, -h]7 !–!%, @)%@_ k"0ff{Í–^( k]h g+= 

!(_ df "k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfg"gL st{Jo kfngf 

ug{ nufpg] ;zQm pkrf/ xf] . To;}n] sfg"gljk/Lt 

sfo{ ug{ nufpg ;f] cfb]z hf/L ug{ gldNg]" egL 

k/dfb]zsf] JofVof u/L l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 

kfOG5 . 

!@= o;/L x]bf{ sfg"gn] clwsf/} gePsf] 

lgsfosf] gfddf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g;Sg] b]lvFb}g . 

Toltdfq xf]Og k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L x'gsf] 

nflu sfg"gL xs / sfg"gL bfloTj ljBdfgtf x'g' 

kb{5 . cyf{t k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z sfg"gL st{Jo 

kfngf ug{ nufpg] ;zQm pkrf/ xf] . To;}n] 

sfg"gljk/Lt sfo{ ug{ nufpg of] cfb]z hf/L ug{ 

ldNb}g . 

!#= k|:t't ljjfbdf df]lxofgL xssf] 

t]/f] d]/f];DaGwL k|Zg /x]sf] / sfg"gn] clwsf/ g} 

gePsf] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] ;f] ;DaGwdf 

lkm/fb lnO{ df]xL gfd;f/L xs sfod x'g] u/L 

69 69 

69 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufsf] hUufwgL btf{ 

;|]:tfdf hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / df]xL dxndf 

cfkm\gf] gfd sfod gu/]sf] egL lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] 

u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] gfpFdf 

k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gdf lgj]bg lbPsf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, 

kf6gaf6 lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] 

u/L @)%(.&.& df cfb]z ePsf] / o; cbfntaf6 

;d]t k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]znfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] 

cj:yf b]lvof] . 

!$= u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf @& 

n] u'7L hUufdf vf; hf]tfxf ls;fgn] k|rlnt 

sfg"gadf]lhd df]lxofgL xs kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:Yff 

ePtfklg u'7L hUufsf] df]lxofgL xssf] ljifodf 

lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 

b]lvFb}g . cyf{t k|ToyL{ lji0f'dfof dxh{gnfO{ 

df]lxofgL xssf] k"hf{ lbg] bfloTj u'7L ;+:yfgsf] 

geO{ e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Lsf] ePsf] cj:Yffdf 

sfg"gn] clwsf/} gePsf] lgsfo u'7L ;+:yfgsf] 

gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ sfg"gtM ldNg] 

b]lvFb}g . 

!%= cj kfFrf} k|Zg cyf{t clGtd k|Zg 

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ u'7L hUufsf] df]xL;DaGwL 

ljjfbsf] ljifodf lg/f]k0f ug{] clwsf/ cbfnt Pj+ 

u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ geO{ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! 

adf]lhd e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ dfq /x] ePsf]df 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)%$.&.% sf] lg0f{opk/ k|ToyL{ 

lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf 

lbPsf] lkm/fb lnO{ jfbL bfjL adf]lhd x'g] u/L 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%^.!.@! sf] 

km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 ldlt 

@)%*.%.!! df ;b/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . df]xL xs lbg] 

lbnfpg] jf o;;DaGwL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ljifo 

x]g]{ lgsfo lhNnf cbfnt gePsf] / To:tf] df]xL 

xssf] btf{ u/L k|df0fk"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt 

lgsfo klg u'7L ;+:yfg ePsf] eGg] sfg"gdf


j}zfv 

gb]lvPsf] cj:Yff / l:yltdf To:tf] lgsfo pk/ hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lgh lgj]lbsfn] kfpg] 

k/dfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg] ePg . 

u/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%^.!.@! 

!^= ctM dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0f, 

sfg"g Pj+ k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tjf6 lgj]bg 

dfuadf]lhd ljjflbt ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) 

hUufsf] hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf 

dxndf lji0f'dfof dxh{g sfod u/L hUufwgL 

k|df0f k"hf{ lbg] ;d]tsf] sfo{ cljnDj ug'{ u/fpg' 

egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf 

gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

df km};nf ePsf] / ;f]pk/ k'g/fj]bg k/L 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)%*.%.!! 

df km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm km};nfpk/ u'7L 

;+:Yffg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6 d'2f 

bf]xf]¥ofO{ kfpF egL lgj]bg k/]sf]df o; cbfntaf6 

bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g{ gldNg] egL @)%*.!@.@( df cfb]z 

ePaf6 sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt 

kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%(.&.& df ePsf] cfb]z ;b/ @)%^.!.@! sf] km};nf clGtd eP/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

x'g] 7x¥ofO{ o; cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.&.! pQm km};nfadf]lhd lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] cfkm\gf] 

sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L eO{ u'7L ;+:yfg, 

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z hf/L 

ug{'kg]{ gb]lvFbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'G5 . bfo/Lsf] 

nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L j'emfO{ 

lbg" . 

gfpFdf btf{ ;|]:tf sfod ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL 

u'7L tx;Ln sfof{nodf b=g+= ^**, ldlt 

@)%*.!).#) df lgj]bg lbPsf] / sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nfsf] hgfp ljkIfL sfof{nonfO{ 

@)%*.!).@^ sf] kqaf6 lbPsf] ldl;naf6 

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' . 

b]lvG5 . 

o;/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] 

Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo 

df=Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/Lsf] /foM 

dfggLo GofofwLzx¿sf] dfly JoQm ePsf] 

jx'dt /fo;Fu d]/f] c;xdlt /x]sf] x'Fbf 

b]xfoadf]lhd cfkm\gf] 5'§} /fo JoQm u/]sf] 5' . 

lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ls=g+= ^$# sf] )– 

!)–) hUufsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfL u'7L tx;Ln 

sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%$.$.@) df / u'7L ;+:yfg 

s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%$.&.% df pQm 

hUuf hUUffwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf u'l7of/ 

sfG5f dxh{gsf] gfd s§f u/L t}gfyL hUufwgL 

btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt ePkl5 lnnfd ug]{ u/L 

ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{sf] nflu lgj]lbsf lji0f'dfof 

dxh{gåf/f sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ ePsf] 

d'2fdf pko'{Qm u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

;d]tsf] pQm ldltsf] lg0f{o ab/ eO{ plNnlvt 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] hUufdf df]lxofgL xs btf{ sfod 

u/L hUufwgL c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7L / hf]tfxf oL 

lgj]lbsf lji0f'dfof dxh{g sfod ePsf] / 

70 70 

70 

km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gaf6 

ldlt @)%*.%.!! df ePsf] km};nf clGtd ?kdf 

/x]sf]n] ;f]xL km};nf sfof{Gjog u/L hUufwgL 

c;g cGgk"0f{ u'7Lsf] gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] 

sf=lh=uf]+uj' uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ sf] ls=g+= ^$# 

sf] )–!)–) hUufsf] df]xL xs d]/f] gfpFdf btf{ 

u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t kfFpm egL jfbL 

lji0f'dfof dxh{gn] u'7L nut tyf tx;Ln 

sfof{nodf ldlt @)%*.!).#) df lgj]bg lbPsf]df 

km};nf sfof{Gjog ug{ ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 

OGsf/ u/]af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf lgh 

jfbL lji0f'dfof dxh{gsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't 

k/dfb]zsf] d'2f k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;y{ o; 

k/dfb]zsf] lgj]bgaf6 lgj]lbsfn] gofF xssf] 

l;h{gf ug{ vf]h]sf] cyjf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] cGo 

xs k|rng u/fpg vf]h]sf] geO{ b'O{ kIfaLr 

d'2f k/L txtx x'Fb} ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Dd k'uL 

clGtd lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f]xL clGtd lg0f{o 

sfof{Gjog ug{ k'gM cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvof] .


dxh{g 

km};nf clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt -Finality of 

Judgement_ cg';f/ ;Ifd cbfntsf] clGtd 

km};nf d'2fsf ;/f]sf/jfnfn] dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . 

;/f]sf/jfnfn] cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf dfGg] dfq 

geO{ ;a}n] To;sf] kfngf ug'{ kb{5 . To;df klg 

cbfntsf] clGtd km};nf cbfnt cfkm}n] gdfGg' / 

cfkm\g} km};nfsf] ;Ddfg jf kfngf gug'{ Goflos 

cg'zf;gsf] ljk/Lt eO{ Goflos c/fhstfsf] 

>]0fLdf kg]{ x'G5 . 

lgZrog} cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfaf6 

kIf ljkIf afx]s csf{sf] xs hfg] /x]5 eg] c;/ 

kg]{ JolQmn] ;f] km};nf / To;sf kIf ljkIf la?4 

gfln; lbg ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf klg cbfntL 

aGbf]a:tsf] *^ g+= n] u/]sf] 5 . t/ To;/L 

gfln; klg gk/L clGtd eO{ /x]sf] km};nf 

sfof{Gjog ;DaGwdf k/]sf] gfln;af6 klxnf 

eO;s]sf] km};nfsf] cf}lrTo -Merit_ leq k|j]z 

u/L ;f] km};nf 7Ls j]7Ls eg]/ af]Ng ldNg] 

xf]Og . klxnf eO{;s]sf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjogdf 

k|lqmofut sl7gfO{ kg{ ;Sb5 jf klxnfsf] 

km};nfdf /x]sf] c:ki6tfsf] sf/0f sfof{Gjogdf 

sl7gfO{ kg{ ;Sb5 . t/ To:tf] s]xL geO{ 

klxnfsf] km};nf sfof{Gjog u/fpg rfx]sf] kIfsf] 

ph"/Laf6 klxnfg} ;Ifd cbfntaf6 clGtd eP/ 

j;]sf] km};nfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Qm}g . ;fy} 

o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.@.* df k'g/fjnf]sgsf] 

nflu cg'dlt k|bfg ubf{ cfwf/ lnO{Psf] lgj]bs 

dx]Gb|gfy pkfWofo lj?4 u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f d'2f -g]sfk @)%#, 

cÍ $, lg=g+= ^!&! k[=@*&_ sf] ghL/sf] tYo / 

k|s[lt;Fu k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo / k|s[lt gldnL 

km/s b]lvFbf pQm ghL/ k|:t't d'2fdf cfslif{t 

x'b}g . 

o;/L cbfntaf6 k|lqmofut q'l6a]u/ 

clGtd eP/ a;]sf] km};nfsf] sfof{Gjog k|ToIf jf 

k/f]If ?kaf6 /f]Sb} hfg] xf] eg] cbfntsf] km};nf 

/ Goflos k|lqmof dflysf] hg–cf:yf tx; gx; 

x'g k'Ub5 . cbfntsf] ljZj;gLotf Ift ljIft 

71 

71 

x'g k'Ub5 . To;sf/0f o; cbfntn] b[9tfsf ;fy 

km};nfsf] clGtdtfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfO{ cfPsf] 

5 . 

plNnlvt ljj]rgfsf] cfwf/df ljkIfL u'7L 

;+:yfgn] u/]sf] @)%$.$.@) / @)%$.&.% sf] lg0f{o 

ab/ eO{ sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntaf6 lgj]lbsf 

lji0f'dfof dxh{gsf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ljjflbt 

ls=g+= ^$# sf] )–!)–) hUufsf] df]xL lghnfO{ 

sfod u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t lbg'kg]{ sfg"gL 

bfloTj u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ePsf] x'Fbf u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, 

@)## sf] bkmf @^ / @& cg';f/ u'7L ;+:yfgn] 

cfkm\gf] pQ/ bfloTjaf6 klG5g ldNb}g . klxnf 

clGtd ePsf] km};nf;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfb u'7L 

hUufwgL ePsf] hUufdf df]xL sfod ul/kfpFm jf 

df]lxofgL xssf] t]/f] d]/f] ;DaGwL ljjfb lyPg . 

clkt' klxnfb]lv eO{ cfPsf] hf]tfxf df]xLsf] 

d/f0ff]k/fGt lghsf] xs lghsf xsjfnfdf ;g]{ 

;DaGwL k|lqmofut ljjfb dfq lyof] . To;sf/0f 

klxnfsf] d'2fdf lhNnf cbfnt / k'g/f]jbg 

cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q gf3]/ df]lxofgL laifosf] 

lg0f{o u/]sf] egL k|:t't d'2faf6 af]Ng ldNg] klg 

xf]Og . 

t;y{, lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd btf{ ;|]:tf 

sfod u/L k|df0fk"hf{ lbg] ;d]tsf] sfo{ cljnDj 

ug'{ u/fpg' egL ljkIfL u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

;d]tsf gfpFdf hf/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L o; 

cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.&.! df ePsf] km};nf ;b/ 

sfod x'g] 7x5{ . o; Ohnf;sf dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿sf] ax'dtsf] /fo km/s ePsf]n] 

ax'dtsf] /fo g} dfGo x'g] x'gfn] d}n] cfkm\gf] km/s 

/fo JoQm u/]sf] 5' . 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ebf} !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[tM xl/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#* 

*%#* 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj 


l/6 g+=@)^#–WS– ))$& 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!.@.% 


j}zfv 

ljifo– ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"g k|f/Deb]lv 

g} ab/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . 

lgj]bsM df]/ª lhNnf, lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf 

j8f g+=% a:g] ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{+ 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t 

s] s'g ljjfbsf] ljifodf s'g cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/ x'g], z'? lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg 

ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg] / ug{ kfpg] cj:yf 

ePdf s'g lgsfodf s;/L k'g/fj]bg ug]{ 

eGg] s'/f kIfsf] OR5f jf cbfntsf] 

lg0f{odf lge{/ /xg] ljifo geO{ ljwflosL 

sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g ljwflosL ljj]ssf] 

s'/f xf] . k'g/fj]bg ug{] clwsf/ sfg"gL 

clwsf/ ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u / kfngf 

sfg"gadf]lhd dfq x'g] . 

>d cbfnt / k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] 

lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg g} gnfUg], ljz]if 

cbfnt / j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fsf] 

lg0f{opk/ ;Lw} o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg 

nfUg], /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ 

cg'dltsf] lgj]bg dfq nfUg], C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0f / k|x/L ljz]if cbfntsf] 

lg0f{opk/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0f jf k|x/L ljz]if cbfntd} 

72 

72 

k'g/fj]bg nfUg] k[ys k[ys Joj:Yff / 

cj:Yffsf] cf}lrTo o; cbfntaf6 vf]Hg 

g;lsg] . 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf ge} cGoq 

k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ egL k|Zg 

p7fpg gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!$_ 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|jfx 

ePsf] shf{ c;"n x'g g;]s]sf]n] 

k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 C0f c;"n ug]{ 

k|of]hgsf] nflu cfPsf] P]gsf 

k|fjwfgx¿ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] 

lxtdf /xg' c:jfefljs gb]lvg] . 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lgIf]k /x]sf] a}+saf6 

C0f lnO gltg]{ v/fj C0fLsf] kIfdf 

/fHosf] sfg"g aGg g;Sg] . 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f gltg]{pk/ 

d'2f bfo/ ug{ cfPsf] P]gn] C0f gltg]{ 

C0fLn] ph"/L bfjL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 

ug{'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f / cf}lrTo gb]lvg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=@&_ 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] / 

efvfleq glt/]sf] C0f /sd c;"nLsf 

nflu ;DalGwt a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf bfjL u/L 

b'a} kIfsf] ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍgaf6 

d'2fsf] lg0f{o x'Fbf 7x/ ePsf] ljuf]sf] 

lglZrt c+z k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ 

Joj:yf :jo+df cf}lrTok"0f{ ePsfn] o;/L 

w/f}6 /fVg] Joj:Yffn] km};nf 

sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf u/fpg'sf ;fy} 

C0f c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf 

nDofpg glbg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ 

r'gf}tL lbg'sf] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ 

gb]lvg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=##_

*%#*– *%#*–?b|axfb'/ *%#*– ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ x'dfufO{ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

lgj]bssf tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z o; 

u0f]z lu/L 

k|sf/ 5 M– 

k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmfx¿ >L d lgj]bs ;d]t ;~rfns /x]sf] 

o'j/fh ;'j]bL / >L ls/0f kf}8]n ljåfg s~rghª\3f s[lif oGq k|f=ln=/ hob'u]{ cfO/g 

clwjQmfx¿ >L g/xl/ cfrfo{, >L k"0f{dfg kmlg{r/ pBf]un] pBf]udf /x]sf] dfn;fdfg / 

zfSo, >L ;'lbk kf}8]n / >L ef]nfgfy kl/of]hgf g} lwtf] /fvL ljkIfL /fli6«o jfl0fHo 

9'Ëfgf 

a}+ssf zfvf sfof{no x¿af6 s]xL shf{ pkef]u 

cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)^$, cÍ #, lg=g+= &*!(, 

k[i7 @&@ 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)), 

!)!, !)!-!_, !)@, !)&-#_ 

u/]sf]df uf]bfddf lwtf] /x]sf] ;fdfg lxgfldgf 

ePsf] egL a}+sn] d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]df df]/Ë lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 ;hfo gx'g] k}m;nf ePkl5 ldlt 

@)$(.#.@^ df k'/fgf] ;j} ljjfb ;dfKt u/L ;fFjf 

?=$$,*#,&#^.$# / Jofh ?=$^,$&,&*#.^( u/L 

s"n ;fFjf Jofh ?=(!,#!,%@!.!@ to u/L gofF 

 

 

 

g]]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f 

*%-@_ 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$( 

ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)#! 

;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . kl5Nnf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 

yk lwtf] /fVg], ls:tf lt/L lwtf] k'ms'jf ug]{ nufotsf 

sfo{x¿ e}/x]sf] / ;f] qmd hf/L g} /x]sf]df ljkIfL 

a}+sn] PSsf;L ldlt @)^#.#.#) / @)^#.#.#@ df 

s~rgh+ª\3f s[lif oGq pBf]u tk{msf] ;fFjf 

ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( 

?=#&,%^,*@!.&* / Jofh ?=(,)(,#@,(*^.$@ tyf 

 

 

 

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( 

/fhZj Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#! 

>d P]g, @)$* 

hob'u]{ cfO/g kmlg{r/ pBf]utk{m ;fFjf 

?=@%,((,($@.^) / Jofh ?=!),@$,*(,*(^.@# 

b]vfO{ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf lkm/fb bfo/ 

ul/Psf] /x]5 . pQm Gofoflws/0faf6 hf/L ePsf] 

 

 

 

 

k|x/L P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf #^v= 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* 

jg P]g, @)$( 

!% lbg] ;"rgf ldlt @)^$.#.@ df dnfO{ a'emfOPsf] 

5 . 

pQm ph"/L lkm/fb x]bf{ kl5Nnf] ;Demf}tf 

x'g'cl3sf] ultljlwpk/ ;Demf}tfdfk{mt\ ;xdlt 

sfod e};s]sf] / tTsfnLg ;dodf a}+sn] uf8L 

e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! 

;lxt kqmfp u/]sf ;fdu|Lx¿ a}+s :jo+n] ljqmL 

 

 

 

dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* 

sf] bkmf *, (, !(, @@, @# 

/fli6«o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( 

u/L /sd lnO{ ;s]sf]df To:tf] bflvnf ePsf] 

/sd ;f]xL ;dodf ;fFjf Jofhdf s§f ug'{kg]{df 

gu/L @)^# cfiff9 d;fGtdf cfP/ d'2f bfo/ ug]{ 

;dodf dfq s"n ;fFjf Jofhdf 36fO{ afFsL /sd 

bfjL ul/Psf] 5 . h;n] k|rlnt a}+lsË Jojxf/nfO{ 

r'gf}lt lbO{ unt a}+lsË Jojxf/nfO{ pbfËf] ?kdf 

cfb]z 

Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)& sf] pkbkmf 

-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] 

73 

73 

k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . To;/L tTsfnLg ;dod} a}+s 

bflvnf ePsf] /sdnfO{ xfn cfP/ dfq pNn]v 

ug'{ jf lkm/fbdf 36fpg'n] pQm /sddf ;d]t 

lkm/fb ubf{sf] ldlt;Dd Jofh, Jofhsf] Jofh /


j}zfv 

xh{gf Jofh lg/Gt/ hf]l8Psf] s'/f O+lut ub{5 . 

h;af6 ljkIfL a}+sn] d]/f] C0f vftfdf cgfjZos 

9+un] Jofh hf]8L ;f] sf] ef/ ddfly yf]kl/Psf] 

cj:yf l;h{gf x'g uO{ Unlawful Burden sf] 

eflubf/ x'g afWo agfPsf] 5 . 

lwtf] ;fdfg lxgfldgf u/]sf] eGg] 

g+=(!÷#@*# ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ la?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ 

ePsf] d'2f–!, ;f] d'2f ljrf/fwLg x'Fbfx'Fb} k}m;nf 

sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sf/jfxL rnfPsf]n] ;f]pk/ 

d}n] lbPsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+=!)#) sf] l/6 

lgj]bg–!, d]/f] kTgL zs'Gtnfsf] lwtf] k"ms'jf gu/L 

lbP pk/ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg–! ;d]t ;DdfgLt 

cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /xs} cj:yfdf C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0fdf pQm d'2fx¿ bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . 

To;} u/L C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] 

k}m;nfpk/ Gofoflws/0fn] c;"n ug'{kg]{ egL 7x/ 

u/]sf] /sdsf] #) k|ltzt w/f}6L /fv]kl5 dfq 

k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sg] eGg] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf @@ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|lts"n 

ePsf] egL C0fLx¿sf tk{maf6 k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg 

;d]t ;DdfgLt cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf 5g\ . 

d]/f] ;Ifd pBf]unfO{ ?U0f pBf]u aGg 

afWo kfg]{ sfd ljkIfL a}+saf6 ePsf] 5 . d'n'sL 

P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ^ g+=df Jofhsf] Jofh lng 

gldNg] / & g+=n] ;fFjfsf] bf]Aa/ eGbf a9L Jofh 

c;"n ug{ gkfOg] egL /f]s nufPsf] ePklg a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f sf/f]jf/sf] xsdf ;f] 

Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] egL o; cl3 g} JofVof ePsf] 

5 . t/ ;fFjfsf] slt u'0ff;Dd Jofh lng kfpg] xf] 

eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gfddf 

lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . 


!)! n] g]kfndf # txsf cbfnt /xg] ;+j}wflgs 

Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tLg txsf cbfnt jfx]s ljz]if 

k|sf/sf d'2fx¿sf nflu Gofoflws/0f u7g ug{ 

;lsg] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] eP tfklg ;f] 

Gofoflws/0fsf] x}l;ot z'? txsf] cbfnt ;/x 

x'g] s'/f s]xL Gofoflws/0fn] ug]{ k}m;nfpk/ 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePaf6 

74 

74 

k|i6 5 . t/ C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] k}m;nfpk/ 


sf] bkmf * adf]lhd u7g x'g] k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / ;f] Gofoflws/0fdf 

k'g/fj]bg ug{ z'? Gofoflws/0fn] 7x/ u/]sf] #) 

k|ltzt /sd gub w/f}6 /fVg' kg]{ Joj:yf 

;+ljwfgsf] pQm txut ;+/rgf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . 

;f] ljifodf k/]sf l/6 lgj]bg o;} cbfntdf 

ljrf/fwLg /x]sf 5g\ . 

To;} u/L C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] sfd 

sf/jfxL x]bf{ of] Ps :jtGq Gofoflws/0feGbf 

a}+sx¿sf] Ph]06 jf a}+sleqsf] C0f c;"nLsf] s'g} 

c+u h:tf] k|tLt x'G5 . h;sf] If]qflwsf/sf] yk36 

ljkIfLdWo]s} g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ug]{ Joj:yf sfg"gn] 

u/]sf]af6 Gofoflws/0fn] :jtGq rl/q u'dfPsf] 

5 . P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] 

dfq pQm Gofoflws/0fdf d'2f lbg kfpg] t/ C0fLn] 

a}+s jf ljQLo ;+:yfpk/ s'g} k|sf/sf] ph"/L lgj]bg 

lbg gkfpg] Joj:yf Ps kIfLo e} ;dfgtfsf] 

xsljk/Lt 5 . ef/t nufot cGo d'n'sx¿df 

C0f pkef]Qmfx¿n] klg a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf 

la?4 ph"/L u/L Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 

5 . g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/L ;s]sf] pkef]Qmf clwsf/ 

;DaGwL cle;lGwnfO{ a}+lsË If]qsf pkef]Qmfsf 

nflu ;DalGwt P]gdf ;dflji6 ul/Psf] 5}g . pQm 

P]gn] C0f pkef]Qmfx¿sf] xs clwsf/nfO{ 7f8} 

c:jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg] pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ 

n] a}lsË If]qsf ;]jfu|fxLnfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-(_ 

adf]lhd ;Ifd cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfo gePsf]n] 

To;tk{m JofVof x'g' kb{5 . 

C0f c;"nL P]gsf] th"{df Ps kIfLo ?kdf 

a}+Ísf] lxtdf dfq ePsf] 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf !( 

n] z'? Gofoflws/0fsf] k}m;nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / bkmf !$-^_ n] 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0faf6 ePsf] k}m;nf clGtd 

x'g] Joj:yf u/]af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ 

v'DRofpg'sf ;fy} ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

!)@ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . To:tf] PskIfLo C0f c;"nL

*%#*– *%#*– *%#*–?b|axfb'/ *%#*– *%#*– ?b|axfb'/ ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ x'dfufO{ lj?4 lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

Gofoflws/0fdf ;dk0f{ ug{ hfg'eGbf ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfnts} z/0fdf cfpg' plrt 7fgL 

x'nfsdfk{mt k|ltpQ/ k7fO{ of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 

5' . 

ctM a}+Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #-3_, *, (, !$ -^_, !%, !% 

-@_, !(, !(-@_, @@ / @# nufotsf] Joj:yfn] 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)@-$_ tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

@)$* sf] bkmf (, !), !!, !@, !$, !%, !&, @! / 

#) n] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;d]tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 

If]qflwsf/df ;+s'rg k}bf u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# 

-!_, @(-!_ / -@_, #@, !)!, !)@-!_,-@_ / -$_ tyf 

!)&-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf]n] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd 

k|f/Deb]lv g} jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . 

;fy} a}lsË If]qdf cTofjZos b]lvPsf lwtf] 

d"NofÍg, C0f pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f, ?U0f pBf]u ;+/If0f, 

lgIf]k ;'/Iff, a}+s, ljQLo ;+:yf / pkef]Qmfsf nflu 

Ifltk"lt{, Jofhb/ lgwf{/0f, pBf]uL Joj;foLsf nflu 

pwf/f] c;"nL, nufotsf ;xfos sfg"gx¿ oyfzSo 

l56f] th'{df ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfddf k/dfb]z 

ldl>t lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z nufot cGo pko'Qm 

cf1f cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm . P]gsf] Joj:yfdf g} 

k|Zg p7fO{ k/]sf] k|:t't lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg /x]s} 

cj:yfdf ljkIfL a}+sn] bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf ljkIfL 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 PskIfLo sf/jfxL cl3 

a9fO{ lgj]bsnfO{ 3/jf;, pBf]u Joj;foaf6 a]bvnL 

u/fpg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] 

gnfu];Dd C0f c;"npk/ ug]{ sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf 

/fVg' yk sf/jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] 

gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bgkq . 

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu 

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no, C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0f, C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f 

/ g]kfn /fi6« a}+s afx]ssf cGo ljkIfLx¿af6 

lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt 

@)^$.#.!* df ePsf] cfb]z . 

75 

75 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL 

;DaGwL d'2fx¿ l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL / 

lsgf/f u/L C0fLaf6 lng' kg]{ ;fFjfJofh /sd 

c;"npk/ ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] 

C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 

xf] . ;f]xL P]gsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0f ;dIf ljkIfLnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfOPsf] 

egL l/6 lgj]bgd} pNn]v ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] bfloTjaf6 

klG5g] b'ik|of;n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] 

b]lvF+bf lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . pQm P]g ljz]if 

k|of]hgsf] nflu agfOPsf] x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g P]gnfO{ 

k|lt:yfkg u/]sf] dfGg ldNb}g . d'n'sL P]g ;fdfGo 

sfg"g ePsf]n] ljz]if P]gdf n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f] 

P]g nfUb}g . pQm P]gsf ljleGg bkmf ;+ljwfg;Fu 

aflemPsf] eGg] bfjL eP klg :ki6 cfwf/ sf/0f 

ljgf lnOPsf] lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . j:t'tM 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 C0f lng] ljifo k|rlnt 

sfg"gadf]lhd ;DkGg x'g] s/f/ k|s[ltsf] lnvtaf6 

lgoldt x'g] ljifo xf] . C0f lnFbfsf avt ;f] 

C0fnfO{ lgoldt ug]{ sfg"g tyf C0f ;DaGwL 

s/f/sf zt{x¿ d~h"/ ug]{ / C0f lnO{ ;s]kl5 

C0f r'Qmf gu/L To:tf zt{sf ;DaGwdf k|Zg 

p7fpg ;lsg] cj:yf /xGg . t;y{ k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn 

;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] 

tk{maf6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

ljkIfL lgj]bsn] cfk"m ;Da4 s~rgh+ª\3f 

s[lif oGq pBf]u k|f=ln=, ho b'u]{ cfO/g kmlg{r/ 

pBf]u;d]tsf kmd{ tyf pBf]ux¿af6 o; a}+ssf] 

tTsfnLg zfvf /fgL xfn lj/f6gu/ / zfvf 

sfof{no j/uf5Laf6 ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg zLif{s 

cGtu{t shf{ lng' ePsf] lyof] . To;/L lnPsf] 

shf{dWo] s~rgh+ª\3f s[lif oGq pBf]usf] @)^@ 

;fn r}q d;fGt;Ddsf] ;fFjf ?=#&,%^,*@!.&* / 

Jofh ?=(,)(,#@,(*^.$@ ;d]t u/L hDdf 

?=(,$^,*(,*)*.@) / ho b'u]{ cfO/g kmlg{r/ 

pBf]usf] gfdsf] ;fFjf ?=@%,((,($@.^) / Jofh 

?=!),@$,*(,*(^.@# u/L hDdf 

?=!),%),*(,*#*.*# afFsL /x]sf] 5 . lgj]bs


j}zfv 

;Da4 b"wsf]zL s]ldsN;n] lnPsf] shf{ / Jofh 

klg xfn;Dd n]gf afFsL ePklg oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 

5}g . 

ljkIfLnfO{ shf{ lbFbf a+}ssf] gLlt, lgod, 

lgb]{lzsf, kl/kq, Dofg'cn Pj+ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] 

clwgdf /xL k|bfg ul/Psf]df ljkIfLn] kf/Lt u/L 

lbPsf] lwtf] lnvt, cfGtl/s C0fsf] td;'s / 

k|f]ld;/L gf]6df plNnlvt zt{adf]lhd glt/]sf]n] 

k6s–k6s t/–tfs]tf u/L shf{ r'Qmf ug{ ;"lrt 

ubf{ ;d]t shf{ r'Qmf gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 h/Ljfgf 

/ Jofh a9\b} hfFbf C0fsf] cfsf/ a9\b} uPsf] xf] . 

ljkIfL :jo+n] ;Demf}tf kfngf u/L shf{ r'Qmf 

gu/]af6 ;Demf}tf adf]lhd g} a}+sn] cfˆgf] n]gf 

c;"nL k|lqmof cl3 a9fPsf] xf] . 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;""nL P]g, 

@)%* sf] bkmf !$-&_-s_ / -v_ df a}+sn] C0fL;Fu 

C0f km5\of}{6 ug{ u/fpg oy]i6 5nkmn / lqmofsnfk 

u/]sf] x'g'kg]{ / To;f] ubf{ ;d]t C0f c;"n x'g 

g;s]sf] cj:yfdfdfq C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf 

lgj]bg ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ljkIfLsf lj?4 Ps} 

k6s cfsl:ds ?kdf ph"/L u/]sf] xf]Og . a}+sn] 

cfˆgf] n]gf c;"nLsf nflu ljkIfL;Fu sfg"gadf]lhd 

oy]i7 5nkmn Pj+ kof{Kt sf]lz; ubf{ klg c;"npk/ 

x'g g;s]sf]n] pQm Gofoflws/0f;dIf ph"/L u/]sf] 

xf] . a}+ssf ;a} zt{ aGb]hx¿df ;xdt e} C0f 

;Demf}tf u/L C0f lnPkl5 oyf ;dodf e'QmfgL 

ug'{kg]{df gu/L a}+snfO{ cgfjZos b'Mv x}/fgL lbg] 

/ C0f gltg]{ lgot /fvL cg]sf}+ axfgf b]vfO{ bfo/ 

u/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg k"0f{tM cfwf/xLg ePsf]n] 

vf/]hefuL 5 . 

d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ^ / & g+= 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] shf{ sf/f]jf/df cfslif{t 

x'g] geO{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# 

nfu" x'g] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwL lhsL/ klg cfwf/xLg 

5 . of] a}+s ;fljsdf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, 

@)#! tyf xfn a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, 

@)^# cGtu{t lgb]{lzt ePsf]n] a}+s;Fusf] shf{ 

sf/f]jf/df d'n'sL P]gsf] Joj:yf cfslif{t x'Fb}g . 

a}+sn] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL k|rlnt P]g 

76 

76 

Pjd\ g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] hf/L u/]sf lgb]{zgsf] 

clwgdf /xL sfg"gadf]lhd Jofh lng] / shf{ 

c;"nL ug]{ x'Fbf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf Jofh c;"n u/]sf] 

5}g . 

lgj]bgdf C0f c;""nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf 

!%, #-s_,-v_,-u_ / -3_ ;d]tsf] Joj:yf PskIfLo 

e} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-!_ k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs;Fu 

aflemPsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . ;dfgtfsf] 

xs ;DaGwL pQm Joj:yf gful/s gful/saLr 

nfu" x'g] xf], a}+s / gful/saLr xf]Og . 

Gofoflws/0fnfO{ Ps txdfq d'2f x]g]{ If]qflwsf/ 

x'g]df k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !)!-@_ ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL klg 

cfwf/xLg 5 . s'g ljifodf k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL 

s:tf] Joj:yf ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] 

:jljj]ssf] s'/f xf] . ljwflosL sfg"gn] sltko 

cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf g} gug{ ;S5 . 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g, To;sf] sfd 

sf/jfxL Due process of Law cGtu{t g} x'g] x'Fbf 

To;df cfklQ ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf @@ df 

/x]sf] z'?af6 7x/ ePsf] #) k|ltzt gub w/f}6L 

/fvL k'g/fj]bg ug'{kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfg;Fu 

aflemPsf] 5}g . Ps txaf6 7x/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf 

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ 7x/ /sdsf] #) k|ltzt w/f}6 

/fVg' kg]{ Joj:yfnfO{ cGoyf dfGg' kg]{ sf/0f 5}g . 

ljb]zL d'n'sx¿sf] Gofoflws/0fsf] If]qflwsf/df 

klg o:tf] cEof; /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

csf]{tk{m C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;""nL P]g, @)%* cg';f/ 

@)%* ;fnd} u7g ePsf] xf] . :yfkgfsfnb]lv ;f] 

Gofoflws/0fn] xfn;Dd y'k|} d'2fx¿ ;'g'jfO{ u/L 

;s]sf] 5 . clxn] o; a}+sn] ljkIfL;Fusf] n]gf 

c;"nLsf] k|lqmof cl3a9fPkl5 To;nfO{ k|efljt 

kfg]{, cndNofpg] / cbfntsf] ;do cgfjZos 

?kdf ajf{b ug]{ lgotn] oltsf jif{kl5 k/]sf] 

lgj]bg ;kmf lgotaf6 cfPsf] 5}g . 

lgj]bsn] cfˆgf ;Dk"0f{ bfjL lhsL/x¿ 

;fdfGo k|lqmofaf6 C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf 

/fVg ;Sg] cj:yf 5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf] nflu

*%#*– *%#*– *%#*–?b|axfb'/ *%#*– *%#*– ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ x'dfufO{ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

Gofoflws/0fn] ljkIfLnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ df}sf lbPsf] 

eGg] s'/f lgj]bgd} pNn]v ePsf] 5 . a}+sn] lnPsf] 

bfjLpk/ k|df0f ;lxt v08g u/L ;Ifd lgsfodf 

k|j]z ug'{kg]{ lgj]bssf] st{Jo xf] . C0f c;""nL P]g, 

@)%* n] cfˆgf] s'/f /fVg kfpg] tyf k'g/fj]bg 

ug{ kfpg] kof{Kt j}slNks Joj:yf ubf{ub}{ l/6 

If]qflwsf/ cjnDag ug'{ u}/;+j}wflgs / u}/sfg"gL 

5 . ljkIfLn] ljleGg ljifodf sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ 

egL lnPsf lhsL/ ljwflosfsf] :jljj]sdf lge{/ 

/xg] x'Fbf o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sb}g . 

ctM l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s s]Gb|Lo sfof{no, P]hgsf] zfvf 

sfof{no lj/f6gu/ / a/uf5Lsf tk{maf6 kg{ cfPsf] 

;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm . 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;""nL P]g, 

@)%* adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0f tyf C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)!-@_ 

sf cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt ePsf] xf] . 

pQm Gofoflws/0fsf] d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/, sfo{ljlw 

Pj+ k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yf ;DalGwt P]g lgoddf 

g} ul/Ps]f 5 . ;fy} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f 

c;"nL ;DaGwL d'2fx¿ l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL 

/ lsgf/f u/L JolQmaf6 lng'kg]{ C0fsf] ;fFjf tyf 

Jofh c;"npk/ ug]{ p2]Zon] ;f] P]gsf] bkmf # 

adf]lhdsf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] C0f 

c;"nL;DaGwL d'2fx¿ ;f] Gofoflws/0faf6 x]l/g] 

Joj:yf ePsf] xf] . t/ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] 

u/]sf] lgj]bg bfjLsf] cfwf/df dfq Gofoflws/0fn] 

d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ xf]Og . Gofoflws/0fn] 

ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;d]t lemsfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ 

k|df0f a'e]m/ dfq d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug]{ ePsf]n] 

Gofoflws/0fnfO{ PskIfLo eGg' ljkIfLsf] e|d / 

k"jf{u|xL b[li6sf]0f dfq xf] . P]gsf] bkmf !% / !( / 

;DalGwt lgodfjnLdf k|lt/Iff ;DaGwdf kof{Kt 

Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'gfn] lgj]bg bfjL ts{;Fut / 

cf}lrTok"0f{ 5}g . 

;f] Joj:yfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ 

;+s'rg u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

77 

77 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -#_ 

adf]lhd ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ klg sfg"gdf Joj:yf 

eP adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws 

hfFRg], d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg] jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ 

x'g] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] klg 

sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g} cfˆgf] 

If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] 

ljwflossfn] agfPsf] cnu–cnu sfg"gadf]lhd 

If]qflwsf/ tf]lsPsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

!)&-#_ cg's"n dfGg' kg]{ x'G5 . sfg"gadf]lhd 

csf]{ prf/ gePsf] jf ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf 

k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& 

-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f ug{ 

;Sg] g} x'Fbf pQm P]gaf6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/ ;+s'rg ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL lg/fwf/ 

5 . a}lsË If]qdf cfjZos b]lvPsf sfg"gx¿ th'{df 

ug'{kg]{ eGg] bfjLsf ;DaGwdf To:tf] k|Zg /fHosf] 

gLltut ljifo ePsf]n] tT;DaGwdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

tk{maf6 cfjZos cWoog, cg';Gwfg e}/x]sf] tyf 

sltko sfg"gx¿ agfpg] tof/L ;d]t e}/x]sf] 

x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

sfg"""g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tk{maf6 kg{ cfPsf] 

lnlvt hjfkm . 

ljkIfL ;kmf xft / v'Nnf lbn lnO{ cbfnt 

k|j]z u/]sf] gb]lvPsf]n] k|yd b[li6df g} l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]hefuL 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f 

c;"nL ;DaGwL d'2fx¿ l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL 

/ lsgf/f u/L C0fLaf6 lng' kg]{ C0fsf] ;fFjf Jofh 

/sd c;"npk/ ug{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f 

c;"nL P]g, @)%* hf/L ePsf] xf] . s'g} klg d'n'ssf] 

cfly{s k|ultsf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} a}+s tyf ljQLo 

;+:yfx¿af6 ul/g] nufgL xf] . o;/L ePsf] nufgL 

gp7]df Psftk{m cGo pBf]u jf Jofkfl/s If]qdf 

nufgL x'g g;Sg] / csf]{tk{m lgIf]kstf{x¿n] hDdf 

u/]sf] /sd 8'Ag] vt/f x'G5 . g]kfndf ;/sf/L / 

cw{;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf b'O{ 7"nf jfl0fHo 

a}}+sx¿n] u/]sf] nufgLx¿ gp7]sf sf/0f d'n'ssf] 

cfly{s l:yltdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf]n] ljZj 

a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd


j}zfv 

;~rfng x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] 

C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* klg oxL p2]Zoaf6 hf/L 

ePsf] xf] . o:tf] ;'wf/sf] k|of;nfO{ cGoyf egL 

C0f ltg{ l3ª\GofO{ u/L P]g hf/L ePsf] ^ jif{ kl5 

bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|TofyL{ cy{ dGqfnosf tk{maf6 

k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tk{maf6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg 

clwjQmf >L u0f]z lu/Ln] lgj]bsn] ljkIfL /fli6«o 

jfl0fHo a}+ssf zfvf sfof{nox¿af6 ljleGg ldltdf 

shf{ lnO{ pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 

xf] . k|lts"n cfly{s cj:yf nufotsf sf/0fx¿af6 

;dodf shf{ r'Qmf ug{ g;s]sf] ePklg C0f ltg]{ 

tk{m k|of; ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf lyof] . sl/j $$ 

nfv shf{ lnPsf]df u}/sfg"gL ?kdf Jofhsf] Jofh 

/ xh{gf nufO{ bz s/f]8 eGbf a9Lsf] bfjL lnO{ 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf lkm/fb bfo/ ul/Psf] 

5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, 

@)%* a}+sx¿sf] dfq lxt x'g] u/L Ps kIfLo 

?kdf agfOPsf] 5 . Gofoflws/0faf6 z'? sf/jfxL 

/ lsgf/f x'g] d'2fx¿df lgoldt cbfntaf6 

k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df bkmf !( adf]lhd 

z'? lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg 

nfUg] / bkmf !$-^_ adf]lhd pQm Gofoflws/0fsf] 

lg0f{o clGtd x'g] Joj:yf ePaf6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] 

If]qflwsf/ ;+s'rg x'g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfndf C0f 

c;"nLsf ;DaGwdf th'{df ul/Psf sfg"gx¿ 

a}+sx¿sf] kIfdf dfq ePsf]n] pkef]Qmfx¿sf] 

xslxt;Fu ;DalGwt sfg"gx¿ th'{df ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 

5 . d'n'sL P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] ^ g+= n] Jofhsf] 

Jofh / & g+= n] ;fFjfsf] bf]Aa/eGbf a9L Jofh lng 

gx'g] Joj:yf u/]sf]df a}+sx¿n] ;f] ljk/Lt 

u}/sfg"gL ?kdf Jofh c;"n ug]{ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

C0f c;""nL P]g, @)%* n] a}+s / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] 

dfq C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f;dIf ph"/L lbg 

kfpg] PskIfLo Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ef/t nufotsf 

d'n'sx¿df C0fLn] ;d]t ph"/L ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 

5 . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, 

78 78 

78 

@)%* sf] bkmf #-3_ *, (,!$-^_, !%, !%-@_, !(, 

!(-@_, @@ / @# nufotsf Joj:yfx¿ g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#, @(, #@, !)!, 

!)@ / !)&-#_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf cdfGo / 

ab/ 3f]lift x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] . 

ljåfg clwjQmfn] cfˆgf] ax; lhsL/sf] ;dy{gdf 

lnlvt ax;gf]6 ;d]t k]z ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . 

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt 

ljåfg ;x–GofoflwjQmfx¿ >L o'j/fh ;'j]bL / 

>L ls/0f kf}8]nn] lgj]bs ;kmf xft / :jR5 x[bosf 

;fy cbfnt k|j]z ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . a}+saf6 C0f 

lnPkl5 ;Demf}tf adf]lhd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{df 

C0f glt/L c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{ ;d]t cj?4 kfg]{ 

p2]Zoaf6 k|:t't lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg 

vf/]hefuL 5 . Gofoflws/0f u7gsf] k|rng 

;+;f/e/ /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)! sf] pkwf/f 

-@_ df vf; k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f 

ug{ Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ;+j}wflgs 

Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] 

u7g ;+ljwfg k|lts"n 5}g . Gofoflws/0fdf 

GofofwLz e}/x]sf] jf x'g] of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQmnfO{ 

d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L tf]lsg] / ph"/L bfjL k/]kl5 

k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍgaf6 lg0f{o 

lg/f]k0f x'g] Joj:yf P]gdf /x]sf]n] P]gsf] Joj:yf 

PskIfLo ePsf] eGg ldNb}g . pQm P]gsf] ljifonfO{ 

lnP/ k/]sf lgj]bs d'/f/Lk|;fb sf]O/fnf lj?4 

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t k|ToyL{ 

ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x/L k}m;nf e};s]sf] 

cj:yf x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] ax; ug'{eof] . 

k|ToyL{ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s ;d]tsf tk{maf6 

/xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L g/xl/ cfrfo{, 

>L k"0f{dfg zfSo, >L ;'lbk kf}8]n / >L ef]nfgfy 

9'Ëfgfn] lgj]bsn] a}+s;Fu lnPsf] C0f r'Qmf gu/]sf] 

eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! ;d]tsf 

ljz]if sfg"gadf]lhd :yflkt k|ToyL{ a}+s;Fuaf6 

lnOPsf] C0f ;Demf}tf adf]lhd r'Qmf ug'{kg]{df 

a}+s;Fusf] shf{ sf/f]jf/df nfUb} gnfUg] d'n'sL 

P]gsf] k|fjwfg b]vfO{ kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg


;d]t 

vf/]hefuL 5 . ljkIfLsf] p2]Zo a}+ssf] C0f glt/L Gofoflws/0f tyf k'g/fj]bg 

a}+snfO{ b'Mv lbg] dfq xf] . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ;DaGwL 

C0f c;"nL ;DaGwL P]g, @)%* a}+s;Fu shf{ sfg""gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Ddt /x]sf] 5, 

sf/f]jf/ u/L C0f gltg]{ C0fLx¿ pk/ bfo/ ul/Psf 5}g < 

d'2f l56f] 5l/tf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{s} nflu cfPsf] 

xf] . o:tf] cj:yfdf C0fLn] ph"/L ug'{kg]{ sf/0f g} 

gx'g] ePsf]n] a}+sn] dfq ph"/ bfjL ug]{ Joj:yfnfO{ 

PQmkmL{ eGg ldNb}g . pQm P]gsf] Joj:yf a}+saf6 

C0f lnO{ gltg]{ C0fLx¿nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf nfUg] 

x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5}g . C0fL 

/ a}+snfO{ Pp6} ju{ dfGg ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg 

sfg"gadf]lhd nfUg] xf] . sfg"gn] k'g/fj]bgsf] 

cj:yf glbPdf clwsf/sf] ?kdf bfjL ug{ ldNb}g . 

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf klg 

sfg"gadf]lhd g} ePsf] xf] . C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g, o;sf d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] 

of]Uotf tyf d'2f x]g]{ k|lqmof ;d]tsf Joj:yfx¿ 

x]bf{ o;nfO{ Goflos lgsfo xf]Og eGg ldNb}g . 

o; Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf 

c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf 

k|j]z ug]{ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ 

s6f}lt ePsf] 5}g . s] slt sf/0faf6 pQm P]gsf] 

Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf] eGg] :ki6 cfwf/ 

;d]t gv'nfO{ s]jn C0f c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{ 

nDAofpg] p2]Zoaf6 kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bg 

vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L k"0f{dfg zfSo, >L ;'lbk 

kf}8]n / ef]nfgfy 9'Ëfgfn] lnlvt ax; gf]6 ;d]t 

k]z ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 . 

cfh lg0f{o ;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't 

l/6 lgj]bgdf kIf ljkIfsf ljåfg sfg"g 

Joj;foLx¿n] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ 

dgg\ u/L k]z ePsf] lnlvt ax; gf]6, l/6 lgj]bg 

/ lnlvt hjfkm nufotsf ;Da4 ;+j}wflgs / 

sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿sf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'VotM 

b]xfosf ljifox¿df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g 

cfPsf] 5 M– 

1. Gofoflws/0f u7g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff 

s] s;/L cfPsf] xf] < / C0f c;"nL 

79 

79 

2. lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L 

x'g'kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 jf 

5}g < 

@= lgj]bsn] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f tyf 

C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / 

u7g ;DaGwL sfg""gL Joj:yfnfO{ g} r'gf}lt lbO{ ;f] 

Joj:yfn] Gofo k|zf;g P]gn] lgoldt cbfntnfO{ 

lbPsf] If]qflwsf/ Pjd\ o; cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !)@ sf] pkwf/f -@_ / -$_ Pjd\ wf/f !)& 

sf] pkwf/f -#_ k|bQ If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt kf/]sf]n] 

ab/ x'g'kg]{ eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{x¿sf] 

lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2f x]g{ 

sfg"gåf/f Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ug{ 

;lsg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)!-@_ df ePsf] 

/ cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ;d]t Gofoflws/0f u7g ug]{ 

k|rng /x]sf]n] lgj]bg bfjL cfwf/xLg 5 eGg] 

;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 . 

#= plNnlvt lgj]bg bfjL / lnlvt hjfkm 

lhsL/sf ;Gbe{df k|ydtM Gofoflws/0f ;DaGwL 

cawf/0ffsf] af/]df :ki6 x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . 

Gofoflws/0f eGg] zAbsf] df}lns cy{ A seat or 

raised platform for judges eGg] nfUb5 . of] 

zAb Nofl6g eiffsf] "Tribunus" af6 cfPsf] xf] 

/ o;sf] cy{ "Head of a tribe." eGg] a'lemG5 . 

cbfnt / Gofoflws/0fdf j:t'tM vf; leGgtf 

x'Fb}g . Gofoflws/0fn] klg Goflos k|lqmofsf] k"0f{tM 

cjnDag u/L cfk"m;dIf NofOPsf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f 

ub{5 . Gofoflws/0fdf Gofoflwzsf cltl/Qm cGo 

ljifout lj1x¿ klg ;b:osf ?kdf /xg ;Sg] 

cj:yf x'g' g} oL b'O{aLrsf] d'Vo leGgtf xf] . 

Gofoflws/0fdf nfdf] cbfntL k|lqmofsf] ljsNkdf 

;/n, l56f] / 5l/tf] k|s[ltsf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag 

ul/G5 . ljz]if 1fg, ;Lk / cg'ejsf] cfjZostf 

kg]{ tyf ljifout ?kdf l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 

sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug'{kg]{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf ljjfbx¿sf]


j}zfv 

lgoldt cbfntaf6 k|efjsf/L ?kdf lg?k0f x'g 

g;s]sf] dx;"; ePsf sf/0f Gofoflws/0f dfkm{t\ 

;'g'jfO{ ug]{ k|rngsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] . vf; 

u/L s/, /fhZj, >d, Jofkf/ afl0fHo, aLdf cflb 

ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿ cGo 

d'2fx¿ eGbf km/s x'g] / o:tf ljjfbx¿;Fu 

;DalGwt d'2fx¿sf] l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL 

lsgf/f x'g'kg]{ s'/f ;do;fk]If cfjZostf xf] . 

lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] gofF gofF ljifox¿ 

phfu/ ub}{ uPsf] / ljifout ljz]if1tfsf] dfu 

x'g] To:tf ljifox¿df k/Dk/fut Goflos k|lqmofaf6} 

lg0f{o lg?k0f ug{ sltko cj:yfdf c;xh ;d]t 

x'g uPsf] 5 . 

$= j:t'tM Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / u7g ;DaGwL 

cjwf/0ff k|mfG;af6 z'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|mfG;sf] 

k|zf;sLo sfg"g (Droit Administratiff) / 

k|zf;sLo cbfntx¿ (Council de Etat) lgoldt 

cbfntx¿ (Regular court) sf] ;dfgfGt/ ?kdf 

w]/} klxn]b]lv rNb} cfPsf] b[i6fGt 5 . vf;u/L 

k|mfG;df cfd gful/s / k|zf;sLo clwsf/Lx¿sf] 

nflu 5'§f5'§} cbfntsf] Joj:yf 5 . sfg"gsf] zf;g 

/ ;dfgtfsf] xsdf hf]8 lbg] a]nfotsf] sdg n 

k|0ffnLn] x/]s gful/sx¿n] lgoldt cbfntaf6} 

;dfg ?kdf cfk\mgf] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f ug{ kfpg' 

kg]{ k/Dk/fut dfGotf af]s]]sf] lyof] . To;}n] k|mfG;sf] 

k|zf;sLo cbfnt ;DaGwL cEof;nfO{ a]nfotdf 

z'?z'?df sfg"gsf] zf;g -Rule of law_ ljk/Ltsf] 

cEof; xf] eGg] b[li6sf]0f /x]sf] lyof] . 

%= t/ bf];|f] ljZjo'4 kl5 o"/f]k / cd]l/sfdf 

cfPsf] tLj| cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] 

ljsf; tyf /fHosf] nf]s sNof0fsf/L e"ldsfdf 

x'g uPsf] clej[l4 h:tf ljljw sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ 

Gofoflws/0f / cw{Goflos lgsfosf] pkl:ylt / 

e"ldsfnfO{ :jo+ a]nfot h:tf sdg n k|0ffnLsf 

s§/ kIfkflt d'n'sx¿n] ;d]t nfdf] ;do;Dd 

pk]Iff u/L /xg ;Dej x'g] s'/f lyPg . a]nfot df 

;g\ !(!! df /fli6«o aLdf P]gåf/f ul7t clws/0f 

(Tribunals) nfO{ cw{ Goflos lgsfosf] cf/De 

ljGb"sf ?kdf lnOG5 . k|yd ljZjo'4sf] ;dflKt 

80 

80 

kl5 lgj[lQe/0f ;DaGwL ljjfb x]g]{ u/L !(!( df 

lgj[lQe/0f clws/0fsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . 

To;kl5 /]nj] ljB'tnufot cGo y'k|} ljifodf 

Gofoflws/0f u7g ub}{ hfg] qmd a9]sf]n] o;af6 

sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] dfGotfg} pNn3+g ePsf] eGg] 

l6sfl6Kk0fLx¿ cfpg yfn]sf]n] ;g\ !(@( df o; 

ljifonfO{ lgoldt ug'{kg]{ dx;"; eO{ Jofks ?kdf 

cWoog ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo Committee on 

ministers power gfds ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 

lyof] . o; ;ldltn] ;g\ !(#@ df lbPsf] k|ltj]bg 

kl5 Gofoflws/0fsf] dxTj yk phfu/ x'g k'Uof] . 

To; k|ltj]bgkl5 Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ;DaGwL 

Joj:yfn] a]nfotdf k"0f{ ?kdf :yfg kfO{ sfg"g 

k|0ffnLsf] cleGg c+u aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;g\ 

!(%% df o; ljifodf yk cWoog ug{ Sir Oliver 

Franks sf] ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . of] ;ldltsf] 

July 1957 df k|sflzt Franks k|ltj]bgdf d'VotM 

Gofoflws/0fx¿sf] ;fljssf] sfo{sfl/0fL / 

k|zf;sLo :j?kdf kl/jt{g NofO{ Goflos hudf 

v8f ul/g' kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

o; ;ldltn] d'Votof Gofoflws/0f ;~rfngsf] 

;DaGwdf Openness; Fairness; and 

Impartiality tLg l;4fGt cjnDag ul/g' kg]{ 

eGg] k|ltj]bg lbPsf] kfOG5 . o; kl5 klg 

a]nfotdf Gofoflws/0fsf] sfd sf/jfxLsf 

;DaGwdf cWoog cg';Gwfg eO{ sfg"gL ;'wf/ x'Fb} 

cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kl5Nnf] k6s ul/Psf] sfg"gL ;'wf/ 

cGtu{t Trubunal, Courts and Enforcement 

Act, 2007 hf/L ePsf] 5 . o; P]gdf z'? / 

k'g/fj]bg b'a} txsf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ;DaGwL 

sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

^= ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf a]noftdfeGbf 

cl3b]lv g} s/, /fhZj, >d, aLdf nufotsf 

ljjfbx¿ x]g{ Gofoflws/0fx¿sf] :yfkgf / u7g 

x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 eg] l5d]sL ef/tdf ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f #@# A. / B. n] Gofoflws/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ 

;+ljwfgtM :jLsf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ef/tsf] 

The Recovering of Debts due to Banks 

and Finincial Institution Act, 1993 sf] bkmf


;d]t 

# df Debt Recovery Tribunal / bkmf * df 

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal sf] u7g 

;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvFbf z'? / k'g/fj]bg 

b'a} txdf Gofoflws/0f u7g ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o 

dfGotf / k|rng /x]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . 

&= o;sf ;fy} dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 

3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf] wf/f !) df cbfnt eGg] 

zJb k|of]u gu/L Gofoflws/0f (Tribunal) eGg] 

zJbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L gful/s 

tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o 

k|lt1fkq (ICCPR, 1996) sf] wf/f !$ df klg 

cbfnt / Gofoflws/0f eGg] zAb ;dfg ?kdf 

k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm Joj:Yffx¿n] gfddf 

geO{ cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fx¿ :jtGq, lg:kIf 

/ t6:y /xg'kg]{ tyf gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg kx'Fr / 

:jR5 Goflos k|lqmof ;'lglZrt x'g' kg]{ eGg] s'/fdf 

a9L hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 . 

*= g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g 

;DaGwL k|fjwfg / cEof;sf] cj:yf l;Fxfjnf]sg 

ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!)) df g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntaf6 

k|of]u x'g] eGg] pNn]v e} wf/f !)! sf] pkwf/f - 

!_ df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf 

cbfnt ;d]t tLg txsf lgoldt cbfntx¿ 

(Regular Courts) /xg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] 

b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)! sf] pkbkmf -@_ df 

pkwf/f -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s vf; lsl;d / 

k|s[ltsf d'2fsf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f 

cGo cbfnt, Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] 

:yfkgf / u7g ug{ ;lsg]5 eGb} ;f]xL k|ltaGwfTds 

jfSof+zdf t/ s'g} vf; d'2fsf] nflu cbfnt, 

Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g ul/g] 5}g 

eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} k|s[ltsf] k|fjwfg 

g]]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f *%-@_ 

df ;d]t /x]sf] lyof] . 

(= cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf] plNnlvt 

k|fjwfgx¿af6 s'g} vf; d'2fdfq x]g]{ u/L 

Gofoflws/0f u7g ug{ ldNg] cj:yf gb]lvP tfklg 

vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿sf] sf/jfxL / 

81 

81 

lsgf/f ug{sf] nflu sfg"gadf]lhd Gofoflws/0f 

u7g ug{ gldNg] s'g} sf/0f b]lvb}g . g]kfndf 

vf; k|s[ltsf d'2fx¿ x]g{sf nflu ljz]if cbfnt, 

Goflos lgsfo / Gofoflws/0fx¿ u7g ug]{ k|rng 

gofF / gf}nf] geO{ ;fljsb]lv g} o; k|sf/sf] 

cEof; /xFb} cfPsf] b[i6fGt 5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0f 

P]g, @)#! n] /fhZj ;DaGwL ljjfbx¿sf] sf/jfxL 

/ lsgf/f ug{ /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / 

u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf @)#! ;fnd} u/]sf] lyof] . 

o; P]gsf] Joj:Yffcg'¿k lj/f6gu/, sf7df8f}+, 

kf]v/f / g]kfnu~hdf /fhZj Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf 

eO{ o; k|s[ltsf ljafbx¿sf] sf/jfxL / lsgf/f 

x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . To;}u/L >d P]g, @)$* cGtu{tsf 

ljjfb x]g{ >d cbfnt u7g ePsf] 5 eg] lghfdtL 

;]jf P]g, @)$( cGtu{t sd{rf/Lpk/ ul/Psf] 

ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] ;hfopk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg 

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf 

;fy} ;fljsdf ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)#! / xfnsf] 

ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( adf]lhd ;do ;dodf 

ljz]if cbfntx¿ u7g eO{ tf]lsPsf d'2fx¿sf] 

sf/jfxL / lsgf/f x'Fb} cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . k|x/L 

P]g, @)!@ n] ;f] P]gsf] kl/R5]be:–^ cGtu{t ;hfo 

x'g] s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f 

ug{ bkmf #^ df k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt, If]qLo k|x/L 

ljz]if cbfnt / s]Gb|Lo k|x/L ljz]if cbfnt u7g 

x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm 

adf]lhdsf k|x/L ljz]if cbfntn] u/]s]f lg0f{opk/ 

bkmf #^v= adf]lhd Ps txdflysf] k|x/L ljz]if 

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ;d]t ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)^$ n] klg ;f] P]g 

cGtu{t s;"/ / ;hfo x'g] d'2fx¿sf] ;'g'jfO{ ug{ 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0f u7g ug]{ Joj:Yff 

u/]sf] 5 . 

!)= ljleGg P]g cGtu{t u7g ePsf 

Gofoflws/0f / ljz]if k|s[ltsf cbfntx¿sf] z'? 

/ k'g/fj]bg If]qflwsf/ ;d]t sfg"gn] g} tf]sL 

lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . vf; u/L k|x/L P]g cGtu{tsf] 

s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf Ps txdflysf k|x/L ljz]if 

cbfntdf g} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5


j}zfv 

eg] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ 

C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg 

nfUg] Joj:Yff ePsf] kfOG5 . >d cbfnt / 

k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] e} k'g/fj]bg 

nfUg] Joj:Yff g} b]lvFb}g eg] ljz]if cbfnt / 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ ;Lw} 

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf ePsf] 

b]lvg cfpF5 . /fhZj Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf 

;Lw} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:Yff gu/L lglZrt cfwf/ 

/ cj:yfdf o; cbfntdf cg'dltsf] lgj]bg nfUg] 

sfg"gL k|fjwfg /x]sf] l:ylt ljBdfg b]lvG5 . 

k|foh;f] cw{Goflos lgsfox¿af6 x'g] lg0f{opk/ 

;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 

sfg"gL Joj:Yff /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

!!= lgj]bsn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf d'VotM a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* cGtu{t 

u7g ePsf] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f tyf To; 

pk/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] u/L u7g ePsf] k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0fsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 

eGg] lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 . vf;u/L z'? txdf 

Gofoflws/0f u7g x'g] k|rng ePklg z'?af6 ePsf] 

lg0f{opk/ lgoldt cbfntdf g} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 

Joj:Yff x'g' kg]{df ;f] P]g cGtu{tsf ljjfbdf z'? 

Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f u7g ul/Psf] sf/0f C0f 

c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ Goflos lgoGq0f 

gePsf] / o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+s"lrt x'g 

uPsf] eGg] klg lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . 

!@= lgj]bssf] pQm lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf 

yk k|i6 x'g cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf s]xL cGo 

Joj:YffnfO{ b[li6ut ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5 . 

dfly pNn]v ul/Padf]lhd vf; lsl;d / k|s[ltsf 

d'2fsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{ sfg"gåf/f ljz]if cbfnt, 

Goflos lgsfo jf Gofoflws/0f :yfkgf / u7g 

ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)! sf] 

pkwf/f -@_ sf] Joj:yfaf6 k|i6 e};s]sf] x'Fbf To; 

ljifodf låljwf /xg' kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !)@-!_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ Gofokflnsfsf] 

;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] ?kdf :yflkt u/L ;f]xL 

82 82 

82 

pkwf/f -@_ n] ;+ljwfg;ef ;DaGwL cbfnt afx]s 

g]kfnsf cGo ;j} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] dftxt /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf]af6 

k|ToIf ?kdf Gofoflws/0fx¿ cbfntsf] txut 

;+/rgf cGtu{t k/]sf] h:tf] gb]lvP klg ;du|df 

Goflos If]qflwsf/ aflx/ kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g . 

C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fn] ;+ljwfg k|lts"n x'g] 

u/L u/]sf lg0f{ox¿sf ;DaGwdf o; cbfntdf 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{t l/6 

lgj]bg nfUg] cj:yf ePsf]n] pQm lgsfo clgolGqt 

x'g] jf o; cbfntsf] s'g} lgoGq0f g} g/xg] cj:yf 

x'Fb}g . 

!#= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f 

-#_ df ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP 

adf]lhd z'? d'2f x]g]{, k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws 

hfFRg], d'2f bf]x¥ofpg], jf lgj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ 

x'g] eGg] Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgtM o; cbfntnfO{ 

sfg"gdf Joj:Yff eP adf]lhd dfq z'? d'2f x]g]{ 

/ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/ /xg] b]lvPsf]n] 

k'g/fj]bgsf] If]qflwsf/ sfg"gaf6} Jojl:yt x'g] 

b]lvG5 . j:t'tM cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ ;+ljwfg / 

sfg"gadf]lhd g} tf]lsg] jf lgwf{/0f ul/g] ljifo 

xf] . s'g txsf] cbfntnfO{ s] s:tf] clwsf/ 

lbg] jf glbg] eGg] ljifo d'2fsf kIf jf cbfnt 

:jo+n] lgwf{/0f ug{ kfpg] s'/f geO{ ljwflosL 

sfg"gåf/f clelglZrt x'g] ljifo xf] . o;} 

k|of]hgsf] nflu Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* / 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:Yff ePsf] 

5 . ljifo ljifodf ag]sf P]gx¿df ePsf] cltl/Qm 

sfg"gL Joj:yf afx]s z'?, k'g/fj]bg, ;fws, 

d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ / k'g/fjnf]sgsf ;DaGwdf 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* df Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . 

;f]xL P]gn] lglb{i6 u/] adf]lhd o; cbfntnufot 

k'g/fj]bg / lhNnf cbfntx¿n] cf–cfkm\gf] 

If]qflwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . pk/f]Qm ;fwf/0f 

clwsf/sf ;fy} o; cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] s]xL 

c;fwf/0f clwsf/ klg lbPsf] 5 . To;sf] bfo/f 

/ k|of]u ;DaGwL Joj:Yff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& 

-!_ / -@_ df ul/Psf] 5 .

*%#*– *%#*– *%#*–?b|axfb'/ *%#*– *%#*– ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ x'dfufO{ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

!$= s] s'g ljjfbsf] ljifodf s'g 

cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/ x'g], z'? lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg 

ug{ kfpg] jf gkfpg] / ug{ kfpg] cj:yf ePdf 

s'g lgsfodf s;/L k'g/fj]bg ug]{ eGg] s'/f klg 

kIfsf] OR5f jf cbfntsf] lg0f{odf lge{/ /xg] 

ljifo geO{ ljwflosL sfg"gåf/f lgwf{/0f x'g 

ljwflosL ljj]ssf] s'/f xf] . k'g/fj]bg ug{] 

clwsf/ sfg"gL clwsf/ ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u / 

kfngf sfg"gadf]lhd dfq x'g ;Sb5 . dflyNnf] 

k|s/0fx¿df pNn]v eP adf]lhd sltko ljjfbdf 

ljleGg cbfnt jf Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ 

k'g/fj]bg nfUg] sfg"gL Joj:Yff g} gePsf], s'g} 

ljifodf l;w} o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] 

Joj:yf ePsf] / s'g}df l;w} k'g/fj]bg gnfuL 

cg'dltsf] lgj]bg;Dd ug{ kfOg] km/s km/s 

cj:yf / k|s[lt ljBdfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . >d 

cbfnt / k|zf;sLo cbfntsf] lg0f{opk/ 

k'g/fj]bg g} gnfUg], ljz]if cbfnt / j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/ Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ ;Lw} o; 

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg], /fhZj Gofoflws/0fsf] 

lg0f{opk/ cg'dltsf] lgj]bg dfq nfUg], C0f 

c;"nL Gofoflws/0f / k|x/L ljz]if cbfntsf] 

lg0f{opk/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0f jf 

k|x/L ljz]if cbfntd} k'g/fj]bg nfUg] k[ys k[ys 

Joj:Yff / cj:Yffsf] cf}lrTo o; cbfntaf6 

vf]Hg ;lsFb}g . Tof] s'/f lgtfGt ?kdf ljwflosL 

a'l4dtf / ljj]saf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] ljifo xf] . 

To;sf/0f C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf ge} cGoq k'g/fj]bg 

nfUg] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ egL k|Zg p7fpg ldNg] 

s'g} ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ b]lvg cfpFb}g . 

!%= k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] u7gdf 

cfklQ ug]{ cfwf/ o;df lgo'Qm x'g] clwsf/L 

sfg"gsf] 1ftf x'g] jf gx'g], Gofoflws/0fsf] sfd 

sf/jfxLdf plrt sfg"gL k|lqmof (Due process 

of law) sf] cjnDag x'g] jf gx'g], tyf o:tf 

lgsfo :jtGq / lgikIf eP jf gePsf] eGg] 

cflb x'g ;Sb5g . t/ lgj]bsn] To:tf] cj:yf / 

cfwf/sf] ljBdfgtf /x]sf] eGg] s'/f lgj]bgdf 

83 

83 

:ki6;Fu pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf 

* df k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / 

If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v 

ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf 

k|sflzt u/L cfjZostfcg';f/ C0f c;"nL 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg] / 

To:tf] ;"rgfdf If]qflwsf/ ;d]t tf]lsg' kg]{ s'/f 

pNn]v ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf ( df 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz 

e}/x]sf] jf e};s]sf] jf x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf] s'g} 

JolQmnfO{ k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] k'g/fj]bg 

;'Gg] clwsf/L tf]Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . P]gsf] 

bkmf !( df k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg 

lbg] / k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePkl5 k|ltjfbLnfO{ 

lemsfpg] tyf ;kmfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg]{ nufotsf 

Joj:yfx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . P]gsf] bkmf @# n] 

k'g/fj]bg lsgf/f nufpg' kg]{ cjlw k|ltpQ/ 

k/]sf] jf ;f] kg]{ cj:yf JotLt ePsf] () lbg 

x'g] elgPsf] 5 . pQm P]g tyf ;f] cGtu{t ag]sf] 

lgodsf] clwgdf /xL Gofoflws/0fn] cfk\mgf] 

sfo{ljlw cfkm}+n] lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf bkmf 

@$ df ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pk/f]Qm sfg"gL 

Joj:yfx¿af6 k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] u7g 

/ sfd sf/jfxLdf Goflos k|lqmofs} cjnDag 

x'g] l:ylt b]lvFbf To;df cfklQ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 

b]lvFb}g . 

!^= To;df klg lgj]bsn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf 

p7fpg vf]h]sf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f 

c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( df /x]sf] C0f 

c;"nL Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0f ;dIf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf / 

To;/L k'g/fj]bg ubf{ bkmf @@ adf]lhd z'? 

Gofoflws/0faf6 c;"n ug'{kg]{ egL 7x/ u/]sf] 

/sdsf] ## k|ltzt w/f}6L /fVg' kg]{ eGg] sfg"gL 

Joj:Yffx¿ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL o;cl3 

k/]sf l/6 lgj]bgx¿ vf/]h x'g] 7x/L o; 

cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;x¿af6 lg0f{o lg?k0f 

e};s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . lgj]bs d'/f/Lk|;fb


j}zfv 

sf]O/fnf lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] Hof]lt afFlgof lj?4 k|ltlglw ;ef ;d]t ljkIfL 

sfof{no ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] @)^@ ;fnsf] ljz]if ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@^&^ sf] lgj]bg 

l/6 g+= %* sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf pQm P]gsf] bkmf tyf lgj]bs s[i0fk|;fb l;jfsf]6L lj?4 ;DdfggLo 

# / @@ sf] Joj:Yff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# ;d]t;Fu k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqLsf] sfof{no ;d]t ljkIfL 

aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnOPsf]df pk/f]Qm Joj:Yff ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= #$@# sf 

;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] eGg] lg0f{o e} -g]sfk lgj]bgx¿ o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 vf/]h 

@)^#, cÍ ^, k[i7 ^&@, lg=g+= &&)* df l;4fGt eO{ qmdzM g]sfk @)%^, k[i7 @# / g]sfk @)%&, 

k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L a}+s tyf ljQLo lg=g+=^(#), k[i7 ^!( df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg 

;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !( / ePsf] b]lvPaf6 o; ;DaGwL ljjfbsf] ;d]t lg?k0f 

@@ sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL k/]sf] e};s]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . o;af6 Gofoflws/0f / 

lgj]bs cf]dk|;fb tkl8of lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf c4{Goflos lgsfosf] :yfkgf, u7g / If]qflwsf/nfO{ 

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] ;+jt\ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf pk/f]Qm l;4fGtx¿ 

@)^@ ;fnsf] l/=g+= &% sf] pTk|]if0f d'2fdf pQm ;d]taf6 Goflos dfGotf k|fKt ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ 

sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cj:yf 5 . 

;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf] egL lgj]bg 

vf/]h x'g] lg0f{o e} -g]sfk @)^$, cÍ #, k[i7 

@&@, lg=g+=&*!(_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . o;} ljifodf o; cbfntsf] ljz]if 

Ohnf;x¿af6 o;cl3 g} lg0f{o eO{ k|ltkfbg 

ePsf l;4fGtx¿ k|lt c;xdlt /fVg' kg]{ s'g} 

cfwf/ / sf/0f b]lvg cfPsf] 5}g . 

!(= lgj]bsn] pQm P]gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo jf 

dd{ g} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;++:yfsf] Ps kIfLo lxtdf 

e} C0f pkef]QmfnfO{ pk]Iff u/]sf]n] ;+ljwfg k|lts"n 

/x]sf] eGg] lhsL/ k|:t't ug{ vf]Hg' ePsf] 5 . 

lgj]bgdf vf; u/L ;f] P]gsf] bkmf # -3_, *, (, 

!$-^_, !%, !%-@_, !(, !(-@_ @@ / @# ;d]tsf 

sfg"gL Joj:Yffx¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# - 

!&= Gofoflws/0f / ljz]if cbfntsf !_, @(-!_ / -@_, #@, !)!, !)@-!_, -@_ / -$_, !)&cltl/Qm 

g]kfndf ljleGg P]gx¿n] ljleGg lgsfo #_ ;d]t;Fu aflemPsf] tyf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

/ clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cw{Goflos clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg @)$* n] k|bfg u/]sf] If]qflwsf/df ;+s"rg k}bf 

u/]sf] cj:yf klg ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L u/]sf] eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . 

;'/Iff k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf+z ljifox¿df 

;DalGwt k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/LnfO{ s}b;Dd ug{ 

;Sg] u/L cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] 

jg P]g, @)$(, e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!, dfnkf]t 

P]g, @)#$ tyf /fli6«o lgs'Gh tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f 

P]g, @)@( cGtu{t ;hfo x'g] s;"/df ;DalGwt 

clwsf/L jf clws[tn] cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u 

ub}{ cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . oL afx]s klg g]kfndf cGo 

ljleGg P]g cGtu{t cw{Goflos clwsf/sf] k|of]u 

x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . tL ;a}sf] rrf{ ul//xg' k|:t't 

;Gbe{df k|f;+lus x'Fb}g . 

@)= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t 

ljwflosL sfg"gsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ o; 

cbfntn] ljwflosL sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Ddt /x]sf] 

k|f/lDes cg'dfg ub{5 . cbfntsf] To:tf] cg'dfg 

v08g ug]{ bfloTj lgj]bspk/ g} /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} 

klg sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] bfjL 

lng' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . To:tf] bfjL lng]n] bfjL 

lnOPsf] sfg"g s] s;/L ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] xf] 

eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 cfwf/;lxt cfkm\gf] bfjL k|dfl0ft 

ug{ klg ;Sg' kb{5 . cGoyf z+sfsf] ;'ljwf ljwflosL 

sfg"gsf] kIfdf hfg] ub{5 . 

!*= cw{Goflos lgsfonfO{ Goflos 

clwsf/ lbg] u/L ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yfx¿ 

;+ljwfg;Ddt gePsf] egL k/]sf lgj]bs clwjQmf 

84 

84 

@!= k|:tt' lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] r'gf}tL 

lbPsf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, 

@)%* sf ljleGg bkmfx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g wf/f;Fu


;d]t 

s] s;/L aflemg uPsf] xf] eGg] :ki6 / jf]wuDo 

cfwf/ pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . lgj]bgdf P]gsf 

bkmfjf/ Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf wf/fx¿nfO{ pNn]vg 

ub}{ P]gsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] 

uf]Zjf/f bfjL k|:t't ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . 

lgj]bsn] lnPsf] pQm uf]Zjf/f dfu bfjLdf d'VotM 

P]gsf] bkmf # cg';f/sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿n] 

dfq bkmf !% adf]lhd lgj]bg bfjL ug{ kfpg] 

Joj:yf Ps kIfLo e} ;dfgtfsf] xs k|lts"n 

ePsf], Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{opk/ lgoldt 

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf x'g' kg]{df 

k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug]{ bkmf *, 

k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug{] bkmf (, 

k'g/fj]bg lbg] bkmf !(, k'g/fj]bg ubf{ z'?af6 

7x/ ePsf] /sdsf] tL; k|ltzt w/f}6 /fVg' kg]{ 

bkmf @@ / k'g/fj]bg lsgf/f nufpg' kg]{ cjlw 

;DaGwdf bkmf @# df ul/Psf Joj:yfn] ;+ljwfg 

/ Gofo k|zf;g P]gn] o; cbfnt ;d]tnfO{ k|bfg 

u/]sf] If]qflwsf/df ;+s'rg k}bf ePsf], PskIfLo 

Joj:yfn] C0f pkef]Qmfx¿sf] zf]if0f u/]sf] tyf 

Gofoflws/0f :jtGq geO{ /fi6« a}+såf/f lgb]{lzt 

ePsf] tyf :jR5 Gofo k|fKt x'g] cj:yf g/x]sf] 

eGg] ;d]t cfwf/ k|:t't ug{ vf]h]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

@@= P]gsf] Joj:yf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] 

lxtdf PskIfLo ePsf], C0fLnfO{ e]befj ul/Psf] 

eGg] lgj]bg bfjLsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ cl3 

pQm P]g hf/L x'g'sf] p2]Zo nufotsf k[i7e"ldsf] 

;DaGwdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ x'g cfPsf] 5 . a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] 

k|:tfjgf x]bf{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL 

;DaGwL d'2fx¿ l56f], 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL / 

lsgf/f u/L C0fLaf6 lng'kg]{ C0fsf] ;fFjf tyf 

Jofh /sd c;"npk/ ug]{ Joj:yf ug{ jf~5lgo 

ePsf] eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . 

P]gsf] k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf] pQm Joxf]/faf6 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL ;DaGwL d'2fx¿ 

l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 sf/jfxL lsgf/f u/L C0f 

c;"npk/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg' g} ;f] 

P]gsf] d'Vo p2]Zo /x]5 eGg] b]lvG5 . 

85 

85 

@#= o; ;DaGwdf k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfno 

;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 

ePsf] nufgL gp7\bf pBf]u Joj;fodf yk nufgL 

x'g g;sL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] lgIf]k 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf] 

tyf ;/sf/L / cw{;/sf/L :jfldTjsf b'O{ 7"nf 

jfl0fHo a}+ssf] nufgL gp7]sf] sf/0f d'n'ssf] 

cfly{s l:yltdf g} gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] x'Fbf 

ljQLo ;'wf/sf nflu rflnPsf] sbdnfO{ cGoyf 

eGg gldNg] eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnOPsf] kfOG5 . 

To;}u/L k|ToyL{ jfl0fHo a}+ssf] lnlvt hjfkmdf 

lgj]bssn] a}+s;Fu u/]sf] C0f ;Demf}tfadf]lhd 

;dodf shf{ r'Qmf gu/]sf] / C0f c;"nLsf 

;DaGwdf k6s k6s k|of; ubf{ klg c;"n x'g 

g;s]sf]n] C0f c;"nLsf nflu d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf]df 

Gofoflws/0f ;dIf pkl:yt e} cfkm\gf] egfO{ /fvL 

k|ltjfb ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} C0f ltg{ lwª\GofO 

u/L b'vM x}/fgL lbg] lgotn] dfq k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg 

lbPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ eGg] lhsL/ 

lnOPsf] kfOG5 . 

@$= lgj]bsn] k|ToyL{ /fli6«o afl0fHo 

a}+s;Fu shf{ lnPsf] / efvfleq shf{ r'Qmf ug{ 

g;s]sf] eGg] tYonfO{ lgj]bgkqdf g} :jLsf/ 

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . a}+sn] d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] 

dxn ljk/Lt Jofhsf] klg Jofh nufO{ cfk"mn] 

lnPsf] eGbf 7"nf] /sd bfjL u/]sf] / k|lts"n 

cj:yfsf sf/0f shf{ r'Qmf ug{ g;s] klg To;tkm{ 

k|of; ul//x]sf] eGg] h:tf ts{sf] ;xf/f lnO{ 

efvf leq C0f ltg{ g;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ k'li6 ug{ 

vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 . 

@%= lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm ;fy k]z 

ePsf sfuhft x]bf{ @)$@.!).@$ b]lv ljleGg 

ldltdf shf{ sf/f]jf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm shf{ 

sf/f]jf/sf] ;DaGwdf a}+sn] k6sk6s t/ tfs]tf 

Dofb yk / lwtf] lnnfdLsf] k|of; u/L shf{ 

c;"nLtkm{ sfo{ ubf{ ;d]t c;"n x'g g;s]sf] 

sf/0faf6 C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L lgj]bg 

u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0faf6 

lgj]bsnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ ;"rgf tfd]n ePsf]df 

x'nfsdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fPsf] eGg] klg


j}zfv 

lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/ lgj]bsaf6 

cfkm\gf] nufgL c;"npk/ x'g g;s]kl5 k|ToyL{ 

a}+sn] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L lgj]bg 

u/]sf] eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb /x]sf] kfOPg . 

@^= Jofj;flos sf/f]jf/df ptf/ r9fj 

cfpg ;Sb5 . To;sf] nflu C0fL / ;DalGwt a}+s 

Pj+ ljQLo ;+:yfaLr k/:k/ ;Dafb / ;xdlt e} 

shf{sf] efvf a9fpg], h/Ljfgf 5"6 lbg], Jofh 

ldgfxf lbg], k'g{tflnsLs/0f ug]{ cflb Joj;flos 

rl/q / k|s[ltsf sfo{x¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . sltko 

C0fLn] c;n lgot ;fy sfo{ ubf{ub}{ klg ljleGg 

k|lts"ntfn] ubf{ ;dodf shf{ r'Qmf ug{ g;s]sf] 

cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . t/, sltko C0fLx¿ cfk"mn] 

lnPsf] C0f /sd b'?kof]u u/L JolQmut :jfy{ 

k"lt{df nfUg] u/]sf] b[i6fGt ;d]t gePsf] xf]Og . 

g]kfndf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 shf{ lnO{ 

ab\lgotk"j{s gltg]{ (Willful Defultar) x¿ klg 

pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf /x]sf] sf/0f k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd 

sfnf] ;"rLdf /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L ;/sf/L 

If]qsf a}++sx¿sf] nufgL p7\g g;sL ;j{;fwf/0fsf] 

lgIf]k 8'Ag] vt/f ePsf] tyf a}+sn] cGo yk nufgL 

ug{ gkfO cy{tGq w/f;foL x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] 

eGg] k|ToyL{ cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm cGoyf 

xf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5}g . lgj]bsn] k|:t't 

lgj]bgdf p7fPsf x/lx;fj / Jofhsf s'/fx¿ 

k|ToyL{ a}+ssf] tkm{af6 C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0f;dIf 

k/]sf] ph"/Lsf] k|ltjfb ubf{ ;a"b k|df0f ;lxt 

p7fO{ v08g ug{ ;Sg] ljifo b]lvPsf]n] Gofoflws/0f 

;dIf ljrf/fwLg ljifodf o; cbfntn] l/6 If]qaf6 

x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . 

@&= a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 k|jfx 

ePsf] shf{ c;"n x'g g;]s]sf]n] k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6 

C0f c;"n ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu pQm P]g cfPsf] 

eGg] b]lvFbf ;f] P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ a}+s tyf ljQLo 

;+:yfsf] lxtdf /xg' c:jfefljs b]lvFb}g . 

;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] lgIf]k /x]sf] a}+saf6 C0f 

lnO gltg]{ v/fj C0fLsf] kIfdf /fHosf] sfg"g 

aGg ;Sb}g . a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f gltg]{ 

pk/ d'2f bfo/ ug{ cfPsf] P]gn] C0f gltg]{ C0fLn] 

86 

86 

ph"/L bfjL ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ug{' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 

/ cf}lrTo b]lvGg . 

@*= a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf # df ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" 

x'g] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ tyf zt{sf] jf/]df 

pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL qmddf v08 -s_ df s[lif 

ljsf; a}+s, v08 -v_ df jfl0fHo a}+s / v08 -u_ 

df g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud Pj+ v08 -3_ df 

g]kfn /fi6« a}+sn] ;do–;dodf tf]s]sf cGo ljQLo 

;+:yfx¿sf] C0f c;"nL ;DaGwL d'2fsf] nflu pQm 

P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . 

;fy} ;f]xL k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] kfFr nfv ?k}of 

eGbf sd ;fFjf /sd ePsf] C0f c;"n ubf{ ;f] 

P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g] eGg] klg pNn]v ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -&_ df C0f 

c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf lgj]bg ug{sf] nflu ;DalGwt 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0fL;Fu C0f km5\of}{6 ug{, 

u/fpg oy]i6 5nkmn tyf lqmofsnfk u/]sf] x'g' 

kg]{ / C0f c;"nL ;DaGwL a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 

kof{Kt sf/jfxL x'Fbf ;d]t C0f c;"nL x'g g;s]sf] 

x'g' kg]{ nufotsf k"j{ zt{x¿ tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 . 

@(= pk/f]Qm Joj:Yffx¿dWo] lgj]bsn] bkmf 

# sf] v08 -3_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 

eGg] bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . t/ C0f c;"nL 

;DaGwL d'2fsf] nflu ;f] P]gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 

u/L v08 -s_ b]lv -u_ ;Ddsf a}+s tyf ljQLo 

;+:yfsf cltl/Qm cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ g]kfn /fi6« 

a}+sn] ;do ;dodf tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L v08 -3_ df 

ePsf] Joj:yf s] slt sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 

xf] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ lgj]bgdf 

pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . C0f c;"nL ;DaGwL 

d'2fsf] nflu /fi6« a}+sn] ;do ;dodf ljQLo 

;+:yf tf]Sg kfpg] Joj:yfn] C0f c;"nL 

Gofoflws/0fsf] sfd sf/jfxL k|efljt jf lgb]{lzt 

x'g] eGg] ;d]t lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] s'g} cj:yf /xg] 

b]lvFb}g . 

#)= lgj]bsn] P]gsf] bkmf !% / !%-@_ sf] 

Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbPsf] cj:Yff 5 . bkmf !%-!_ 

df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0fLaf6 c;"npk/

*%#*– *%#*–?b|axfb'/ *%#*– ?b|axfb'/ x'dfufO{ x'dfufO{ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

ug'{kg]{ /sd c;"npk/ ug{ g;s]df Gofoflws/0f 

;dIf ph"/L lgj]bg lbg] xbDofbsf] Joj:yfsf 

;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . h;df ;f] P]g 

k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt efvf gf3L ;s]sf] shf{sf] 

xsdf P]g k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] kfFr jif{leq / P]g 

k|f/De ePkl5 efvf gf3]sf] shf{sf] xsdf efvf 

gf3]sf] ldltn] rf/ jif{leq ;DalGwt a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfn] Gofoflws/0f ;dIf ph"/L lgj]bg 

lbg'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] dfq C0f c;"nLsf nflu 

Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L lbg kfpg] C0fLx¿n] eg] 

ph"/L ug{ gkfpg] Joj:Yff Ps kIfLo / e]befjk"0f{ 

e} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt 

ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{ /x]sf] 5 . a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 nufgL ePsf] C0f ;fdfGo 

k|lqmofaf6 c;"npk/ gePkl5 C0f c;"n ug]{ 

k|of]hgs} nflu d'2f bfo/ / sf/jfxL lsgf/f ug{sf] 

nflu pQm P]gsf] Joj:Yff ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . a}+s 

tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 C0f lnP/ gltg]{ 

C0fLx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotM Gofoflws/0f;dIf ph"/ 

ug{ hfg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg] g} b]lvFb}g . a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfn] lx;fj lstfj osLg jf km/kmf/s 

gu/L lbPsf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo Goflos k|lqmofaf6} 

;f] sfo{ ug{ u/fpg ;Dej x'G5 . s] s'g cj:yf 

/ k|of]hgsf nflu C0fLn] Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L 

lgj]bg ug{ kfpg' kg]{ xf] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} :ki6 

cfwf/;lxt lgj]bg bfjL lnPsf] gb]lvFbf k|of]hg 

/ cf}lrTo g} gePsf] C0fLn] ph"/L lbg] Joj:Yff 

gu/]sf] eGg] ljifo p7fO{ pQm P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ 

;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL 

cfwf/xLg b]lvg cfpF5 . o;sf ;fy} ;+ljwfg k|bQ 

;dfgtfsf] xs ;dfg-x¿sf] aLrdf cfslif{t x'g] 

xf] . a}+s / lgj]bs Pp6} ju{sf x'g eGg] geO{ 

km/s km/s ju{ / x}l;otsf sfg"gL / k|fs[lts 

JolQm x'Fbf o:tf]df ;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Zg p7fpg' 

k|ydb[li6df g} cfwf/xLg b]lvFbf To; ;DaGwdf 

yk ljZn]if0f ul//xg cfjZos b]lvPg . 

#!= To;}u/L lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs egL 

bfjL lnPsf] pQm P]gsf] bkmf !% sf] pkbkmf -@_ 

87 87 

87 

df pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bg lbFbf ;DalGwt 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] bfjL u/]sf] /sdsf] )=@% 

k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] /sd ;d]t C0f c;"nL z'Ns 

jfkt cu|Ld ?kdf Gofoflws/0f;dIf a'emfpg' 

kg]{5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . C0f c;"nLsf] 

nflu Gofoflws/0f ;dIf bfjL k|:t't ubf{ nfUg] 

z'Ns;Fu ;DalGwt pQm Joj:yf af]wuDo g} b]lvG5 . 

Gofoflws/0fsf] ;]jf pkof]u ug]{ a}+s tyf ljQLo 

;+:yfn] ;]jf z'Nsjfkt ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ pQm 

/sd ;DaGwL Joj:Yff s] s;/L ;+ljwfg;Fu 

aflemPsf] xf] / To;af6 C0f gltg]{ kIf lgj]bsnfO{ 

s] s;/L c;/ k/]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fsf] s'g} ljj]s;Ddt 

cfwf/ lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOb}g . s'g} klg 

a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:Yffn] C0f c;"nLsf] ph"/L bfjL 

k|:t't ubf{ nfUg] z'Ns ;DaGwL pQm Joj:Yffsf 

;DaGwdf r'gf}tL lbPsf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . C0f 

c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf ph"/L bfjL k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] 

clwsf/ g} gePsf c;fGble{s JolQm lgj]bsn] 

z'Ns ;DaGwL P]gsf] Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbPaf6 

lgj]bs u}/lhDd]jf/ 9+uaf6 uf]Zjf/f bfjL lnO{ 

k|:t't ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . 

#@= lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL 

bfjL u/]sf P]gsf] bkmf *, (, !$-^_, !(, @@ / 

@# sf Joj:yfx¿ C0f c;"nL k'g/fj]bg 

Gofoflws/0f;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf b]lvG5g\ . P]gsf] 

bkmf * df k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] :yfkgf / 

If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf 5 . bkmf ( n] 

k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] clwsf/Lsf] lgo'lQmsf jf/]df 

Joj:Yff u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf !( df 

k'g/fj]bg lbg] Joj:Yff bkmf !$ sf] pkbkmf -^_ 

df k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g] 

Joj:Yffsf af/]df pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf 

s] slt sf/0faf6 ;+ljwfg k|lts"n 5 eGg] s'/fsf] 

cfwf/ lgj]bgdf pNn]v ePsf] 5}g . P]gsf] bkmf 

!( sf] pkbkmf -@_ sf] Joj:YffnfO{ klg lgj]bsn] 

c;+j}wflgs eGg] bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . pQm 

pkbkmfdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf] ldltn] ;ft 

lbgleq k'g/fj]bg Gofoflws/0fn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ 

cfkm\gf] ;kmfOsf] lgldQ ;a"b k|df0f ;lxt


j}zfv 

k|ltpQ/ ug{ #) lbgsf] Dofb lbg'kg]{ nufotsf] 

Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 . k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePkl5 

csf]{ kIfnfO{ k|ltjfb ug]{ cj;/ lbg] :jR5 

;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGtcg'¿ksf] ;f] Joj:Yff ;+ljwfg 

k|bQ Gofo ;DaGwL xs k|lts"n ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg 

bfjL lgtfGt sfNklgs / e|ldt b]lvG5 . P]gsf] 

bkmf @# df k'g/fj]bg lsgf/f nufpg' kg]{ 

;dofjlw tf]lsPsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] ;f] Joj:YffnfO{ 

;d]t c;+j}wflgs eGg] bfjL lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . 

cfly{s ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt C0f c;"nLsf] d'2fdf 

k'g/fj]bg txdf k|ltpQ/ k/]sf] jf kg]{ cj:yf 

gf3]sf] ldltn] () lbg lbgleq k'g/fj]bgsf] 

lsgf/f nufpg' kg{] eGg] Joj:Yff :jo+df 

cf}lrTok"0f{ 5 . To:tf] ljj]s;Ddt Joj:yf ljgf 

cfwf/ c;+j}wflgs eGg] lgj]bg bfjL :jo+df 

cfwf/xLg b]lvG5 . 

##= lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs ePsf] egL 

bfjL lnPsf] P]gsf] bkmf @@ df k'g/fj]bg ubf{ 

w/f}6L jfkt /sd hDdf ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf pNn]v 

ePsf] 5 . ;f] bkmfdf vf; u/L k'g/fj]bg ubf{ 

z'? Gofoflws/0faf6 c;"npk/ ug'{kg]{ 7x/ ePsf] 

/sdsf] tL; k|ltzt /sd w/f}6Ljfkt hDdf 

ug'{kg]{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 lnPsf] / efvf leq glt/]sf] 

C0f /sd c;"nLsf nflu ;DalGwt a}+s tyf 

ljQLo ;+:yfn] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf bfjL 

u/L b'a} kIfsf] ;a"b k|df0fsf] d"NofÍgaf6 d'2fsf] 

lg0f{o x'Fbf 7x/ ePsf] ljuf]sf] lglZrt c+z 

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6L /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yf :jo+df 

cf}lrTok"0f{ 5 . o;/L w/f}6 /fVg] Joj:Yffn] km};nf 

sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf u/fpg'sf ;fy} C0f 

c;"nL k|lqmofnfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf nDofpg glbg] 

p2]Zo /fv]sf] x'Fbf o;nfO{ r'gf}tL lbg'sf] s'g} 

ljj]s;Ddt cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . 

#$= lgj]bsn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] 

plNnlvt k'g/fj]bg ubf{ /fVg'kg]{ w/f}6Lsf ljifodf 

o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;x¿af6 lgj]bs 

d'/f/Lk|;fb sf]O/fnf / cf]dk|sf; tkl8ofsf] 

88 88 

88 

lgj]bgx¿df lg0f{o lg?k0f e} a}+s tyf ljQLo 

;+:yfsf] C0f c;"nL P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #, !( 

/ @@ ;d]tsf Joj:Yffx¿ ;+ljwfg;Ddt /x]sf] 

eGg] l;4fGt sfod e} /x]sf] cj:yfdf k'gM ;f]xL 

bkmfx¿ / tL bkmf;Fu ;Da4 cGo bkmfx¿sf] 

k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5, 5}g egL lg0f{o 

lg?k0f ul//xg kg]{ cj:yf / cf}lrTo ;d]t afFsL 

/x]sf] b]lvPg . 

#%= ca, lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z 

hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g 

cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ 

dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fx¿df ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 

lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnPsf 


sf ljleGg bkmfsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg k|fjwfg;Fu 

aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf shf{ 

sf/f]jf/;Fu ;DalGwt cGo tYout ljifox¿ 

k|ToyL{ a}+sn] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf k]z 

u/]sf] ph"/L lgj]bgsf] ;'g'jfO{sf] qmddf p7fpg 

;Sg] / ;f]xL lgsfoaf6 lg0f{o lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ 

b]lvPsf]n] C0f c;"nL Gofoflws/0fdf 

ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] ljifodf c;/ kg]{ u/L o; 

cbfntsf] l/6 If]qaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ ldNg] 

b]lvPg . ctM lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z 

hf/L u/L /xg' kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf 

gb]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . 

bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L kmfon lgodfg';f/ u/L 

a'emfO{ lbg" . 

pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . 

Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj 

Gof=k|sfz j:tL 

Olt ;j+t\ @)^& ;fn j}zfv @ ut] /f]h % z'ed\– 

Ohnf; clws[tM–gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%#( 

*%#( 

*%#(– *%#(–clwjQmf *%#(– clwjQmf clwjQmf c?0fs'df/ c?0fs'df/ 1fjnL 1fjnL lj?4 lj?4 lxdfn lxdfn ldl8of ldl8of k|f= k|f= k|f= ln= ln= ln= ;d]t 

;d]t 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL 


;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] ljljw g+= !^ 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).@%.# 

d'2fM— cbfntsf] ckx]ngf . 

lgj]bsM af/f lhNnf sn}of gu/kflnsf j8f g+= $ 

3/ eO{ xfn sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= 

#@ a:g] clwjQmf c?0fs'df/ 1jfnL 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM nlntk'/ lhNnf, xflQjg l:ylt lxdfn ldl8of 

k|f=ln=åf/f k|sflzt lxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] 

;Dkfbs÷k|sfzs sgsdl0f bLlIft ;d]t 

hg;fwf/0fdf cbfnt jf To;af6 x'g] 

Gofo k|zf;gsf] sfo{k|lt cljZjf; jf 

cgf:yf x'g] s'g} sfo{ ug'{ jf cbfntsf] 

;Ddfg, dof{bf jf k|lti7fdf cf3ft k'Ug] 

sfo{ ug'{ ckx]ngfhgs sfo{ x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

s]jn cf}krfl/stf lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf 

kl5Nnf] cÍdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ unt 

/x]sf] egL v]b JoQm ub}{df klxn] k|sflzt 

;dfrf/n] kf/]sf] IfltnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf 

;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . z'?d} 

;dfrf/ k|sfzg ubf{ g} To;sf] 

cflwsfl/tf / ljZj;gLotf k|lt ;hu 

/xg' cToGt h?/L x'G5 . t;y{ o:tf] 36gf 

gbf]xf]l/g] tkm{ ;d:t ;~rf/ hutn] b[li6 

k'¥ofpg' cfjZos b]lvg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=&_ 

89 89 

89 

Pp6f :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug]{ gfddf 

csf{sf] :jtGqtf / ;Ddfgdf cfFr cfpg] 

cj:yf l;h{gf gx'g] tkm{ klg ;DalGwt 

;j} kIf ;hu Pj+ ;r]t /xg' cTofjZos 

x'g hfG5 . k|]; :jtGqtfsf] pkof]u ub{} 

h'g;'s} cfd;~rf/sf dfWodn] 

;TotYodf cfwfl/t eO{ cbfntsf] :j:Yo 

cfnf]rgf ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] :j:Yo 

cfnf]rgfn] cbfntnfO{ ;d]t cfkm\gf sdL 

sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{] cj;/ k|fKt x'g ;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=*_ 

k|];n] cfkm\gf] :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ubf{ 

cbfntsf] dof{bfdf cfFr gcfpg] tkm{ 

klg ;b}j ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 eGg] 

dfGotfnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} klg 

clt/~hgfk"0f{ ;dfrf/x¿n] 5"6 gkfpg], 

o;sf nflu k|]; tyf kqsf/x¿ 

sf/jfxLsf] eflubf/ aGg] cjZod\efjL 

x'g hfG5 . o:tf sfo{ /f]sL bf]ifLnfO{ 

sf/jfxL ug'{ cbfntsf] ;d]t k/d st{Jo 

x'g] . 

k|]; :jtGqtfn] Gofokflnsfsf] klg 

:jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg Pj+ /Iff ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf 

;Dk"0f{ ;~rf/ hutnfO{ lgb{]lzt klg 

u/]sf] x'Fbf k|sflzt ;dfrf/n] Gofokflnsf 

k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 

?kdf cf3ft k'¥ofPdf s'g} klg ;~rf/ 

dfWodn] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] cf8\ lnO{ pGd'lQm 

kfpg g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=(_ 

:j:Yo Pj+ ljZj;gLo ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f 

ub}{ :jR5 kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; xf];\ eÌ] 

tkm{ ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofO{ cfufdL lbgdf 

s'g} klg k|sf/n] unt tYodf cfwfl/t 

eO{ ;dfrf/ k|sflzt gug'{, gu/fpg' olb 

;hu / ;ts{ /xFbf/xFb} klg dfgjLo 

lgoGq0f / kx'Frsf] ljifoeGbf aflx/sf] 

kl/l:ylta; ckjfb¿kdf obfsbf To:tf]


j}zfv 

;dfrf/ k|sfzg x'g k'u]df ;f] 

;dfrf/nfO{ kZrftfksf ;fy v]b k|s6 

ub}{ oyfzL3| rfF8f] v08g u/L v08g 

ul/Psf] ;dfrf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ 

kf7ssf] k|yd b[li6 k'Ug] :yfgdf g} ;f] 

;dfrf/nfO{ k|sfzg ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L c?0fs'df/ 

1jfnL 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L lzjk|;fb l/hfn 

/ >L /Tgs'df/ v/]n 

cjnlDat ghL/M g]sfk @)$(, cÍ *, lg=g+= $^)$, 

g]sfk @)^$, lg=g+= &*#( 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & 

k|]; sfplG;n P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf #-$_, 

-&_ 

cfb]z 

Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt P]g, 

@)$* sf] bkmf & adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] 

ckx]ngfdf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm egL k/]sf] k|:t't 

lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt Joxf]/f / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5M 

lxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] jif{ !^, cÍ @#, 

k"0ff{Í !(!, r}q !–!%, @)^# sf] cfj/0f k[i7df 

;jf{]Rr cbfntdf 3"; zLif{s /fvL ;Fu} ;DdfggLo 

k|wfgGofofwLz >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nHo"sf] uDeL/ 

d'b|fsf] kmf]6f] /fvL pQm zLif{ssf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ;f] 

klqsfsf] k[i7 #) b]lv #$ ;Dd tt\;DaGwL 

;dfrf/ / ;Dafb k|:t't ul/Psf]df pk/f]Qm 

;dfrf/, ;Dafb Pj+ kmf]6f]n] ;du|df ;jf{]Rr 

cbfnt Pj+ Gofokflnsfsf] ckx]ngf u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . plNnlvt klqsfdf k|sflzt afa'/fd 

bfxfn gfd pNn]v u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] cfjfh 

jf:tljs ;SsnL xf] jf gSsn ul/Psf] xf], To;sf] 

j}1flgs k/LIf0f gu/L Gofofno h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn 

lgsfosf] af/]df ;dfrf/ tof/ubf{ rf}tkmL{ ?kdf 

ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ug'{kg{]df 

sd{rf/Lsf] jf ;+:yfsf] k|ltlqmof ;d]t glnO{ 

PQmkmL{ ?kdf b'lift dg;fo /fvL ;du| Gofo 

If]qnfO{ jb\gfd ug{] u/L pQm ;dfrf/ tof/ 

kfl/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cfTdk/s ;dfrf/n] ;DdfgLt 

;jf{]Rr cbfnt nufot g]kfnsf] Gofo k|zf;gsf] 

k|lti7f ljZjJofkL ?kdf w'ldn ug{] sfo{ ePsf] 

5 . plNnlvt klqsfdf gfd pNn]v ul/Psf 

;jf{]Rr cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLzx¿;Fu 

pk/f]Qm l;8Lsf] af/]df s'g} k|ltlqmof glnO{ 

lghx¿sf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v u/L dfggLo 

GofofwLzx¿sf] rl/q ;d]t xgg\ x'g] u/L k|sfzg 

ul/Psf] ;dfrf/n] ;DdfgLt ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] 

dfgxflg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L plNnlvt ;dfrf/df 

tTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLz >L lbnLks'df/ 

kf}8]nnfO{ cf/f]k nufOPsf] 5 . t/ k|wfg 

GofofwLzdf lgo'Qm x''g'k"j{ s} 36\gfdf s'g} 

k|sf/sf] ;+nUgtf g} gePsf] lgbf{]if ;DdfggLo 

k|wfg GofofwLzHo"nfO{ dgu9Gt] syf /rgf u/L 

æ;f] d'2f emf sf] j]~rdf kfg{] sfd :jfefljs 

?kdf k|wfg GofofwLz lbnLk s'df/ kf}8]nn] g} 

u/]sf lyPÆ h:tf 7x/o'Qm cleJolQm /fvL 

klqsfsf] d'Vo k[i7df ;=k|=Gof= Ho"sf] uDeL/ 

d'b|fsf] kmf]6f] /fvL ljgf ;a"b k|df0f ;jf{]Rr 

cbfntdf 3"; zLif{s /fvL ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ug{] 

sfo{ :jtGq Gofokflnsf / lgbf{]if k|wfg 

GofofwLzsf] rl/q xTof ug{] p2]Zon] tof/ 

kfl/Psf] x'Fbf ljkIfLx¿sf] pk/f]Qm sfo{ b08gLo 

ePsf]n] lghx¿nfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$* 

sf] bkmf & adf]lhd xb};Dd ;hfo ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . 

o;df o; cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz 

>L tkaxfb'/ du/sf] ;+of]hsTjdf xfn} dfq ;ldlt 

u7g e}/x]sf] cj:yf hfgsf/Ldf /x]sf]n] ;f] ;ldlt 

u7g ;DaGwdf ePsf] lg0f{o sfuhftx¿ k];Lsf] 

lbg Ohnf;;dIf lnO{ cfpg] Joj:yf ug{ ;jf{]Rr 

cbfnt k|zf;g zfvfdf n]vL lgodfg';f/ k]z 

ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.( sf] cfb]z . 

90 90 

90

*%#(– *%#(–clwjQmf *%#(– clwjQmf clwjQmf c?0fs'df/ c?0fs'df/ 1fjnL 1fjnL lj?4 lj?4 lxdfn lxdfn lxdfn ldl8of ldl8of k|f= k|f= ln= ln= ;d]t 

;d]t 

o;df k|:t't d'2f ljljw kmf}hbf/L bfo/Ldf 

btf{ u/L lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd cbfntsf] 

ckx]ngfdf lsg sf/jfxL x'g gkg{] xf] < of] cfb]z 

k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s tLg lbgleq 

cfkm}+ jf cfkm\gf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm ;fy 

pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfL x¿sf] gfddf Dofb k7fO{ 

pkl:yt ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ 

k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.!@.!% sf] 

cfb]z . 

lxdfn vj/ klqsf / o;;Fu ;DalGwt 

xfdL ;a} pbf/ k|hftGq / sfg"gL /fHok|lt k|ltj4 

ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] Gofofkflnsfsf] ;Ddfg / 

k|lti7fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{] sfd xfdLaf6 ePsf] 

5}g / x'g ;Sg] klg xf]Og . Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7f, 

ul/df / ;Ddfg k|lt xfdL cToGt ;hu 5f}+ . 

o;nfO{ cIf'00f /fVg' k5{ eGg] tkm{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 

5f}+ . xfdLn] ;DdfgLt ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ abgfd 

u/fpg' kg{] cj:yf / l:ylt 5}g . o;f] ug{ xfdL 

sbfkL rfxFb}gf}+ . xfdLaf6 cbfntsf] ckx]ngf 

ug{] sfo{ gePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 

k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . 

o;df ljkIfL lxdfn ldl8of k|f=ln= åf/f 

k|sflzt jif{ !^, cÍ @#, k"0ff{Í !(! r}q !–!%, 

@)^# sf] lxdfn vj/ klqsfdf k|sflzt ;fdu|Lsf 

ljkifodf 5fgaLg ug{ o; cbfntsf dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/sf] cWoIftfdf ul7t 

tLg ;b:oLo cfof]uaf6 ;f] ljifodf 5fgaLg u/L 

lbPsf] k|ltj]bg Ohnf;;dIf b]vfO{ lkmtf{ n}hfg] 

u/L k];Lsf] lbg lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.*.!* sf] cfb]z . 

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z x'g 

cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf lgj]bs tkm{jf6 pkl:yt 

lgj]bs ljåfg clwjQmf >L c?0fs'df/ 1jfnLn] 

lxdfn vj/klqsfsf] @)^# ;fnsf] !–!% r}qsf] 

cÍsf] k[=#) tyf k[= #! df plNnlvt zAbx¿n] 

:ki6 ?kdf k|wfg GofofwLz tyf ;du| 

Gofokflnsfsf] ul/df / dof{bfdf cfFr k'¥ofpg] 

91 

91 

sfd ePsf] 5 . plNnlvt klqsfdf 5flkPsf] 

;dfrf/sf] ;Totf k/LIf0f ul/Psf] 5}g . tTsfnLg 

k|wfg GofofwLz >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n k|wfg 

GofofwLzsf] kbdf lgo'Qm gx'Fb}sf] cj:yfdf 36]sf] 

36gfdf k|wfg GofofwLzsf] x}l;otn] lghsf] 

;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 egL em'f] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt 

ePsf] tYoaf6 ljkIfLx¿n] cbfntsf] ckx]ngf 

u/]sf] tYo :jtM k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo ul/kfpFm egL tyf 

ljkIfL tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L 

lzjk|;fb l/hfn / >L /Tgs'df/ v/]nn] cbfntdf 

a9]sf] ljs[lt lj;+ultnfO{ /f]Sg] tyf bf]ifLnfO{ 

sf/jfxL u/fpg] p2]Zon] dfq ;f] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt 

ePsf] xf] . k|sflzt ;dfrf/ cbfntsf] ckdfg 

ug{] sfo{ tkm{ nlIft geO{ s]jn cbfntsf 

sd{rf/Lsf] Jojxf/k|lt nlIft 5 . lxdfn 

vj/klqsfdf ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePkZrft ;f] 

ljifonfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DdfgLt ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] 

kxn u/L 5fgljg ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f]df bf]ifL 

kfO{Psf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;hfo ;d]t u/]sf] cj:yf 

5 . ;f] 5fgljg ;ldltsf] u7g Pj+ sd{rf/LnfO{ 

ul/Psf] sf/jfxLn] cbfntn] klg 36gfnfO{ :jLsf/ 

u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;dfrf/df tTsfnLg cbfntdf 

axfn /xg' ePsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L 

lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nsf] pNn]vg\ ;DaGwdf lxdfn 

vj/ klqsfn] uNtL ePsf] dx;"; u/L tt\ 

kZrftsf] cÍdf e"n ;'wf/ u/]sf] cj:yf klg 

;DdfgLt Ohnf;nfO{ cg'/f]w ub}{ lxdfn 

vj/klqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/n] cbfntsf] 

dof{bf, ul/dfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] tyf 

ljkIfLx¿ ;d]t ;b}j cbfntsf] dof{bf Pj+ ;Ddfg 

ug{] ljifo k|lt ;b}j uDeL/ Pj+ ;sf/fTds /x]sf] 

x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL jx; lhsL/ 

k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

ljåfg clwjQmfx¿sf] jx; lhsL/ Pj+ 

ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog ubf{ lxdfn 

vj/ klqsfsf] jif{ !^, cÍ @#, k"0ff{Í !(!, r}q !– 

!%, @)^# sf] cfj/0f k[i7df ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf


j}zfv 

3"; zLif{s /fvL ;f]df tTsfnLg cj:yfdf jxfn 

g/xg' ePsf ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLznfO{ ;d]t 

d'5\g] k|of; u/L ;dfrf/sf] ;To tYo k/LIf0f 

gu/L Gofofno h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn lgsfosf] af/]df 

;dfrf/ tof/ ubf{ ljrf/ gk'¥ofO{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg 

u/]sf] sfo{n] ;jf{]Rr cbfntnufot g]kfnsf] Gofo 

k|zf;gsf] k|lti7f ljZjJofkL ?kdf w'ldn ug{] 

sfo{ eO{ Gofofno tyf GofofwLzsf] rl/q xTof 

ePsfn] ljkIfLx¿sf] pk/f]Qm sfo{ b08gLo x'bf 

ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf 

& adf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] d'Vo 

lgj]bg dfu bfjL ePsf]df Gofokflnsfsf] k|lti7f, 

ul/df / ;Ddfgk|lt xfdL cToGt ;hu 5f}+ . 

o;nfO{ cIf'00f /fVg' k5{ eGg] tkm{ lqmofzLn /x]sfn] 

xfdLaf6 cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ug{] sfo{ ePsf] gx'Fbf 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lnlvt 

hjfkm /x]sf] k|:t't d'2f o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z 

x'g cfPsf] kfOof] . 

o;df lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd k|sflzt 

;dfrf/n] o; cbfntnufot ;du| Gofokflnsfsf] 

ckx]ngf u/]sf] 5, 5}g < lgj]bg dfu bfjLadf]lhd 

ljkIfLx¿nfO{ cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf ;hfo x'g'kg]{ 

xf], xf]Og < eGg] ljifodf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg{] b]lvg 

cfpF5 . 

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, lgj]bg ;fy 

;+nUg lxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] @)^#, r}q !–!% 

cÍsf] k[i7 #)–#$ df k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf 

;DaGwdf g} ;j{k|yd cWoog ug'{kg{] b]lvg cfpF5 . 

;f] tkm{ x]bf{ plNnlvt ;dfrf/sf] zLif{ssf] ?kdf 

æ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf 3";Æ egL pNn]v ub{} ;f] 

cGtu{tsf] ;dfrf/sf] ljifoj:t'df d'2fsf Ps 

kIf /fh]z zfSo / cbfntsf] clws[t sd{rf/L 

afa'/fd bfxfnaLr 6]lnkmf]gdf ePsf] jftf{nfknfO{ 

cfwf/ agfO{ ;f]xL jftf{nfksf] ljZn]if0f ub{} ;dfrf/ 

k|sflzt ul/Psf] b]lvg cfpF5 . pQm klqsfsf] 

k[i7 #) sf] t];|f] sf]nddf cGo s'/fsf] cltl/Qm 

ældl;ndf @& c;f/ @)^# df GofofwLz k/dfgGb 

emfsf] Psn Ohnf;n] rng rnfO{ lbg'kg{] sfd 

92 

92 

xfnnfO{ :ylut /fVg' eg]/ cGtl/d cfb]z lbPsf] 

b]lvG5 . ;f] d'2f emfsf] j]~rdf kfg{] sfd :jfefljs 

?kdf k|wfg GofofwLz lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nn] g} 

u/]sf lyP . ============;du|df, k|:t't ljjfbdf 

kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fx¿af6 k|wfg GofofwLz lbnLk 

s'df/ kf}8]n klg tflgPsf 5g\Æ eGg] pNn]v ub{} 

k[i7 #! sf] bf];|f] sf]nddf cGo s'/fx¿sf] cltl/Qm 

æt/ ;f] l;8L ;fj{hlgs ePsf] cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] 

;+nUgtf / l;+uf] Gofokflnsfsf] ul/dfdfly k|Zg 

p7\g ;Sg] ePsf] sf/0f k|wfg GofofwLz kf}8]n of] 

dfldnf u'kr'k ug{ vf]hL /x]sf x'g ;S5g\Æ eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

t/ tTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf k|sflzt 

;dfrf/sf] ;Gbe{df eg] lxdfn vj/ klqsfs} 

nut} k|sflzt @)^#, r}q !^–#) sf] cÍsf] k[i7 ^ 

sf] bf]>f] sf]nddf æ:ki6Ls/0fÆ zLif{s cGtu{t 

æ@& c;f/ @)^@ df GofofwLz k/dfgGb emfsf] 

Psn Ohnf;n] rng rnfO{ lbg'kg{] sfd xfnnfO{ 

:ylut /fVg' eg]/ cGtl/d cfb]z lbPsf] b]lvG5 

eGg] afSof+z kl5 e"na; ;f] d'2f emfsf] j]~rdf 

kfg{] sfd :jfefljs ?kdf k|wfg GofofwLz 

lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nn] u/]sf lyP eGg] afSof+z pNn]v 

x'g k'u]sf]df xfdLnfO{ v]b 5 . of] :kli6s/0f dfkm{t\ 

xfdL of] uNtL ;Rrfpg rfxG5f}+ ====Æ eGg] pNn]v 

u/L ljkIfLx¿n] cfkm"x¿åf/f k|sflzt Pj+ ;Dkflbt 

;dfrf/ k"0f{?kdf ljZjfl;nf] Pj+ e/kbf{] g/x]sf] 

egL :jLsf/ ub{} o:tf] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt x'g 

k'u]sf]df uNtL dx;'; u/]sf] eGg] :ki6?kdf b]lvg 

cfpF5 . 

#= dfly plNnlvt k|wfg GofofwLzsf] 

;DaGwdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ afx]s cGo ;dfrf/sf] 

;DaGwdf eg] ;f] ;dfrf/sf] ljZj;gLotfsf 

;DaGwdf cWoog Pj+ ljZn]if0f u/L ;To tYo 

kQf nufpg] p2]Zon] ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t 

kxn ul/Psf] b]lvg cfp5 . o; ;DaGwdf 

Gofokflnsfsf] hgcf:yf ;+/If0f Pj+ clej[l4 

;'emfj ;ldlt, @)^$ u7g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;f] 

;ldltsf] u7gsf] p2]Zo tTsfnLg cj:yfdf kq 

klqsf Pj+ ljleGg cfd ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 cbfnt,

*%#(– *%#(–clwjQmf *%#(– clwjQmf clwjQmf c?0fs'df/ c?0fs'df/ 1fjnL 1fjnL lj?4 lj?4 lxdfn lxdfn lxdfn ldl8of ldl8of k|f= k|f= ln= ln= ;d]t 

;d]t 

o;df sfo{/t GofofwLz Pj+ sd{rf/L / Gofo 

;Dkfbg k|lqmof ;d]tsf af/]df k|sflzt / k|zfl/t 

;dfrf/x¿af6 Gofokflnsfsf] dof{bf, cf:yf / 

ul/dfdf k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf ?kdf c;/ kg{ cfPsf] 

dx;"; u/L o:tf] lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg h'g;'s} 

JolQm sd{rf/L jf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ j'emL sf]xL 

s;}af6 uNtL ePsf] eP bf]ifLnfO{ sfg"gadf]lhdsf] 

;hfo ug{ pko'Qm ;'emfj lbg / Gofofnosf] 

:jR5 5lj / Gofokflnsfk|ltsf] e/f];fnfO{ hf]ufO{ 

/fVg Gofokflnsfsf] ;du| sfdsf/jfxLdf 

;+:yfut ;'wf/sf] nflu pko'Qm ;'emfj lbg] egL 

;f] ;ldltnfO{ clwsf/ If]q k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;f]cg'¿k ;ldltn] ljkIfLaf6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/ 

nufot cGo ;~rf/sf dfWodaf6 k|sflzt 

;dfrf/x¿sf ;d]t ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg Pj+ 

5fgjLg u/L ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg ;DdfggLo k|wfg 

GofofwLzdfkm{t\ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ a}+7s ;dIf 

k]z u/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgn] ljkIfLåf/f 

k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf ;DaGwdf hfFrj'em ubf{ s]xL 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clgoldt sfdsf/jfxLdf ;+nUgtf 

/x]sf] 7x/ ub{} pgLx¿nfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] 

l;kmfl/z u/]sf]df ;f]cg'¿k o; cbfnt dftxtsf 

s]xL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ;d]t 

ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ ljkIfLaf6 

k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf] ;j} c+z k"0f{?kdf c;To /x]sf] 

eGg] klg b]lvg cfPg . t/ o; ;DaGwdf plNnlvt 

;dfrf/ k|sflzt ubf{ ljkIfLx¿sf] cfzo 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ug{] lyof] lyPg egL cWoog 

Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug'{ eg] jf~5lgo b]lvg cfpF5 . 

$= ;f] ;DaGwdf x]b{f plNnlvt ;dfrf/ 

k|sflzt ug{] sf/0f ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿sf] lnlvt 

hjfkm cWoog u/L x]bf{ ;f] lnlvt hjfkmdf 

ljkIfLx¿n] cfkm"x¿n] ;b}j Gofokflnsfsf] pRr 

k|lti7f, ul/dfnfO{ ;Ddfg u/L cfPsf 5f}+ / 

eljiodf klg Gofokflnsfsf] pRr ;Ddfg / ul/df 

/ dof{bfnfO{ sfod /fVg sl6j4 /xg] 5f}+ eGg] 

Joxf]/f pNn]v ub{} k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 cbfntsf] 

Voflt, k|lti7f jf ;Ddfg lu/fpg] geO{ ;d;fdlos 

93 

93 

s'g} klg ljifo jf ;Gbe{df jf:tljs / oyfy{ s] 

xf] egL 5'6\ofpg ;lsof];\ eGg] cfkm"x¿sf] dg;fo 

/x]sf] eGg] pNn]v ub{} k|fKt ljj/0fnfO{ h:tfsf] 

h:t} k|sfzg ubf{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt tyf 

Gofokflnsfk|lt hgcf:yfdf k|lts"n k|efj kg{] 

nufot s'g} klg ckx]ngfTds sfo{ ePsf] jf 

To;sf] k|efj s;}df kg{ ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5}g . 

cfkm"x¿sf] ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ ab\gfd u/fpg' 

kg{] cj:yf klg g/x]sf] / o;f] ug{ sbflk rfxb}gf}+, 

xfd|f] cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ug{] cfzo /x]sf] 5}g 

eGg] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5 . 

%= ljkIfLx¿sf] plNnlvt lnlvt hjfkm 

tyf cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd 5"6[} 

P]gsf] lgdf{0f e} g;s]sf] cj:yfdf s] s:tf] sfo{n] 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngf x'G5 eGg] ljifosf] lgSof]{n 

ljjfbsf] ljifoj:t' / kl/l:yltcg';f/ cbfnt 

:jo+n] ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngf ;DaGwdf ul/Psf kl/efiff 

tyf o; ;DaGwdf o; cbfntjf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/ 

l;4fGtx¿ ;d]tsf] cWoog Pj+ ljZn]if0f ug'{ klg 

jfG5lgo b]lvg cfpF5 . ;fdfGotofM cbfntsf] 

ckx]ngf eGgfn] cbfntsf] cfb]z jf km};nfsf] 

cj1f / cgfb/ ug'{, o;sf] sfo{df cjflG5t 

sfo{bf/f cj/f]w k'¥ofpg', k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ?kdf 

cbfntnfO{ c;Eo zJbåf/f ;Daf]wg ug'{ Pj+ 

cbfntsf] hgcf:yfdf cfFr cfpg] sfo{ ug'{nfO{ 

j'emfp5 . cem j[xb cy{df eGg'kbf{ sfg"gadf]lhd 

cbfntaf6 Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ jf Gofosf] dfu 

ug]{ jf To;df sfg"gadf]lhd ;xof]u jf ;lqmo 

/xg] sfo{df afwf cj/f]w jf cg'lrt k|efj kfg]{ 

jf cbfnt jf GofofwLzsf] ;Ddfg jf dof{bf jf 

k|lti7fdf cf3ft k'¥ofpg] h:tf h'g;'s} sfo{nfO{ 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngf x'g] sfo{ jf cfr/0f eGg 

;lsG5 . hg;fwf/0fdf cbfnt jf To;af6 x'g] 

Gofo k|zf;gsf] sfo{k|lt cljZjf; jf cgf:yf 

x'g] s'g} sfo{ ug'{ jf cbfntsf] ;Ddfg, dof{bf jf 

k|lti7fdf cf3ft k'Ug] sfo{ ug'{ ckx]ngfhgs 

sfo{ x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df sfg"gL zJbsf]ifdf ;d]t


j}zfv 

s] s:tf] sfo{ u/]df cbfntsf] ckx]ngf x'G5 egL 

kl/eflift ul/Psf] ;d]t kfOG5 . h;cg'¿k x]bf{ 

P.RAMANATHA AIYER sf] The LAW 

LEXICON (The Encyclopaedic Law 

Dictionary) df "Contempt of Court is 

disobedience to the Court, by acting in 

opposition to the authority. Justice and 

dignity there of. It signifies a wilful 

disregard or disobedience of the courts's 

order. It also signifies such conduct as 

tends to bring the authority of the court 

and the administration of the Law into 

disrepute" egL cbfntsf] ckx]ngfsf] kl/efiff 

u/]sf] kfOG5 . (General Editor Justice Y.V. 

Chandrachud, Second Edition (Reprint), 

2004, Wadhwa & Company Nagpur, India, 

P . 399) To;}u/L cbfntsf] ckx]ngfsf] kl/efiff 

;DaGwdf g} g]kfnL sfg"gj]Qf >L 6f]kjxfb'/ l;Fxsf] 

sfg"gL zJbsf]if cWoog ubf{ ================= clwsf/ 

gePsf] JolQm jf kIfaf6 cbfntsf] sf/jfxLdf 

x:tIf]k ug'{, cbfntsf] cg'zf;g kfngf gug'{, 

GofofwLz, h"/L jf clwsf/k|fKt JolQm jf kIf jf 

jsLnnfO{ c;Ddfgk"0f{ efiff k|of]u ug'{========OToflb 

kb{5g\Æ egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 -k|sfzs 

kf7oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, ;g\ 

!(*!, k[i7 !)_ . o;}u/L cbfntsf] ckx]ngf s] 

xf] / o;sf] k/LIf0f s;/L ul/G5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 

o; cbfntjf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt x]bf{ æs'g} sfo{ 

ckx]ngfhgs 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] lg/f]k0f 

j:t'lgi7 ?kdf ul/G5 . s'g} n]v jf cleJolQm jf 

sfo{ ckx]ngfhgs 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf 

;dfGo JolQmsf] ;dem -Man of General 

Prudence_ n] lgsfNg ;Sg] lgisif{ g} 

ckx]ngf;DaGwL sfo{sf] k/LIf0fsf] cfwf/ aGb5Æ 

egL l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf] kfO{G5 -g]sfk @)$(, 

cÍ *, lg=g+= $^)$_ . plNnlvt kl/efiff Pj+ 

l;4fGtsf cltl/Qm o; cbfntjf6 cbfntsf] 

ckx]ngf ;DaGwL csf]{ d'2fdf cbfntsf] ckx]ngf 

ePsf] dfGg' kg{] s]xL dfkb08x¿ ;d]t lgwf{/0f 

94 

94 

ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;cg'¿k b]xfosf sfdx¿nfO{ 

cbfntsf] ckx]ngf dfGg' k5{ elgPsf] 5M 

-!_ cbfntsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf] hfgfhfg 

-Willful) cj1f ug]{ sfo{ . 

-@_ cbfnt ;dIf u/]sf] k|lt1fsf] hfgfhfg 

-Willful) e+u jf cj1f ug]{ sfo{ . 

-#_ af]n]/, n]v]/ jf cGo s'g} k|sfzgåf/f 

cbfntk|lt e|fds xNnf lkmhfO{ cgf:yf 

k}bf u/L sf08 dRrfpg' cyf{t 

-Scandalize) ug]{ sfo{ . 

-$_ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ jf cGo s'g} k|sfzg jf 

sfo{åf/f cbfntL sf/jfxLdf x:tIf]k ug]{ 

sfo{ . 

-%_ af]n]/ jf n]v]/ jf cGo k|sfzg jf sfdåf/f 

cbfntL sf/jfxLdf x:tIf]k ug]{ jf Gofo 

k|zf;gdf cj/f]w ug]{ sfo{ . 

-^_ cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg d'2fdf l6Kk0fL u/L 

:jtGq / lgikIf Gofo ;Dkfbgdf x:tIf]k 

x'g] sfd ug]{ 

-&_ d'2fsf kIfx¿, d'2fsf ;fIfLx¿ tyf 

cbfntsf sd{rf/LnfO{ afwf la/f]w ug]{ 

sfo{ . 

-*_ cbfntnfO{ ljjfbdf Nofpg] h'g;'s} sfo{, 

plNnlvt sfo{x¿ nufot cGo ljleGg 

sfo{n] klg cbfntsf] ckx]ngf x'g;S5 egL ;f]xL 

l;4fGtdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 -g]sfk @)^$, 

lg=g+= +&*#(_ . 

^= plNnlvt kl/efiff Pj+ o; cbfntjf6 

k|ltkflbt sfg"gL l;4fGt tyf ljkIfLjf6 k|:t't 

lnlvt hjfkmsf] ;Gbe{ ;d]tjf6 ljj]rgf ubf{ 

dfly pNn]v ePcg'¿k ljkIfLx¿n] Gofokflnsfsf] 

k|lti7f, ul/df / ;Ddfg k|lt xfdL cToGt ;hu 

5f}+ . o;nfO{ cIf'00f /fVg' k5{ eGg]tkm{ xfdL ;b}j 

lqmofzLn /x]sf 5f} egL pNn]v u/]sf] tyf 

ljkIfLx¿åf/f k|sflzt ;dfrf/sf ;DaGwdf o; 

cbfntjf6 ;ldlt u7g eO{ ;f] ;ldltn] k|sflzt

*%#(– *%#(–clwjQmf *%#(– clwjQmf c?0fs'df/ c?0fs'df/ 1fjnL 1fjnL 1fjnL lj?4 lj?4 lxdfn lxdfn ldl8of ldl8of k|f= k|f= ln= ln= ln= ;d]t 

;d]t 

;dfrf/sf ;DaGwdf 5fgjLg u/L ;f] ePsf sfdsf/jfxLx¿ @)^@ c;f/ @& ut] eGbf 

;dfrf/cg'¿ksf] 36gfdf bf]ifL 7xl/Psf s]xL cufl8 g} 36]sf eGg] b]lvG5g\ . t/ ;f] ;dfrf/df 

sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] l;kmfl/z u/L ;f]cg'¿k pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;f] ;dodf g]kfnsf] k|wfg 

s]xL sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/jfxL ;d]t e};s]sf] cj:yf 

b]lvG5 . o;sf] cnfjf tTsfnLg k|wfg 

GofofwLzsf] ;Gbe{df k|sflzt n]vsf] ljifodf 

ljkIfLx¿n] uNtL ePsf] dx;"; u/L To:tf] ;dfrf/ 

k|sflzt ePsf]df v]b k|s6 ub}{ kl5Nnf] cÍsf] 

lxdfn vj/ klqsfdf :kli6s/0f dfkm{t\ uNtL 

;RofPsf] ljifo ;d]tsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYout 

cj:yfdf /f]xdf b[li6ut ubf{ ljkIfLx¿sf] sfo{n] 

k|wfg GofofwLz, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot ;du| 

Gofokflnsfk|lt ckx]ngfhGo sfo{ g} ePsf] eGg] 

cj:yf b]lvg gcfPsf]n] ljkIfLx¿jf6 k|sflzt 

n]v ;fdu|Ln] o; cbfntsf] ckx]ngfhGo sfo{ 

ePsf] egL lgisif{df k'Ug' Gofof]lrt b]lvg cfpb}g . 

t;y{, ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;jf{]Rr cbfnt P]g, @)$* 

sf] bkmf & adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] ckx]ngfdf 

sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] lgjb]g bfjL k'Ug ;Sg] 

cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . 

GofofwLzsf] kbdf lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n lgo'Qm x'g' 

ePsf] cj:yf eg] b]lvg cfpb}g . o;} ;DaGwdf 

g]kfn /fhkqdf @)^@.$.!% df k|sflzt 

;"rgfcg';f/ tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, 

@)$& adf]lhd g]kfnsf] k|wfg GofofwLz kbdf 

;f]xL ldltb]lv g} >L lbnLks'df/ kf}8]n lgo'Qm x'g' 

ePsf] eGg] :ki6?kaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . o:tf] kf/bzL{ 

;"rgf Pj+ tYonfO{ hfgsf/Ldf lng' ;j} gful/ssf] 

bfloTj /x]sf] ePtf klg kqsf/ nufotsf ;r]t 

Pj+ jf}l4s ju{sf nflu eg] ;f] bfloTj yk uDeL/ 

k|s[ltsf] x'g hfG5 . o:tf] kf/bzL{ tYok|lt b[li6ut 

gu/L tTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLzsf ;DaGwdf unt 

tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ubf{ To;n] 

;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf] ldltb]lv g} Gofokflnsf, 

;dfh, hgtf tyf :jo+ JolQmdf ;d]t gsf/fTds 

c;/ kg{] tYodf ljkIfLx¿n] Wofg k'¥ofpg ;s]sf] 

cj:yf eg] b]lvg cfpFb}g . s]jn cf}krfl/stf 

&= hxfF;Dd dfly pNn]v ePcg'¿k 

tTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLz lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nsf] 

;DaGwdf nf~5gf nufO{ k|sflzt ul/Psf] 

;dfrf/nfO{ kl5Nnf] cÍsf] lxdfn vj/klqsf 

dfkm{t\ v]b k|s6 u/L uNtL ;RrfO{Psf] k|;+usf] 

ljifo 5 ;f] ljifosf ;DaGwdf eg] yk ljZn]if0f 

u/L o; Ohnf;n] cleJoQm ?kdf s]xL dfu{bz{g 

;lxtsf] /fo lgisif{ lbg' jf~5gLo x'g cfPsf] 5 . 

kf7sx¿aLr lg/Gt/?kdf ljZjf; cfh{g ub{} 

cfPsf] klqsfn] k|sfzg ug{] ;dfrf/x¿sf] ;Totf 

Pj+ ljZjf;gLotfsf ;DaGwdf ;b}j rgfvf] /xg' 

clgjfo{ cfjZostf x'g hfG5 . k|ltli7t ;~rf/ 

dfWodaf6 k|sflzt ;dfrf/ ck'i6 Pj+ unt 

tYodf cfwfl/t ePdf To;n] ;dfhdf kfg{] 

gsf/fTds c;/sf] dfqf t'ngfTds ?kdf j9L 

uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] x'g hfg] cj:yftkm{ ;DalGwt 

;j}sf] Wofg hfg' h?/L x'G5 . plNnlvt ;Gbe{af6 

x]bf{ ljkIfLx¿åf/f k|sflzt lxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] 

@)^#, r}q !–!% sf] cÍdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/cg'¿k 

95 95 

95 

lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf kl5Nnf] cÍdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/ 

unt /x]sf] egL v]b JoQm ub}{df klxn] k|sflzt 

;dfrf/n] kf/]sf] IfltnfO{ kof{Kt dfqfdf ;Daf]wg 

ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf /xFb}g . z'?d} ;dfrf/ k|sfzg 

ubf{ g} To;sf] cflwsfl/tf / ljZj;gLotf k|lt 

;hu /xg' cToGt h?/L x'G5 . t;y{ o:tf] 36gf 

gbf]xf]l/g] tkm{ ;d:t ;~rf/ hutn] b[li6 k'¥ofpg' 

cfjZos b]lvg cfpF5 . 

*= j:t'tM cbfntsf] :jtGqtf / dof{bf 

tyf k|];sf] :jtGqtf tyf cIf'00f /xg' kg{] tYodf 

b'O{dt 5}g . b'j} :jtGqtfsf] ;dfg Pj+ lgjf{w?kdf 

pkef]u x'g uPdf dfq nf]stGqsf] :j:Yo ljsf; 

x'g hfG5 . Pp6f :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ug]{ gfddf 

csf{sf] :jtGqtf / ;Ddfgdf cfFr cfpg] cj:yf 

l;h{gf gx'g] tkm{ klg ;DalGwt ;j} kIf ;hu Pj+ 

;r]t /xg' cTofjZos x'g hfG5 . k|]; :jtGqtfsf] 

pkof]u ub{} h'g;'s} cfd ;~rf/sf dfWodn] 

;TotYodf cfwfl/t eO{ cbfntsf] :j:Yo cfnf]rgf


j}zfv 

ug{ ;S5g\ . o:tf] :j:Yo cfnf]rgfn] cbfntnfO{ 

;d]t cfkm\gf sdL sdhf]/L ;'wf/ ug{] cj;/ 

k|fKt x'g ;Sb5 . of] cfd dfGotfsf] ?kdf ljsl;t 

eO;s]sf] cjwf/0ff xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df kqsfl/tfsf] 

k]zfut pRrtd cfr/0f sfod /fvL :j:y, :jtGq 

/ pQ/bfoL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; tyf ;Da4{gsf] 

nflu k|]; sfplG;nsf] :yfkgf / Joj:yf ug{ 

jf~5gLo ePsf] dxz'; u/L k|]; sfplG;n P]g, 

@)$* sf] lgdf{0f ;d]t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL 

P]gsf] cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;d]t ;xdltdf 

k|]; sfplG;nåf/f kqsf/ cfrf/ ;+lxtf–@)^) 

-;+zf]lwt tyf kl/dflh{t–@)^$_ lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" 

ePsf] cj:yf klg b]lvg cfp5 . ;f] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] 

p2]Zo / ck]Iff cWoog ubf{ o;n] cGo s'/fx¿sf] 

cltl/Qm :jtGq k|];, ;~rf/ dfWodx¿ :jefjtM 

;dfhk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{, kxF'r / k|efj j9b} 

hfFbf k|]; / ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] ;dfhk|ltsf] 

bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L klg j9g hfg], To;/L ylkPsf] 

bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ kqsf/ / ;~rf/ 

dfWodx¿ tTk/ dfq geO{ ;Ifd klg x'g' h?/L 

x'G5 egL k|]; Pj+ ;~rf/ dfWodsf] p2]Zo / 

o;sf ck]Iffx¿ /flvPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;fy} 

plNnlvt cfrf/ ;+lxtfdf plNnlvt j'Fbfx¿ ;j} 

kqsf/, ;~rf/ ;+:yfx¿n] ;w} x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ 

cfwf/e"t ;femf l;4fGt klg x'g elg pNn]v 

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;f] cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] bkmf #-!_ 

df k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g cGtu{t 

ljrf/ / cleJolQm :jtGqtf gful/sx¿sf] 

cfwf/e"t clwsf/ ePsfn] o;sf] ;+/If0f / 

;Da4{gsf lglDt ;b}j b[9, ;hu / ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 

egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L bkmf #-$_ 

df /x]sf] ;To tYo ;"rgfsf] ;Dk|]if0f zLif{s cGtu{t 

kqsf/–;~rf/dfWodn] ;|f]t / cfwf/ pNn]v u/L 

;TotYo, j:tl'gi7 Pj+ ;Gtl'nt ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f 

ug{'kb5{ egL pNn]v ub}{ bkmf #-&_ df pRr 

Jofj;flos cEof; zLif{scGtu{t kqsfl/tfsf 

cfwf/e"t dfGotf / l;4fGtk|lt k|lta4 /xL 

hjfkmb]xL Pj+ pQ/bfloTj tyf ljZj;gLotfsf] 

lgjf{x ug{ lgi7fk"j{s pRr Jofj;flos cEof; 

96 96 

96 

ug'{kb{5 egL pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;}u/L bkmf 

#-(_ df uNtL ;Rofpg] tTk/tf zLif{scGtu{t 

k|sfzg tyf k|;f/0fsf qmddf ePsf q'l6 Pj+ 

uNtLsf] hfgsf/L x'gf;fy oyfzL3| To:tf] uNtL 

Pj+ q'l6 ;Rofpg] tyf ;k|df0f v08g jf k|ltlqmof 

cfPdf k|:6 efiffdf plrt :yfg lbO{ k|sfzg 

k|zf/0f ug'{ kqsf/ tyf ;~rf/dfWodsf] stJ{o 

x'g]5 egL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 

(= plNnlvt dfGotf, l;4fGt tyf kqsf/ 

cfrf/ ;+lxtf ;d]tsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 x]bf{ k|];n] cfkm\gf] 

:jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ubf{ cbfntsf] dof{bfdf cfFr 

gcfpg] tkm{ klg ;b}j ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 eGg] 

dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] 

dfGotfnfO{ u|x0f ug]{ xf] eg] s'g} klg clt/~hgfk"0f{ 

;dfrf/x¿n] 5"6 gkfpg], o;sf nflu k|]; tyf 

kqsf/x¿ sf/jfxLsf] eflubf/ aGg] cjZoefjL 

x'g hfG5 . o:tf sfo{ /f]sL bf]ifLnfO{ sf/jfxL ug'{ 

cbfntsf] ;d]t k/d st{Jo g} x'g hfG5 . o:tf 

ckx]ngfhGo k|sfzgnfO{ cbfntn] b08gLo 3f]if0ff 

ug{} kb{5 cGoyf b08xLgtf Pj+ c/fhstfsf] cj:yf 

klg cfpg ;Sg] s'/fdf bO{dt 5}g . ;~rf/ hutnfO{ 

k|fKt k|]; :jtGqtfsf] pkef]u ubf{ k|]; :jtGqtfn] 

u|x0f u/]sf] ;Ldfleq /xL ug'{ kb{5 egL ljZjsf 

k|foM ;a} nf]stflGqs b]zx¿df k|]; :jtGqtf k|bfg 

ul/Psf] ePtfklg of] :jtGqtfnfO{ clgolGqt jf 

jGb]h/xLt cj:yfdf eg] 5fl8Psf] kfOb}g . o:tf] 

k|]; :jtGqtfn] Gofokflnsfsf] klg :jtGqtfsf] 

;Ddfg Pj+ /Iff ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf ;Dk"0f{ ;~rf/ 

hutnfO{ lgb{]lzt klg u/]sf] x'Fbf k|sflzt ;dfrf/n] 

Gofokflnsf k|ltsf] hgcf:yfdf k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf 

?kdf cf3ft k'¥ofPdf s'g} klg ;~rf/ dfWodn] 

k|]; :jtGqtfsf] cf8\ lnO{ pGd'lQm kfpg ;Sg] x'Fb}g . 

!)= dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfcg'¿k 

;+ljwfgk|bQ k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtfsf] pkef]usf nflu 

k|];n] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;Ldfleq /xL ;dfrf/ 

;Dk|]if0f ug'{ ckl/xfo{ b]lvg cfpF5 . o; 

;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf klg ljkIfLx¿n] 

lxdfn vj/ klqsfsf] @)^#, r}q !–!% sf] cÍsf] 

k[i7 #)–#$ df k|sflzt ;jf{]Rr cbfntdf 3";

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

zLif{s ;dfrf/df tTsfnLg k|wfg GofofwLz >L 

lbnLks'df/ kf}8]nsf] xsdf unt tYodf cfwfl/t 

ck'i6 ;dfrf/ g5flkof]; eGg]tkm{ ;b}j 

;+j]bgzLn Pj+ ;hu /xg' kg{] ePsf]df ;f] tYonfO{ 

gh/cGbfh u/L k|wfg GofofwLzsf] ;DaGwdf 

unt tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfrf/ k|sfzg ePsf] 

tYo :yflkt ePsf] ljkIfLx¿åf/f klg :jLsf/ 

u/L ;f]eGbf kl5Nnf] cÍdf ;f]sf] v08g ub}{ v]b 

JoQm u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ ljkIfLx¿åf/f v08g 

ul/Psf] ljifoaf6 pTkÌ ePsf] gsf/fTds k|efj 

tyf k|sflzt ;dfrf/af6 tTsfnLg k|wfg 

GofofwLzsf] dof{bfdf cfFr k'Ug uPsf] tkm{ eg] 

ljkIfLx¿ sd ;+j]bgzLn /xL v08g ul/Psf] 

ljifonfO{ pRr k|fyldstf glbO{ ck]Iffs[t sd 

kf7ssf] Wofg hfg] :yfgdf ;f];DaGwL ;dfrf/ 

k|sfzg ePsf] b]lvg cfpF5, hf] pko'Qm b]lvPg . 

t;y{ o:tf] cj:yf / l:ylt km]l/ km]l/ gbf]xf]l/of];\, 

:j:Yo Pj+ ljZj;gLo ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f ub}{ :jR5 

kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; xf];\ eÌ] tkm{ ljz]if Wofg 

k'¥ofO{ cfufdL lbgdf s'g} klg k|sf/n] unt 

tYodf cfwfl/t eO{ ;dfrf/ k|sflzt gug"{, 

gu/fpg" olb ;hu / ;ts{ /xFbf/xFb} klg dfgjLo 

lgoGq0f / kx'Frsf] ljifoeGbf aflx/sf] 

kl/l:ylta; ckjfb¿kdf obfsbf To:tf] ;dfrf/ 

k|sfzg x'g k'u]df ;f] ;dfrf/nfO{ kZrftfksf 

;fy v]b k|s6 ub}{ oyfzL3| rfF8f] v08g u/L 

v08g ul/Psf] ;dfrf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbO{ 

kf7ssf] k|yd b[li6 k'Ug] :yfgdf g} ;f] 

;dfrf/nfO{ k|sfzg ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvPsfn] 

efjL lbgdf o; ljifotkm{ ;bf ;j{bf ;r]t /xg' 

egL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ lgb]{z ul/Psf] 5 . bfo/Lsf] 

nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg'';f/ u/L a'emfO{ 

lbg' . 



Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 @% ut] /f]h # z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[tM—s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL 

 

97 

97 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$) 

*%$) 

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohfn; 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L 


;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/6 g+= )!$( 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.@.%.$ 

ljifoM k/dfb]z . 

lgj]bsM hglxt ;+/If0f d~r -k|f]=klJns_ sf 

tkm{af6 clVtof/k|fKt / cfk\mgf] xsdf 

;d]t sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf=d=g=kf=j8f g= 

!$ s'n]Zj/ j:g] clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ 

;d]t 

lj?4 


;d]t 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf :jtGqtfsf] 

xs pkef]u x'g ;Sb}g / vfBfGgsf] 

cefjsf] hLjg ;Ddfgk"j{s x'Fb}g . t;y{ 

:jtGqtf / vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to 

Food Pscsf{sf] Mutually Inclusive 

xs x'g\ . dflg;sf] nflu Dignified Life 

cyf{t\ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs eg]sf] 

dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfdf cfwfl/t 

hLjg xf] . gful/ssf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xssf] nflu nf]s sNof0fsf/L 

/fHodf kl/0ft ug{ ;dlk{t /fHon] cfˆgf 

gful/snfO{ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod u/L 

hgwgsf] ;'/Iff u/L dof{lbt / ;DdfgLt 

dfgjLo hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ Go"gtd\ 

cfjZostf h:t}M vfBfGg, kfgL, jf;, 

:jf:Yo, :jtGqtf, uf]kgLotf, lzIff, sk8f 

j:t'x¿ ahf/df ;a}sf] cfly{s ¿kn] kx'Fr 

k'Ug] / ;a}n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf 

ePsf] x'G5 . ;Ddfgk"j{s jfFRg kfpg]


j}zfv 

xs pkef]u ug{ sDtLdf klg vfBfGgdf 

clwsf/ Right to Food h:tf] Basic 

Necessity df k|To]s gful/ssf] kx'Fr 

x'g'kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g++=$_ 

gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs, df}lns xs 

k|bfg ePkl5 /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ 

Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfly{s sfo{qmd, gLlt, 

sfg"g / jftfj/0f agfO{ lzIff / tflnd 

k|bfg u/L /f]huf/L kfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf 

u/L lbg'kg]{ /fHosf] Corresponding 

Duty st{Jo ;d]t ;Fu;Fu} l;h{gf x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g++=%_ 

/f]huf/Lsf] nflu :j:Yo z/L/, tGb'?:tLkg 

/ sfd ug{ ;Sg] pd]/ cfjZos kb{5 . 

gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg' x'Fb}g . a[4 

pd]/sf h]i7 gful/sx¿n] sfd ug{ 

;Sb}gg\ . t/ /fHosf] Employment 

Policy cg';f/ /f]huf/sf] cj;/ ;a} 

of]Uo gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug{ klg s'g} 

lglZrt pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 /f]huf/Laf6 

clgjfo{ cjsfz k|fKt ug'{k5{ . cfhLjg 

/f]huf/ /fHon] Uof/]06L ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=*_ 

vfBfGgdf Access / vfBfGg Available 

u/fO{ lbg' /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . vfBfGgsf] 

cefjdf vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to 

food sf] xs lg/y{s x'g] / vfBfGgsf] 

clwsf/ lg/y{s ePkl5 gful/sx¿sf] wf/f 

!@-!_ sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs 

pkef]u x'g g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=!)_ 

hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ug{ 

dfq xf]Og vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ pkef]u 

ug{ ef]sd/L x'g glbg] klg /fHosf] st{Jo 

xf] . /fHon] cfk\mgf] sfj'leqsf] x/;Dej 

pkfo kl/rfng ug'{kb{5 . sfj' jflx/sf] 

98 

98 

kl/l:ylt afx]s cGo cj:yfdf /fHosf] 

nfk/jfxL 9Lnf;':tL jf lg0f{o lngdf 

l9nfOsf] sf/0f vfBfGgsf] cefjn] ubf{ 

gful/sx¿sf] Hofg hfG5 eg] ;/sf/ 

To;sf] lhDd]jf/ x'g'kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g++=@%_ 

vfBfGg cefjdf dflg; dg{ ;S5 eg] 

vfBfGgsf] cefjdf ue{jtL dlxnfsf] 

k]6df ePsf] jRrf s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t x'g 

hfG5, jfnjflnsf, a[4a[4f, /f]uL, c;xfo, 

ckfËx¿ dg{ ;S5g . To;}n] 

gfu/Lsx¿sf] vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right 

to Food sf] clwsf/ xgg\ x'g glbg 

;dodf g]kfnsf] e"–efu e/L kof{Kt 

dfqfdf vfBfGg pknJw / cfk"lt{ ug]{ 

u/fpg] ;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs st{Jojf6 ljd'v 

x'g gx'g] . 

-k|s/0f g++=@&_ 

lgj]bssf tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L k|sfzdl0f 

zdf{ 

ljkIfLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg pkdxfGofoflwjQmf 

wd{/fh kf}8]n 

cjnlDat ghL/M;+j}wflgs sfg"g ;DaGwL s]xL 

dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x¿ dfu !) v08 -v_ l/6 

g+=##$! k[i7 !! 

;Da4 sfg"gM 


!@-!_, !@-#_-r_, !*, !*-!_, ## -h_ / 

#% -@_ -^_ / -!@_, !%# 

cfb]z 

Gof=an/fd s]=;L=Mg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf 

bfo/ x'g cfPsf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 

cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M–

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

xfdL lgj]bsx¿ lgDg k|s/0fx¿df lgj]bg kl//x]sf] / d[To' ;d]t ePsf]n] d[tssf 

ub{5f} ls dfgj hLjgsf] nflu, ufF+;, jf; skf;, kl/jf/nfO{ plrt Ifltk"lt{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 

lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] jf xf]Og < / 

x'g\ . hLjg;Fu ;DalGwt w]/} dfgj clwsf/x¿ 

dWo] kof{Kt vfg kfpg' k|To]s JolQmsf] g};lu{s 

dfgj clwsf/ xf] o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !* -#_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ 

sfg"gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] 

xs x'g]5 egL vfgfsf] clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf] 

¿kdf Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] pQm ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f !@ df ;Ddfgk"j{s jfFRg kfpg] xs / wf/f 

!# df clje]bsf] clwsf/ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] 5 . 

To;}u/L dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 

3f]if0ffkq !($* nufot cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf 

;f:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cle;lGw, !(^^ n] 

;d]t vfgf Pj+ kf]if0fsf] clwsf/nfO{ hLjg;+u 

cGt/lglxt dxTjk"0f{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf 

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf &% lhNnfdWo] 

#@ j6f lhNnfdf vfBfGgsf] cefj ePsf] / o;df 

klg !^ j6f lhNnf vfBfGgsf] cefjaf6 clt 

u|l;t ePsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -@_ cGtu{t 

xfdL lgj]bgdf plNnlvt sfg"g Joj;foLx¿ 

;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2f (PIL) bfo/ ug]{ xsb}of 

/x] ePsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg ub}{ o; ;DdfgLt 

cbfntdf pkl:yt ePsf 5f} . 

!= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f 

!@ åf/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] gful/ssf] 

;Ddfgk"j{s jfFRg kfpg] xs cGtu{t 

kof{Kt ¿kdf vfg kfpg] / ef]u lj?4sf] 

clwsf/ ;'lglZrt x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < 

@= pQm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* -#_ åf/f k|Tofe"t 

ul/Psf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] clwsf/ 

cGtu{t vfBfGg dfly hgtfsf] kx'Fr 

Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf k|Tofe"t ug{ / 

u/fpgsf] nflu ;DalGwt lgsfosf] 

gfddf k/dfb]z nufot cGo cfjZos 

cf1f cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < 

$= tTsfn vfBfGg pknJw u/fpg 

;DalGwt k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfddf cGtl/d 

cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL 

k|Zgx¿ l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 

5 . vfBfGg dfly hgtfsf] kx'Fr 

;'lglZrt ug{ Pj+ ef]s lj?4sf] 

clwsf/nfO{ k|Tofe"lt ug{ plrt Pj+ 

cfjZos pkfox¿ cjnDjg ug'{ u/fpg' 

egL ;DalGwt k|ToyL{x¿sf gfddf 

k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z 

hf/L ul/kfpFm ;fy} of] ;fj{hlgs 

;/f]sf/sf] ljjfb ePsf] x'Fbf cu|flwsf/ 

k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt 

@)^%.%.#) df k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg . 

hgtfsf] vfg kfpg] clwsf/ / 

ef]slj?4sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

tLg jifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfdf vfB tyf kf]if0f 

;'/Iffsf] ;j} kIfx¿nfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf ;jn 

kfb}{ k|To]s JolQmsf] vfB ;Dk|e"tf;DaGwL clwsf/ 

;'lglZrt ug]{ u/L sfo{sd lgwf{/0f u/L sfo{Gjog 

ug{ ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn vfB 

;+:yfgdfkm{t\ b'u{d lhNnfx¿df vfBfGg ljqmL 

ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{qmd ;d]t ;f] of]hgfdf plNnlvt 

5 . o;/L g} g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j=@)^%.@)^^ sf] 

jh]6 jStJodfkm{t\ :yfgLo vfBfGg pTkfbgn] 

aif{e/L ;j} jfl;GbfnfO{ vfg gk'Ug] b'u{d kxf8L 

lhNnfx¿df g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgsf] vfBfGg e08f/0f 

Ifdtf a9fO{ 9'jfgL sfo{tflnsfadf]lhd k|efjsf/L 

¿kdf cfk"lt{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug]{ / vfB;+:yfgsf] 

Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{qmd k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . 

To:tf] cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf vfB ;'/Iffsf nflu 

vfBfGg uf]bfdx¿sf] xfnsf] cjl:ylt / cj:yfsf] 

d"NofÍg u/L gofF cfw'lgs uf]bfdx¿sf] lgdf{0f 

#= ;DalGwt lgsfosf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkgsf ug]{ sfo{of]hgf / l8hfOg Oli6d]6 ug]{ tyf cfw'lgs 

sf/0f aif]{gL ef]sd/Laf6 kLl8t x'g' 

99 

99 

vfBfGg uf]bfdx¿ r/0fa4 ¿kdf lgdf{0f ug]{ gLlt


j}zfv 

lnPsf] 5 . vfBfGg nufot cTofjZos 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] 9'jfgL ;'rf? ug{ / 9'jfgL nfut 

sd ug{ /fli6«o nf]sdfu{ tyf ;xfos dfu{x¿df 

s'g]} klg lsl;dsf] cj/f]w ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf 

ul/Psf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bsx¿n] p7fpg' ePsf ofjt 

ljifox¿df g]kfn ;/sf/n] oyf]lrt Wofg lbO{ 

;+ljwfgåf/f g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ k|Tofe"t vfB 

;Dk|e"tfsf] xssf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{ k|f/De 

u/L ;s]sf] x'Fbf o:tf] laifodf tTsfn l/6 hf/L 

x'g'kg]{ cj:yf gx'bf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf 

tkm{af6 ldlt @)^%.^.!) df k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm 

vfBfGgsf] cefj b]lvPsf lhNnfx¿df 

rfn' cf=j+=@)^%.@)^^ sf] pQ/f4{df vfBfGg 

9'jfgLsf nflu yk ?= !^ s/f]8 pknJw u/fPsf] 

lyof] . vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ug]{ ljz]if sfo{qmd 

@)^%.@)^^ th'{df ;d]t ePsf] 5 . o; dGqfnon] 

g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgaf6 ;~rflnt of]hgfsf] 

;'kl/j]If0f, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;d]t ub]{ cfPsf] 

5 . rfn' cf=j+=)^%.^^ sf] ah]6 jStJodf g]kfn 

vfB ;+:yfgsf] vfBfGg e08f/0f Ifdtf a9fO{ 9'jfgL 

sfo{tflnsf adf]lhd k|efjsf/L ¿kdf cfk"lt{ ug]{ 

pQm vfB ;+:yfgnfO{ lbg] cg'bfg /sddf a[l4 

ul/Psf] tyf Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{sdx¿ 

5g . lqjlif{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$.)^%– 

@)^^.)^&_ df b]}jLk|sf]if nufotsf sf/0faf6 x'g 

;Sg] vfBfGg ;+s6 Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o 

;'/Iff e08f/df Go"gtd\ df}hfb /fVg] Joj:yf ul/g] 

/ ;fN6 6]«l8Ë skf]{/]zg lnld6]8, g]zgn 6«]l8Ë 

lnld6]8 / g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgdfkm{t\ !%))) 

d]l6«s6g lrgLsf] Go"gtd\ df}hfb /fVg] Joj:yf 

ul/g] tyf g"gsf] ;DaGwdf ^ dlxgfsf] nflu Go"gtd\ 

df}hfb /fVg' kg]{ ljBdfg Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf 

lbb} tT;DaGwL ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfOg] gLlt 

lnOPsf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:tf] 

;/sf/n] vfBfGg cefju|:t lhNnfx¿df vfBfGg 

cfk"lt{ / ljt/0f k|0ffnL jf/] cNksfnLg, dWosfnLg 

/ bL3{sfnLg of]hgf gjgfPsf] eGg] s'/f ;To 

100 

100 

gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] jfl0fHo tyf cfk"lt{ dGqfnosf tkm{af6 

ldlt @)^%.&.@! df k|:t't lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn s[lif k|wfg d'n's xf] tfklg e"– 

w/ftnLo cj:yfn] ubf{ clwsf+z lxdfnL / kxf8L 

If]qdf vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg ck]Iffs[t sd x'g] ub{5 . 

To;df klg l;+rfO{sf] sdL, jf9L, klx/f], k/Dk/fut 

k|ljlw cflbn] ubf{ tL If]qx¿df pTkfbg x'g] vfBfGg 

ToxL If]qdf ckof{Kt x'g] ub{5 . t/fO{ If]qdf 

pTkfbg x'g] vfBfGgaf6 g} cfd g]kfnLsf] vfBfGg 

cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ x'b} cfPsf] oyfy{tf /x]sf] 5 . 

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf] Ps k|d'v p2]Zo 

b]zdf vfBfGg pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L 

;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{ cfjZos kg]{ vfBfGg ;'/lIft 

ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . o; dGqfnon] s[lif ljsf;sf ljljw 

sfo{qmdx¿ k|To]s jif{ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 

h;sf] k|d'v p2]Zo vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ /xg' / 

To;sf] ;'/Iff clej[l4 ug'{ xf] . c? ljz]if u/L 

ljs6 b'u{d / kxf8L lhNnfx¿df ljz]if sfo{qmd 

;~rfng ul/b} cfOPsf 5g . pknJw e"ldsf] 

clwstd k|of]u u/L s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj 

a[l4 u/L vfBfGgsf] Go"gtfnfO{ sd ug]{ ljut s]xL 

aif{b]lv g} To:tf lhNnfx¿df s[lif k|;f/ 

sfo{qmd,;xsf/L v]tL, ;fgf l;+rfO{ tyf dn jLp 

9'jfgL sfo{qmd, bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf ;xof]u 

sfo{qmd, kz' ;]jf k|;f/ sfo{sd, s0ffnL c+rn 

ljz]if s[lif ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf ;fd'bflos kz' 

ljsf; cfof]hgf h:tf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/b} 

cfOPsf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/ h'g;'s} cj:yfdf 

klg b'u{d If]qnufot d'n'ssf ;Dk"0f{ efudf /x] 

a;]sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ vfBfGgsf] kof{Kt cfk"lt{ u/L 

pgLx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/ adf]lhd pkef]u ug{ 

kfpg] u/fpg sl6j4 /x]sf] 5 . ;f]xL qmddf g]kfn 

;/sf/n] /fli6«o ¿kdf vfB e08f/ / blIf0f 

PlzofnL If]qLo:t/df ;fs{ vfB ;'/Iff a}+s :yfkgf 

u/L cfd g]kfnLsf] nflu cfwf/e"t vfB ;'/Iffdf 

ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofPsf] / eljiodf klg o:t} k|sf/sf] 

lqmofzLntf /lx/xg] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . t;y{ 

pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / cj:yfaf6 l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^%.&.!& df 

s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnosf tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm 

k|:t't . 

g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgn] g]kfnsf] jt{dfg 

;+ljwfg, k|rlnt sfg"gx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLltx¿, 

p2]Zox¿ Pj+ nIox¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL 

cfk\mgf] :yfkgfsf] p2]Zox¿ kl/k"lt{ ug{ cfk\mgf] 

;fdy{ tyf pknJw ;fwg ;|f]t ;d]tsf cfwf/df 

bQlrQ eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] aflif{s 

¿kdf of]hgf agfO{ vfBfGgsf] ;'/lIft e08f/0f 

ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] cfkm"n] v/Lb u/]sf] tyf 

ljleGg bft[ lgsfox¿af6 k|fKt u/]sf] rfdnx¿ 

kxf8L lhNnfdf cfk\mgf ljqmL l8kf]x¿ Pj+ 

cfjZostfcg';f/ lhNnf vfB Joj:yf ;ldltsf] 

l;kmfl/zdf ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=x¿ dfkm{t\ tyf ;x/L 

If]qdf cfk\mgf sfo{fnox¿ Pj+ l8n/x¿ dfkm{t\ 

ljqmL ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . b'u{d kxf8L lhNnfx¿df 

g]kfn ;/sf/n] lbPsf] 9'jfgL cg'bfgsf] cfwf/df 

;DalGwt lhNnfdf cl3Nnf aif{x¿sf] dfu cfk"lt{ 

Pj+ ljqmL ljt/0f ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lglZrt sf]6f 

lgwf{/0f u/L ;x'lnot b/df ljqmL ljt/0f u/L 

;j{;fwf/0fsf] vfBfGgdf ;/n tyf ;xh kx'Fr 

k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/L /x]sf] 5 . ;+:yfgn] cfk\mg} 6«s 

tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] x]lnsK6/ Pj+ :sfO{ 6«saf6 

;d]t cfjZostfcg';f/ vfBfGgsf] 9'jfgL u/L 

cfk"lt{ ;xh jgfFpb} cfPsf] 5 . b]zdf clxn]sf] 

vfBfGgsf] ;+s6 ;+:yfgsf] sfo{af6 ePsf] geO{ 

cgfa[li6 ;'Vvf Pj+ v8]/Lsf] sf/0faf6 ePsf] 

:jol;4 5 . b]zel/sf @* lhNnfx¿sf ljleGg 

uf=lj=;x¿df ePsf] vfBfGgsf] ;+s6nfO{ klxrfg 

ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ dWogh/ u/L rfn' 

cf=j+= @)^%.@)^^ sf] klxnf] tLg dlxgfleq} 

#&!&@=$& SjLG6n vfBfGg ljqmL ljt/0f ul/;s]sf] 

5 . jflif{s ¿kdf ;DalGwt lhNnfx¿sf] nflu 

lgwf/0f ul/Psf] sf]6fsf] vfBfGgsf] cfk"lt{ / ljqmL 

ljt/0f e}/x]sf]df tL lhNnfx¿sf nflu k'gMyk 

()@)) SjLG6n vfBfGgsf] cfjZostf kg]{ ;+:yfgn] 

cg'dfg u/L yk vfBfGgsf] Joj:yf ug{, 9'jfgL 

ug{ Pj+ ljqmL ljt/0f ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd sfo{fGjog 

101 

101 

ug{ nfu]sf] 5 . dfly pNn]v ePsf vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] 

gLlt of]hgf tyf ;~rflnt sfo{sdx¿sf cfwf/df 

;+:yfgn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# wf/f 

!*-#_ sf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xssf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg 

u/]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^%.&.^ df g]kfn vfB ;+:yfg, 

;~rfns ;ldlt / ;f]xL ;+:yfgsf dxfk|jGwssf 

tkm{af6 lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

cfh Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf 

l/6 lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf 

>L k|sfzdl0f zdf{n] kof{Kt vfg kfpg' JolQmsf] 

df}lns xs xf] . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*-#_ n] 

o;nfO{ :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

ef]sd/Ldf k/]sf hgtfnfO{ kof{Kt vfgf pknJw 

gu/fPsf] sf/0f hgtf ef]sd/Ldf k/]sf x'g\ . 

ljkIfLsf gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] l/6 hf/L ul/kfpFm 

egL jx; ug'{eof] . ljkIfLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt 

ljåfg pkdxfGofoflwjQmf wd{/fh kf}8]nn] 

;+ljwfgn]j Joj:yf u/]sf] df}lns xsnfO{ g]kfn 

;/sf/n] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ub}{ cfPsf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfnfO{ 

Jojxf/df ptfg{ gLltut, ;+:yfut Joj:yf u/L 

ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ ;Frfng u/]sf] 5 . eljZodf 

vfB ;'rf? k|lqmof cem k|efjsf/L jgfpb} nfg] 

ePsfn] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL jx; ug'{ 

eof] . To;} u/L csf]{ ljkIfL g]kfn vfB ;+:yfgsf 

tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf ljgLts'df/ emfn] 

vfBfGgsf] e08f/0f, 9'jfgL, cfk"lt{ P+j ljqmL ljt/0f 

;+:yfgsf] lgodfjnL, @)^$ cGtu{t /xL 

lhDd]jf/Lk"j{s ub}{ cfPsf] vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ;xh 

ug{ ljz]if sfo{qmd @)^%.@)^^ ;~rfng ug{ 

uO/x]sf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL jx; 

ug'{eof] . 

k|:t't d'2fdf ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] 

jx; ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ 

ubf{ o;df lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] b]xfosf] laifodf 

lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 M 

-s_ vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ / ef]s lj?4sf] xs 

df}lns xs xf] xf]Og


j}zfv 

-v_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,@)^# sf]wf/f !*- 

#_ sf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs cGtu{t vfBfGg 

dfly hgtfsf] kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < 

-u_ ef]sd/Laf6 dflg; d/]df ;/sf/n] Ifltk"lt{ 

lbg'kg]{ xf] xf]Og < 

-3_ g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns jgfj6 / k|fs[lts 

k|sf]ksf] sf/0f k|To]s jif{ g]kfnn] ljleGg 

efudf x'g] vfB cefjdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf 

s] x'g] < 

@= ;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ 

klxnf] k|Zg vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ cyf{t Right to 

food ;+u ;DalGwt b]lvG5 . o;sf] nflu g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu # sf ljleGg 

df}lns xsx¿, efu, $ sf] /fHosf] bfloTj lgb]{zs 

l;4fGt tyf gLlt wf/f #& sf] sfo{sf/L clwsf/ 

tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] ljleGg dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL 

dxf;lGw / vfB clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljleGg 

Declaration x¿sf Joj:yfx¿ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . 

;+ljwfgn] vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to food jf 

Freedom from hunger nfO{ df}lns xs egL 

s'g} wf/fdf geg] klg wf/f !@-!_ n] ;a} gful/snfO{ 

;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xsnfO{ df}lnsxs k|bfg 

u/]sf] x'Fbf vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ k|To]s gful/ssf] 

xs eGg] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# 

sf] wf/f !@ -!_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xs df}lns xs k|fKt 5 . h;nfO{ 

:jqGtfsf] xs gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . sfg"gadf]lhd 

jfx]s j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf 

df}lns xssf] ¿kdf k|fKt 5 . j}olQms :jtGqtf 

/ vfBfGgsf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xs ck"/f] / lg/y{s x'g hfG5 . 

#= j}olQms :jtGqtf / ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs ;fy{s agfpgsf] nflu s]xL Go"gtd\ 

cfjZostfx¿ -Basic Needs) x¿ pknAw / k|fKt 

x'g'k5{ . j}olQms :jtGqtf cyf{t Personal Liberty 

ckx/0f gx'g] eGg'sf] dtna /fHon] s;}nfO{ y'gfdf 

g/fVg] y'gfdf g/fv]kl5 :jtGqtf :jt pkef]udf 

cfOxfN5 eGg] cy{ xf]Og . ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] 

xs / j}olQms :jtGqtfsf] xs Ps;fy ;fdGh:o 

102 

102 

¿kn] x]g'{ kb{5 . ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs 

eGgfn] dflg;nfO{ hLjgsf] nflu ckl/xfo{ 

cfjZostfx¿ h:t} :jtGqtf, uf]kgLotf, vfBfGg, 

kfgL, :jf:Yo, af; / lzIff cflb s'/fx¿ pknJw 

/ k|fKt hLjgofkg xf] . ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] 

xsnfO{ ;fy{s (Meaningful) agfpg g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;a} gful/snfO{ k]zf Joj;fo 

ug]{ xs, /f]huf/Lsf] xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs 

/ vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xsx¿ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf 

k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] pQm clwsf/x¿nfO{ Materalise 

ug{ /fHon] e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd nfu" ug]{, vfB 

;Dk|e"tfdf ;j} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug{], 

;fdflhs, cfly{s nufot ;a} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ 

Joj:yf sfod u/L nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yf 

sfod ug]{, ls;fgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u/L s[lifdf 

pTkfbsTj a9fO{ s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; 

ug]{, ls;fg dhb'/ nufotsf ju{sf] ljsf;sf] 

nflu /fHosf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg], 

>ldssf] k]zf ug]{ clwsf/sf] lglZrt ub}{ pBf]u 

wGbfdf nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfocfh{gsf] 

cj;/ j[l4 ug]{, ;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL If]qsf 

dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt 

cjnDag ug]{ cflb /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt 

/ gLlt x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] 

efu $ sf] /fHosf] bfloTj lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLlt 

/fHon] qmdzM nfu" ub}{ hfg] cyf{t\ Progressive 

realisation ug]{ s'/f xf] . 

$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

efu # df vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ cyf{t Right to 

Food as such g} df}lns xs x'g] eg]sf] 5}g t/ 

wf/f !@-!_ df k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs cyf{t Right to life With dignity sf] 

xs df}lns xs k|bfg ePsf] xF'bf vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ 

cyf{t\ Right to Food sf] xs :jtMk|fKt x'G5 . 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/sf] cefjdf :jtGqtfsf] xs 

pkef]u x'g ;Sb}g / vfBfGgsf] cefjsf] hLjg 

;Ddfgk"j{s x'Fb}g . t;y{ :jtGqtf / vfBfGgsf] 

clwsf/ Right to Food Pscsf{sf] Mutually

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

Inclusive xs x'g\ . dflg;sf] nflu Dignified 

Life cyf{t\ ;Ddfgk"j{s jfFRg kfpg] xs eg]sf] 

dfgjLo d"No, dfGotf / dof{bfdf cfwfl/t hLjg 

xf] . gful/ssf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xssf] 

nflu nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHodf kl/0ft ug{ ;dlk{t 

/fHon] cfˆgf gful/snfO{ zflGt ;'/Iff sfod 

u/L hgwgsf] ;'/Iff u/L dof{lbt / ;DdfgLt 

dfgjLo hLjgsf nflu ckl/xfo{ Go"gtd\ 

cfjZostf h:t}M vfBfGg, kfgL, jf;, :jf:Yo, 

:jtGqtf, uf]kgLotf, lzIff, sk8f j:t'x¿ ahf/df 

;a}sf] cfly{s ¿kn] kx'Fr k'Ug] / ;a}n] k|fKt ug{ 

;Sg] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] x'G5 . ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xs pkef]u ug{ sDtLdf klg vfBfGgdf 

clwsf/ Right to Food h:tf] Basic Necessity 

df k|To]s gful/ssf] kx'Fr x'g'k5{ . 

%= vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food 

sf] xsnfO{ wf/f !@-#_-r_ / wf/f !* sf] /f]huf/L 

tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsn] ;fsf/ agfpF5 . 

wf/f !@-#_-r_ n] k|To]s gful/snfO{ k]zf Joj;fo 

ug]{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ub{5 . k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ xssf] 

k|of]uaf6 cf–cfkm"df ePsf] of]Uotf Pj+ ;Lksf] 

k|of]uåf/f cfocfh{g u/L :jfnDag eO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xssf] nflu vfBfGgnufot cfwf/e"t 

cfjZostfdf kx'Fr k'¥ofpFb5 . wf/f !*-!_ n] 

k|To]s gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 

5 . /f]huf/L ;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug]{ Ps 

dfWod xf] . /f]huf/Ldfkm{t\ g} ;Ddfgk"j{s 

hLjgofkg ;Dej / ;fy{s jGb5 . wf/f !* sf] 

pkwf/f -!_ n] /f]huf/Lsf] nflu dlxnf k'?if jf 

t];|f] lnËL egL lnË jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] juL{s/0f 

u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] /f]huf/Lsf] 

xs s]jn g]kfnsf] gful/snfO{ dfq Uof/]G6L u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . gfjfns jfx]s cGo ;a} of]Uo / sfd ug{ 

;Sg] gful/snfO{ /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] u/L xs k|bfg 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs, 

df}lns xs k|bfg ePkl5 /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ 

Jojxf/df ptfg{ cfly{s sfo{qmd, gLlt, sfg"g / 

jftfj/0f agfO{ lzIff / tflnd k|bfg u/L /f]huf/L 

kfpg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L lbg'kg]{ /fHosf] 

-Corresponding Duty) st{Jo ;d]t ;Fu;Fu} 

l;h{gf x'G5 . 

^= wf/f !*-!_ sf] /f]huf/L b'O{ k|sf/ / 

cj:yfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . Pp6f cj:yf g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !%# df Joj:yf 

eP adf]lhd d'n'ssf] k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ u7g 

ul/g] ljleGg ;/sf/L ;]jfdf /f]huf/Ldfkm{t\ / 

csf]{ cj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] efu $ sf] /fHosf] bfloTj, 

lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿ nfu" ug]{ qmddf 

;/sf/n] agfPsf] gLlt, of]hgf / sfg"gdfkm{t\ 

lghL If]qdf l;h{gf x'g] /fhuf/Lsf] cj;/jf6 

efu $ sf] gLlt, bfloTj tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt Ps} 

k6s nfu" x'g] s'/f xf]Og . efu $ sf s'/f qmlds 

¿kn] nfu" x'Fb} hfg] s'/f xf] . o;/L gLlt, bfloTj 

tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGt nfu" x'Fbf cfjZostfcg';f/ 

sfg"g aG5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf x'G5 . 

/f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ;DaGwdf g]kfn kIf ePsf] 

International Covenant on Economic, Social 

and Cultural Rights, !(^^ sf] wf/f ^ n] klg 

hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . wf/f ^ o;k|sf/ 5M– 

The States Parties to the present Covenant 

recognize the right to work, which includes 

the right of everyone to the opportunity to 

gain his living by work which he freely 

chooses or accepts, and will take appropriate 

steps to safeguard this right x'g\ . ICESCR 

sf xsx¿ qmlds ¿kn] k|fKt ug]{ xs xf] cyf{t\ 

Progressive realisation ug]{ elgP tfklg o;sf] 

cy{ Covenant dfkm{t\ sa'n u/]sf s'/fx¿ nfu" 

ug{df l9nfO{ ug{ x'g] xf]Og . 

&= b]zn] ljsf; u/]kl5 dfq gful/sx¿n] 

To;sf] nfe k|fKt ug]{ x'gfn] klxnf ljsf; x'g 

k¥of] clg kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg] JofVof ug]{ geO{ 

hlt ;Sof] rfF8f] j[xQ/ cfly{s ljsf; u/L 

gful/snfO{ cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg jgfpg gful/ssf] 

hLjg:t/ psf:g' k5{ eGg] xf] . cfkm\gf 

gful/sx¿sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] 

xsnufotsf ICESCR sf] xs ;fy{s agfpg] 

/f]huf/Lsf] xssf] nflu /fHon] ug'{kg]{ sfd cyf{t\ 

103 

103


j}zfv 

/fHosf] corresponding duty ICESCR sf] wf/f 

^-@_ df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5, h'g o;k|sf/ 5M– 

The steps to be taken by a State Party to 

the present Covenant to achieve the full 

realization of this right shall include technical 

and vocational guidance and training 

programmes, policies and techniques to 

achieve steady economic, social and cultural 

development and full and productive 

employment under conditions safeguarding 

fundamental political and economic freedoms 

to the individual. 

*= ;Ddfgk"j{s / dof{lbt hLjgsf] nflu 

/f]huf/L dxTjk"0f{ dfq xf]Og ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . 

ljZjsf h'g;'s} k|0ffnL ePsf] b]zdf klg /fHon] 

k|To]s JolQmnfO{ # 5fs v'jfpg ;Sb}g . ;/sf/n] 

s]jn k];f, Joj;fo ug]{ Joj:yf jf /f]huf/Lsf] 

cj;/ l;h{gf u/L k];f, Joj;fo jf /f]huf/Ldfkm{t\ 

cfo cfh{g ug]{ jftfj/0f / cj:yfsf] l;h{gf;Dd 

dfq ul/lbG5 . /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt ePkl5 

:jtM vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ k|flKtsf] nflu vfBfGgdf 

kx'Fr k'U5 . To;}n] k|To]s JolQmsf] vfBfGgdf xs 

k'uf];\ egL wf/f !@-#_-r_ df k];f Joj;fo ug]{ 

xs / wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -!_ df ;a} gful/snfO{ 

/f]huf/Lsf] xs k|bfg ePsf] b]lvG5 . /f]huf/Lsf] 

nflu :j:y z/L/, tGb'?:tLkg / sfd ug{ ;Sg] 

pd]/ cfjZos kb{5 . gfjfnsnfO{ sfddf nufpg' 

x'Fb}g . a[4 pd]/sf h]i7 gful/sx¿n] sfd ug{ 

;Sb}gg\ . t/ /fHosf] Employment policy cg';f/ 

/f]huf/sf] cj;/ ;a} of]Uo gful/snfO{ k|bfg ug{ 

klg s'g} lgZrLt pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 /f]huf/Laf6 

clgjfo{ cjsfz k|fKt ug'{k5{ . cfhLjg /f]huf/ 

/fHon] Uof/]06L ug{ ;Sb}g . 

(= j[4, gfjfns, zf/Ll/s ¿kn] 

c;dy{÷ckfËn] sfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ t/ To:tf 

JolQmsf] klg Right to Food vfBfGgsf] xs x'G5 . 

To:tf ju{sf] JolQmnfO{ sfddf nufpg x'Fb}g / 

To:tf JolQmn] sfd ug{ klg ;Sb}gg\ . c? ;/x 

pgLx¿nfO{ klg ;Ddfgk"j{s / dof{lbt tl/sfn] 

104 

104 

afFRg kfpg] xs x'G5 . To;}n] o; k|sf/sf ju{sf 

JolQmx¿sf] Right to Food vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ 

pkef]u ug{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] clwsf/ df}lns 

xssf] ¿kdf k|bfg ePsf] 5 . wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f 

-@_ sf] xs /f]huf/ ug]{ xs pkef]u ug{ g;Sg] 

ju{sf JolQmx¿sf] vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to 

food sf] xsnfO{ ;+/lIft / ;fy{s agfpg / 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] Ps k|sf/n] 

Social security sf] xs xf] . wf/f !* -@_ sf] 

;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xssf ;DaGwdf ICESCR sf] 

wf/f ( df The States Parties to the present 

Covenant recongize the right of everyone 

to social security, including social insurance 

elgPsf] 5 . ICESCR cGtu{tsf] Committee on 

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights n] w]/} 

/fi6«x¿df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff jf ;fdflhs jLdfsf] 

Joj:yf gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ To:tf] aLdf jf ;'/Iff 

gePsf /fi6«df j[4j[4f jf c;dy{ ckfË jf 

la/fdLx¿n] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs pkef]u 

ug{af6 jl~rt x'g gk/f];\ egL rfF8f] rfF8f] o;tkm{ 

sbd rfNg ;'emfj u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

!)= wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f # df k|To]s 

JolQmnfO{ vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/sf] Right to Food pkef]usf] 

nflu vfB j:t' Available x'g'kg]{ dfq xf]Og k|To]s 

gful/ssf] vfBfGgdf kx'Fr Accessible / 

Available klg x'g'k5{ . wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -!_ 

cg';f/ /f]huf/Lsf] xs jf pkwf/f -@_ cg';f/ 

;fdflhs ;'/Iff cGtu{t a[4eQf, a[4 cfjf;, 

lgMz'Ns :jf:y ;]jf, a[4 k]G;g cflb Social security 

;DaGwL dfGo k|rng cg';f/sf ;a} ;'ljwfx¿ 

k|bfg eP klg olb vfBfGg pknAw x'Fb}g eg] 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xsx¿ pkef]u x'g ;Sb}gg\ . To;}n] 

wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -!_ / pkwf/f -@_ sf] xs 

dfkm{t\ vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food sf] xs 

k|fKt x'g pkwf/f # sf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs k|bfg 

ePsf] xf] . vfBfGgdf Access / vfBfGg Available

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

u/fO{ lbg' /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . vfBfGgsf] cefjdf 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to food sf] xs lg/y{s 

x'g] / vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ lg/y{s ePkl5 

gful/sx¿sf] wf/f !@ -!_ sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs pkef]u x'g ;Sb}g . 

!!= wf/f !@-!_ sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs, wf/f !* sf] /f]huf/Lsf] xs, wf/f ## 

-h_ / #%-@_-^_ / -!@_ ;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw 5 . wf/f 

!@-!_ / wf/f !* gful/ssf] df}lns xs xf] eg] 

wf/f ## -h_ / wf/f #%-@_, -^_ / -!@_ sf] Joj:yf 

cflb /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . wf/f !@-!_ / wf/f !* 

sf] xs o; cbfntaf6 nfu" ug]{ df}lns xs xf] t/ 

wf/f ## -h_ / wf/f #%-@_, -^_ / -!@_ cflb k|ToIf 

¿kn] nfu" ug]{ xs geP klg gful/sx¿sf] wf/f 

!@-!_ sf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs ;fy{s 

u/fpg /fHon] wf/f ##-h_ / wf/f #%-@_, -^_ / 

-!@_ sf] bfloTj k"/f u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf 

ug'{sf ;fy} s[lifnfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{k5{ . 

wf/f ##-h_ / wf/f #%-@_, -^_ / -!@_ sf] JofVof 

wf/f !@-!_ / wf/f !* sf] Joj:yf;Fu ldnfP/ 

;fdGh:ok"0f{ JofVof u/L vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ cyf{t 

Right to Food gful/sx¿sf] df}lns xs xf] . 

!@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] 

efu -#_ df df}lns xssf] Joj:yf 5 . tL xsx¿ 

dfgj eP/ afFRg geO{ gx'g] ckl/xfo{ Go"gtd\ 

dfgj clwsf/x¿ x'g\ . vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right 

to Food sf] xs h:tf] dfgj hfltsf] Basic 

needs sf] xs vfBfGgsf] cefjdf lg/y{s x'g 

k'U5 . efu # sf df}lns xssf] pkef]usf] nflu tL 

xsx¿nfO{ ;fy{s agfpg klg k|To]s gful/snfO{ 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to food sf] clwsf/ 

cfjZos kb{5 . 

!#= k|To]s gful/snfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs;Fu} vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food 

klg k|fKt 5 o;df ljjfb ePg t/ vfBfGgsf] 

clwsf/k|fKt 5 eGg'sf] dtnj k|To]s gful/snfO{ 

/fHon] laxfg Ps k]6 a]n'sL Ps k]6 x08L v'jfPsf] 

h:tf] lg/Gt/ lgMz'Ns v'jfpg' kb{5 eGg] cy{ 

xf]Og, of] ;Dej x'Fb}g . vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ eGg'sf] 

105 

105 

dtnj Right to be fed xf]Og ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 

/ ;+ljwfgn] sNkgf u/]sf] ldl>t / pbf/ cy{tGq 

ePsf] xfd|f] ;+/rgfdf k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ljxfg 

a]n'sf k|To]s lbg /fHon] lgMz'Ns v'jfpg ;Dej 

x'Fb}g / xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf o:tf] xf]Og . wf/f 

#%-@_ / #%-!@_ cflbsf /fHosf] bfloTj, gLlt 

tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] 

cy{tGqnfO{ ldl>t / pbf/ cy{tGq eGg'k5{ . o:tf] 

ldl>t / pbf/ cy{tGqdf /fHon] gful/snfO{ 

v'jfpFb}g . o:tf] cy{tGqdf /fHosf] e"ldsf 

gful/sx¿sf] vfBfGgdf kx'Frsf] nflu s]jn 

Facilitator / Regulator df ;Lldt /xG5 . xfd|f] 

h:tf] cy{tGq ePsf] b]zdf k|To]sn] cfˆgf] OR5f 

/ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfˆgf] ;|f]tdf cfˆgf] 

cfjZostf cfkm}F k"lt{ ug{ ;Sg'k5{ o;sf] nflu 

k|To]s JolQm cfkm" ;Ifd x'g'k5{ . o;sf] nflu of 

t JolQm cfkm}Fn] wf/f !@-#_-r_ sf] :jtGqtfsf] 

pkef]u u/]/ cfˆgf] vfBfGg cfkm}F pTkfbg ug]{ jf 

cGo k]zf Joj;fo ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] pkef]usf] 

dfWodåf/f jf /fHon] Facilitator jf Regulator 

sf] x}l;otn] plrt cfly{s gLlt jgfPsf] sf/0f 

l;h{gf ePsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/df wf/f !* vf;u/L 

pkwf/f -!_ jf -@_ sf xssf] pkef]usf] dfWodåf/f 

vfBfGgdf kx'Fr ug{'k5{ . wf/f !* sf] pkwf/f -#_ 

sf] xssf] nflu /fHon] aLp, dn l;+rfO{, ahf/, 

d"No -pricing) cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/lbgsf ;fy} 

kof{Kt dfqdf vfBfGg pknAw u/fO{ Food security 

sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg k5{ . 

!$= vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food 

sf ;DaGwdf Committe on Economic, social 

and cultural Rights n] the right to adequate 

food is realized when every man woman 

and child alone or in community with others 

has physical and economic access at all 

times to adequate food or means for its 

procurement elgPsf] 5 . 

Universal Declaration of Human 

Rights !($* sf] wf/f @% df Everyone has 

the right to a standard of living adequate


j}zfv 

for the health and well being of himself and 

of his family, including food, Clothing, 

housing and medical care and necessary 

social securities and the right to security in 

the event of unemployment, sickness, 

disability, widowhood, oldage or other lack 

of livelihood in circumstances beyond his 

control egL vfBfGg, sk8f, af;, :jf:Yof]krf/ 

cflb dfgj clwsf/ elgPsf] 5 . 

!%= dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL pQm 3f]if0ff– 

kqn] :j:y, ;DkGg Pj+ ;d[4 hLjg:t/ / 

/xg;xgsf nflu cyf{t\ Healthy standard of 

living sf] nflu kof{Kt vfBfGg, sk8f, jf;:yfg, 

lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb dfgjclwsf/ dfg]sf] 5 . 

To;}u/L g]kfn kIf ePsf] ICESCR, !(^^ sf] wf/f 

!!-!_ df æThe states parties to the present 

covenant recognize the right of everyone 

to an adequate standard of living for himself 

and his family, including adequate food, 

clothing and housing and to the continuous 

improvement of living conditions. The states 

parties will take appropriate steps to ensure 

the realization of this right, recognizing to 

this effect the essential importance of 

international co-operation based on free 

consent. ICESCR, !(^^ sf] pQm wf/f !!-!_ n] 

klg Go"gtd\ /xg ;xg jf hLjg:t/sf] nflu 

Right to Food Ps cTofjZosLo dfgj clwsf/ 

dfg]sf] 5 . 

ICESCR sf] wf/f !!-@_ df The states 

parties to the present covenant, recognizing 

the fundamental right of everyone to be free 

from hunger, shall take, individually and 

through international co–operation, the 

measures, including specific programmes 

which are needed. 

(a) to improve methods of production, 

conservation and distribution of food 

by making full use of technical and 

scientific knowledge, by 

106 

106 

disseminating knowledge of the 

principles of nutrition and by 

developing or reforming agrarian 

systems in such a way as to achieve 

the most efficient development and 

utilization of natural resources, 

(b) taking into account the problems of 

both food–importing and food– 

exporting countries, to ensure an 

equitable distribution of world food 

supplies in relation to need eg]sf] 5 . 

!^= ICESCR sf] wf/f -!!_ n] kIf 

/fi6«x¿sf gful/sx¿sf] hLjg / hLljsfdf ljz]if 

hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . wf/f !! n] vf;u/L vfBfGg, 

sk8f / jf;:yfgsf] pknAwtfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 

b]lvG5 . wf/f !!-!_ df ePsf] Food and the 

continuous improvement of living conditions 

/ Importance of international cooperation 

nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbPsf] b]lvG5 . wf/f !!-!_ sf] 

;f] Joj:yfn] Committee on Economic, Social 

and Cultural Rights n] /fi6«x¿n] dxf;lGwdf 

kIf ag]kl5 klg cy{tGq oyfl:yltdf /fVg] geO{ 

olb cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ kIf /fi6«n] dfq g;Sg] 

xf] eg] cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]uåf/f klg gful/sx¿sf] 

kof{Kt vfBfGg, sk8f, jf;:yfgdf kx'Fr k'¥ofO{ 

hLjg:t/ p7fpg kg]{df hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . 

!&= vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to food 

nfO{ UDHR jf ICESCR dfq xf]Og CEDAW, CRC 

cflb h:tf ;DalGwt ju{;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg 

dxf;lGwx¿n] klg dfgj clwsf/ dfg]sf] b]lvG5 . 

Convention on the Elimination of All 

Forms of Discrimination against women, 

!(&( (CEDAW) sf] wf/f !@-@_ df ;'Ts]/L 

dlxnfsf] ;DaGwdf "Notwithstanding the 

provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, 

States parties shall ensure to women 

appropriate services in connection with 

pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal 

period, granting free services where


;d]t 

necessary, as well as adequate nutrition 

during pregnancy and lactation." egL To:tf 

dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'Ts]/L cj:yfdf rflxg] kf}li6s 

cfxf/ cGtu{t vfBfGgsf] xs ;'/lIft u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

Convention on the Rights of the 

Child, !(*( n] klg afnaflnsfsf] vfBfGg clwsf/ 

;DaGwdf wf/f @&-#_ df "States Parties, in 

accordance with national conditions and 

within their means, shall take appropriate 

measures to assist parents and others 

responsible for the child to implement this 

right and shall in case of need provide 

material assistance and support 

programmes, particularly with regard to 

nutrition, clothing and housing" eg]sf] 5 . 

!*= vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food 

sf] clwsf/ To;a]nf ;fy{s x'G5 ha k|To]s ;dfh 

jf ;d'bfosf k|To]s JolQmsf] vfBdf ;xh kx'Fr 

x'G5 . /fHo Regulator / gful/sx¿sf] xssf] 

Custodian ePsf] gftfn] /fHon] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f 

!@-#_-r_, wf/f !*-!_ jf -@_ sf] xs pkef]u ug{ 

;Ifd jgfpg wf/f #%-@_-^_ / -!@_ ;d]t sf] 

gLlt, bfloTj tyf lgb]{zs l;4fGtdfkm{t\ /fHon] 

k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfBdf ;xh kx'Fr x'g ;Sg] 

jftfj/0f th'{df / l;h{gf ug{'k5{ . ;Ddfgk"j{s 

afFRg kfpg] xssf] ;fy;fy} b]xfosf xs klg 

df}lns xs x'gM 

!_ vfBfGgsf] xs, 

@_ sk8fsf] xs, 

#_ :jf:Yof]krf/sf] xs, 

$_ jf;:yfgsf] xs, 

%_ kfgLsf] xs, 

^_ lzIffsf] xs, 

&_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs . 

!(= t;y{ vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to 

Food sf ;fy} sk8f, :jf:Yof]krf/ jf;:yfg, 

kfgL, lzIff / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs klg Basic 

107 

107 

Human Rights x'g\ . ;+j}wflgs jf dfgj 

clwsf/sf] k|;Ë b'j}df /fHon] qmdzM Progressive 

Realisation ub}{ hfg] df}lns xs xf] . 

@)= ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xscGtu{t 

ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgsf] 

wf/f @! sf] Right to live sf] JofVof ub}{ Chameli 

Singh V. state of U.P sf] d'2fdf Right to food 

cflbdf xs k|fKt geO{ hLjg ;Ddfgk"j{s x'g 

g;Sg] egL b]xfoadf]lhd JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5– 

æIn any organised society, right to live as a 

human being is not ensured by meeting only 

the animal needs of men. It is secured only 

when he is assured of all facilities to 

develop himself and is freed from 

restrictions which inhibit his growth. All 

human rights are designed to achieve this 

subject. Right to live guaranteed in any 

civilized socity implies the right to food, 

water, decent environment, education, 

medical care and shelter. These are basic 

human rights known to any civilized society. 

All civil, political, social and cultural rights 

enshrined in the Universal Declaration on 

Human Rights and Convention or under the 

Constitution of India cannot be exercised 

without these basic human rights.Æ To;}u/L 

Right to water sf ;DaGwdf klg ef/tsf] 

Allahabad High court n] S. k. Garg V, state 

of U -P sf] d'2fdf æThe right to get water is 

part of the right to life guaranteed by Article 

21 of the Constitution of India, but a large 

section of citizens of Allahabad are being 

deprived of this right. Without water the 

citizens of Allahabad are going through 

terrible agony and distressed particularly 

in this hot season when the temperature 

goes up to 46, 47 degree celsious. Without 

water the people are bound to die in large 

numbers due to dehydration and heat 

stroke and in fact many have died alreadyÆ 

egL JofVof u/]sf] b]lvG5 .


j}zfv 

@!= cGo Regional Human Rights 

Instruments x¿ h:t}M Additional Protocol to 

the American Convention on Human Rights 

in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural 

Rights h;nfO{ Protocol of San Salvador 

(!(**) elgG5 . o;n] / African Charter on 

Human and Peoples Rights !(*! n] klg cGo 

clwsf/sf] cfwf/df gful/ssf] vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ 

dfg]sf] 5 . pQm dxf;lGwx¿n] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg] 

xs cGtu{t vfBfGg, hLjg, :jf:Yof]krf/ cflb 

clwsf/nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; 

ug{ kfpg] xs cGtu{t k|To]s gful/sdf vfBfGgsf] 

clwsf/sf] Enumerate u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

@@= bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ 

dfly elgof] vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food 

xs xf] t/ Right to be fed xs xf]Ogg\ I ICESCR 

sf] wf/f !! sf] xs progressive Realisation sf] 

xs xf] . 

@#= ;f] ;DaGwdf lgj]bs afh'lbg ldofF 

lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf] ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fnsf] 

l/6 g+= )##* ePsf] lgj]bgdf wf/f !*-#_ sf 

;DaGwdf JofVof eO;s]sf] 5 . pQm d'2fdf o; 

cbfntaf6 Right to Food sf ;DaGwdf gful/s 

cfkm}n] vfB ;fduL| pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] jf ;/sf/n] 

vfB ;fdu|L pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ aLp, 

dnnufot jhf/sf] Joj:yf ul/lbg' kg]{ / /fHon] 

hgtfnfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 arfp ug{ kof{Kt dfqfdf 

vfB ;fdu|L e08f/g u/L /fVg kg]{ eGg] wf/f !*- 

#_ sf] vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] JofVof ePsf] x'Fbf o;df 

a9L JofVof u/L /xg k/]g . 

Committee on Economic, Social and 

Cultural Rights n] Right to food ;DaGwL cfˆgf] 

Comment No. !@ df b]xfoadf]lhd :ki6 u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . pQm Committee sf cg';f/ Right to 

food sf] xs ;+/If0f ug{ vfBfGg pknAw, kx'Fr / 

kof{Kt x'g'k5{ egL pknAw cyf{t\ Availablity df 

æAvailability requires on the one hand that 

food should be available fron natural 

108 

108 

resources either through the production of 

food, by cultivating land or animal husbandry, 

through other ways of obtaining food, such 

as fishing, hunting or gathering on the other 

hand, it means that food should be available 

for sale in markets and shops.Æ kx'Fr 

Accessibility df æAccessibility requires 

economic and physical access to food to be 

guaranteed. Economic accessibility means 

that food must be affordable. Individuals 

should be able to afford food for an 

adequate diet without compromising on any 

other basic needs, such as school fees, 

medicines or rent Æ / kof{Kttf Adequacy df 

æAdequacy means that the food must satisfy 

dietary needs, taking into account the 

individual's age, living conditions, health, 

occupation, sex, etcÆ eg]sf] b]lvG5 cyf{t\ 

Committe sf cg';f/ gful/ssf] Right to food 

sf] xsnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg /fHosf] st{Jo vfBfGg 

pknAw u/fpg] dfq xf]Og pknAw u/fPsf] 

vfBfGgdf cfly{s ¿kn] ;a}sf] ;xh kx'Fr k'Ug 

;Sg] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L vfBfGgdf cfk"lt{ sd 

xf]Og kof{Kt dfqfdf x'g'kg]{ l6Kk0fL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

@$= t];|f] k|Zg dxTjk"0f{ eP klg s]jn 

;}4flGts k|Zgdfq p7fPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #$ -!_ df hgtfsf] 

hLpwg / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff / ;dfgtfsf] Joj:yf 

u/L ;fdflhs If]q nufot /fli6«o hLjgdf Gofok"0f{ 

Joj:yf sfod u/L nf]s sNof0fsf/L Joj:yf ug]{ 

g]kfn /fHosf] bfloTa x'g] ;+ljwfgsf] lgb]{zs 

l;4fGtaf6 b]lvG5 . of] l;4fGt /fHo ;~rfngsf] 

dfu{ bz{g xf] . hgtfsf] hLpsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ eGgfn] 

s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'g} ck/fw u/L zf/Ll/s cfqmd0f 

jf Ifltaf6 arfpg] sfd dfq xf]Og . hgtfsf] 

hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff eGgfn] hgtfsf] hLp jf :jf:ydf 

ef]sd/L jf s'g} Epidemic k|sf/sf] dxfdf/L jf 

cGo s'g} k|fs[lts cflb k|sf]kaf6 ;d]t arfpg 

x/;Dej / e/;s k|oTg ug{kg]{ sfo{ klg kb{5 . 

g]kfn kxf8} kxf8n] 3]l/Psf] /fHo xf] . g]kfnsf]


;d]t 

s[lif dg;'gdf e/k5{ . g]kfndf ;8s g]6js{ 

k"0f{¿kdf ljsf; e};s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] g]kfnsf] 

;a} lhNnf ;lhn};+u kx'Fr cyf{t Accessible 5}g . 

dg;'g ;dodf gcfPsf] sf/0f jf a9\tf kfgL 

kgf{n] klx/f] hfg] vf]nfn] v]t, 3/, cGg aufpg] 

cflb 36gfn] a]nfa]nfdf g]kfnsf] laleGg lhNnfdf 

vfBfGgsf] cefj eO{ clgsfnsf] cj:yf l;h{gf 

x'g] ub{5 . of] s'/f o; cbfntn] Goflos 

hfgsf/Ldf lnG5 . k|:t't lgj]bg kgf{sf] sf/0f 

klg lgj]bgdf plNnlvt lhNnfx¿df k|fs[lts 

k|sf]ksf] sf/0f vfBfGg cefj eO{ ef]sd/L x'g 

nfu]sf]n] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg 

oyfzSo rfF8f] plNnlvt lhNnfx¿df vfBfGg 

k'¥ofpg eGg] cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] xf] . 

@%= hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f 

ug{ dfq xf]Og vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ pkef]u ug{ 

ef]sd/L x'g glbg] klg /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . /fHon] 

cfk\mgf] sfj'leqsf] x/;Dej pkfo kl/rfng 

ug'{kb{5 . sfj' jflx/sf] kl/l:ylt afx]s cGo 

cj:yfdf /fHosf] nfk/jfxL 7Lnf;':tL jf lg0f{o 

lngdf l9nfOsf] sf/0f vfBfGgsf] cefjn] ubf{ 

gful/sx¿sf] Hofg hfG5 eg] ;/sf/ To;sf] 

lhDd]jf/ x'g'k5{ . /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/ 

hgtfsf] xs / clwsf/sf] Custodian /vjf/f 

xf] . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] dlGqkl/ifb\nfO{ sfo{sf/L 

clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf] 5 . wf/f #&-!_ df g]kfnsf] 

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf /xg], pkwf/f 

-@_ df g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, 

lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifbdf 

x'gfn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ clta[li6 jf cgfa[li6 jf 

cGo s'g} k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] sf/0f vfBfGgsf] cefj 

x'g glbO{ cfˆgf] gful/sx¿nfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg 

x/;Dej pkfo ckgfpg'kg]{ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs 

st{Jo xf] . g]kfnsf] s'g} klg e"–efudf vfBfGgsf] 

cefjsf] sf/0f hgtfsf] Hofg hfg ;St}g . olb 

tTsfn ;dod} vfBfGg gk'¥ofPsf] jf pknJw 

gu/fPsf] sf/0f hgtfx¿ ef]sd/Ldf k/L 

clgsfnsf] sf/0f d5{g\ eg] ;/sf/n] To;sf] lhDdf 

lng'k5{ . k|:t't d'2fdf slt dflg; ef]sd/Lsf] 

109 

109 

sf/0f d/] / ;/sf/n] s] u/]g To;sf] s'g} cflwsfl/s 

tYofÍ / ljj/0f lgj]bsn] k]; gu/]sf]n] o; ljifodf 

o;tkm{ s]xL cfb]z u/L /xg k/]g . 

@^= ca rf}yf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ 

ug'{eGbf klxnf o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.^.( 

df hf/L cGt/sfnLg cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M– æo;df 

g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif dGqfno / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdn] 

g]kfndf ef]sd/L ;DaGwL u/]sf] cWoog k|ltj]bg 

;DaGwdf km'8 ;]So"l/6L j'n]l6g @))* df k|sfzg 

e} v8]/Ljf6 jfnLnfO{ Iflt k'Ug uPsfn] vfBfGg 

cefjjf6 sfnLsf]6, x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, jfh'/f, 

c5fd, b}n]v, bfr'{nf, j}t8L, 88]nw'/f, ?s'd / 

hfh/sf]6 k|efljt ePsf eGg] b]lvof] . pko'{Qm 

lhNnfx¿df #,)),))) eGbf j9L hg;+Vof 

ef]sd/Ldf k/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . jt{dfg cGtl/d 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*-#_ n] gful/x¿nfO{ vfB 

;+:yfgn] !! g+= jflxgL c8\8fnfO{ n]v]sf] kqjf6 

klg pko'{Qm If]qdf vfBfGgsf] 7"nf] cefj ePsf] 

eGg] b]lvof] . k|To]s gful/ssf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ 

df}lns xs xf] . vfBfGgsf] Stock ePsf] t/ pko'Qm 

lhNnfx¿df 9'jfgL ug{ g;lsPsf] sf/0fn] 

vfBfGgsf] cefj ePsf] eGg]df ljkIfL s[lif dGqfno 

Pj+ vfB ;+:yfg b'j} ljkIfLsf] tkm{jf6 pkl:ylt 

sfg"g Joj;foLx¿n] jx;df :jLsf/ u/]sf] 

b]lvof] . vfBfGgsf] cefjdf dflg; afFRg ;St}g . 

pTkGg vfB;+s6nfO{ tTsfn ;Daf]wg gu/]df 

ck'/0fLo dfgj Iflt ;d]t e}xfNg] x'+bf dfuadf]lhd 

cljnDj pkfo ug{ cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L geP 

k|:t't d'2fnfO{ lgoldt qmddf /fvL kl5 k|:t't 

lgj]bgnfO{ cu|flwsf/ g} lbO{ ;'gjfO{ u/L h:tf];'s} 

cfb]z hf/L ubf{ klg lg/y{s x'g hfg] / d[To' kl5 

8fS6/ cfP h:tf] -Doctor after death_ x'g hfG5 . 

t;y{ vfBfGg 9'jfgL sl7gfO{sf] sf/0fn] dflg;x¿ 

ef]sd/Ljf6 dg{ ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL 

g]kfnLx¿sf] dxfg rf8 bz} ePsf] sf/0f ;d]tn] 

ubf{ slQ klg ljnDj gu/L pko'Qm lhNnfx¿df 

vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ul/lbg' egL ljkIfLsf gfddf of] 

cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5Æ t;y{ o;df


j}zfv 

pQm cGt/sfnLg cfb]zaf6 g} tTsfn pkrf/ 

k|fKt ePsf] x'g'k5{ . 

@&= g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf s'g} klg 

k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf cGo s'g}klg sf/0fn] vfBfGgsf] 

cefj x'g glbg ;/sf/ lhDd]jf/ 5 . g]kfn 

ICESCR sf] kIf ePsf] / UDHR sf] wf/f @% 

nufot CEDAW, CRC nufotsf dxf;lGwn] tyf 

xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg 

kfpg] xs / vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs Pj+ ;fdflhs 

;'/Iffsf] xs df}lns xssf] ¿kdf k|bfg u/]sf] 

;Gbe{df x]bf{ vfBfGgsf] cefjn] hgtf ef]ud/Ljf6 

kLl8t x'g ;Qm}gg\ . vfBfGgsf] cefj ePdf 

hgtfx¿ vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ cyf{t Right to Food 

sf] clwsf/ / ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xsaf6 

jl~rt x'g'kg]{ dfq geO{ vfBfGg g} gkfPkl5 

;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] cGo xsx¿ klg lg/y{s x'g 

hfG5 . dfgj clwsf/x¿ Ps csf{df 

cGt/;DalGwt / cGt/lge{/ 5g\ . vfBfGg cefjdf 

dflg; dg{ ;S5 eg] vfBfGgsf] cefjdf ue{jtL 

dlxnfsf] k]6df ePsf] jRrf s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t 

x'g hfG5, jfnjflnsf, a[4a[4f, /f]uL, c;xfo, 

ckfËx¿ dg{ ;S5g . To;}n] gful/sx¿sf] 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to Food sf] clwsf/ 

xgg\ x'g glbg ;dodf g]kfnsf] e"–efu e/L kof{Kt 

dfqfdf vfBfGg pknJw / cfk"lt{ ug]{ u/fpg] 

;/sf/ ;+j}wflgs st{Jojf6 ljd"v x'g ;Sb}g . 

@*= oxfF World Food Conference n] 

Adopt u/]sf] / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] 

!& l8;]Dj/ !(&$ df Endorse u/]sf] Universal 

Declaration on the Eradication of hunger 

and Malnutrition ;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f ! / 

wf/f @ sf] klxnf] jfSo pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . wf/f ! n] k|To]s JolQmsf] vfBfGgsf] 

clwsf/ Right to Food ;+/lIft ug{ ef]saf6 

pGd"lQm x'g] xs Inalienable clwsf/ x'g] elgPsf] 

5 . Every man woman and child has the 

inalienable right to be free from hunger and 

malnutrition in oder to develop fully and 

maintain their physical and mental faculties 

elgPsf] 5 . 

110 

110 

wf/f @ df b]zleq kof{Kt dfqfdf vfBfGg 

ljt/0f / pknJw u/fpg' kg]{ k|To]s /fi6«sf] df}lns 

hjfkmb]xL eGg] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . It Is a 

Fundamental responsibility of government 

to work together for higher food production 

and a more equitable and efficient 

distribution of food between countries and 

within countries eGg] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . g]kfn 

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ pQm 

3f]if0ffnfO{ kfngf ug{' g]kfnsf] st{Jo xf] . 

@(= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] 

!! l8;]Da/ !(^( df k|:tfj g+= @%$@ åf/f kfl/t 

Declaration on Social Progress and 

Development sf] wf/f !)(b) / wf/f !*(c) 

dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . pQm Declaration sf] wf/f !)(b) 

df The elimination of hunger & malnutrition 

and the guarrantee of the right to proper 

nutrition elgPsf] 5 / wf/f !* (c) df æ The 

adoption of measures to boost and diversify 

agricultural production through, inter alia, 

the implementation of democratic agraian 

reforms, to ensure an adequate and well– 

balanced supply of food, its equitable 

distribuition among the whole population 

and the improvement of nutritional 

standards:=Æ eGg] pNn]v 5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] 

;fwf/0f ;efn] Endorse u/]sf] / World Food 

Conference n] adopt u/]sf] Universal 

Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and 

Malnutrition sf] wf/f ! df everyman, woman 

and child has the inaliienable right to be free 

from hunger and malnutrition in order to 

develop fully and maintain their physical and 

mental faculties. Society today already 

possesses sufficient resources, 

organizational ability and technology and 

hence the competence to achieve this 

objective. Accordingly, the eradication of 

hunger is a common objective of all the 

countries of the international community,

*%$)– *%$)–hglxt *%$)– hglxt ;+/If0f ;+/If0f d~r d~r d~r -k|f]= -k|f]= klAns_ klAns_ klAns_ ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

especially of the developed countries and 

others in a position to help" elgPsf] 5 . wf/f 

# df Food problems must be tackled during 

the preparation and implementation of 

national plans and programmes for economic 

and social development, with emphasis on 

their humanitarian aspects. elgPsf] 5 . pQm 

Declaration n] klg s[lifdf pTkfbsTj a9fO{ ;a} 

gful/sx¿sf] vfBfGgdf ;/n kx'Fr x'g] u/L 

;dfg'kflts ljt/0f / ;xh pknAw x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf 

hf]8 lbPsf] b]lvG5 . 

#)= o; ljifodf ljkIfL jgfOPsf] g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ s[lif 

dGqfno / ljZj vfB sfo{qmdn] g]kfndf 

ef]sd/L;DaGwL u/]sf] cWoog k|ltj]bg ;DaGwdf 

k"m8 ;]So"l/6L j'n]l6g @))* df k|sfzg e} v8]/Laf6 

afnLnfO{ Ifltk'Ug uPsfn] vfBfGg cefjaf6 

sfnLsf]6, x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, jfh'/f, c5fd, b}n]v, 

bfh'{nf, a}t8L, 88]Nw'/f, ?s'd / hfh/sf]6 k|efljt 

ePsf] b]lvg cfof] . pQm, lhNnfx¿df #,)),))) 

eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ef]sd/Ldf k/]sf] eGg]] b]lvG5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* -#_ n] gful/snfO{ vfB 

;Dk|e'tfsf] clwsf/ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] 

vfB cfk"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg gLltut / ;+:yfut 

Joj:yf u/L ljleGg ls|ofsnfk ;d]t ;~rfng 

u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] . vfBfGg cefj v8]/L k/L 

afnLgfnLnfO{ Iflt k'u]af6 ePsf] eGg] b]lvof] . 

b}jLk/L vfBfGg cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf g]kfn 

;/sf/af6 vfBfGg cfk"lt{ ;xh kfg{ k|of; g} 

gu/]sf] eGg ldn]g . dfwjs'df/ a:g]t lj?4 

k|wfgdGqL lu/Lhfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;d]t -;jf]{Rr 

cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ;+j}wflgs sfg"g;DaGwL s]xL 

dxTjk"0f{ ghL/x¿ efu !), v08 -v_ l/6 g+=##$! 

k[i7 !!_ ePsf] d'2fdf Pp6f pQ/bfoL ;/sf/sf] 

k|d'v sfd st{Jo hgtfsf] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ 

;Gbe{df x'Dnf lhNnf ;d]tdf km}lnPsf] ef]sd/L / 

dxfdf/LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / /fxt ;fdu|L k'¥ofpg 

:jo+ g]kfn ;/sf/ / ;f] cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿ 

k|of;/t /x]sf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . 

111 

111 

#!= plNnlvt lhNnfdf vfBfGgsf] cefj 

ePsf]df ljjfb ePg . vfBfGgsf] cefj sfnLsf]6 

x'Dnf, d'u', 8f]Nkf, jfh'/f, c5fd, b}n]v, bfh'{nf, 

a}t8L, 88]Nw'/f, ?s'd / hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf ePsf] 

eGg] b]lvG5 . ldlt @)^%.^.( df o; cbfntn] 

pQm ldltdf t'?Gt vfBfGg pknJw u/fpg' egL 

cGt/sfnLg cfb]z hf/L ePsf] xf] clgsfnsf] 

kl/l:yltdf ;/sf/n] o; cbfntsf] pQm cfb]z 

sfof{Gjog u¥of] eGg] o; cbfnt 7fGb5 . ca 

o; lgj]bgsf ;DaGwdf ljutsf] 36gfsf] nflu 

cGo cfb]z ug'{ k/]g ;f] xb;Dd l/6 vf/]h x'G5 . 

t/ g]kfndf ;8s oftfoft ;j} lhNnfdf kx'+r 

gePsf] dg;'g ;dodf gcfpgfn] jf Hofbf jiff{ 

x'gfn] k|To]s jif{ jiff{ ofddf vfBfGg cefj eO{ 

clgsfn kg{ ;S5 . kmn:j?k gful/sx¿sf] 

vfBfGgsf] clwsf/ Right to food xgg\ x'g ;S5 . 

Right to Food k|To]s gful/ssf] clwsf/ ePsf] 

x'+bf cfˆgf] gful/snfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg 

b]xfoadf]lhd lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L x'G5M– 

b]zsf] s'g} klg efudf vfBfGg cefj 

ePdf ljb]zaf6 cfoft u/]/ eP klg oyf;So 

rfF8f] cefj If]qdf vfBfGg pknJw u/fO{ pknAw 

u/fPsf] vfBfGg ;'ky d"Nodf ;/n tl/sfn] 

ef]sd/Laf6 kLl8t hgtfn] vfBfGg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 

jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo 

xf] . s'g} k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf v8]/L k/]sf] sf/0f jf 

cToflws jiff{sf] sf/0f jf cGo s'g} dfgjLo 

sf/0f g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf vfBfGgsf] cefj 

x'g lbg' x'Fb}g . b]zleq pTkfbg ePg jf b]zdf 

vfBfGg pknAw ePg eg] afXo b]zaf6 cfoft 

u/]/ eP klg clgsfn jf ef]sd/L x'g glbg] 

Joj:yf ug]{ ;/sf/sf] ;+j}wflgs st{Jo xf] . /fHon] 

o;k|sf/ cfktsfnsf] nflu lgMz'Ns vfBfGg 

pknAw u/fpg klg kg]{ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 . 

cfjZos k/] o:tf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/ kl5 x6\g 

x'Fb}g . kxf8L b]z ePsf] sf/0f vfBfGg cefj 

ePdf ;8s jf xjfO{ oftfoft h'g dfu{af6 eP 

klg slQ ljnDa gu/L oyf;So rfF8f] cefa If]qdf


j}zfv 

vfBfGg pknJw u/fpg] ;/sf/sf] st{Jo x'Fbf 

eljiodf o:tf] vfBfGgsf] cefj jf vfB ;+s6sf] 

cj:yf pTkGg x'g glbg ;dod} plrt Joj:yf 

ug{ / eljiodf o:tf] cj:yf cfOk/] xjfO{ jf 

;txL h'g;'s} dfu{åf/f klg ;dod} vfBfGg cfk"lt{ 

/ pknJw u/fO{ gful/sx¿nfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 

arfpg cfjZos Joj:yf u/fpg] ug'{ egL 

ljkIfLx¿sf] gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L x'G5 . 

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" . 

pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . 


Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn h]7 % ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[tM lbg]zk|;fb l3ld/] 

 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$! 

*%$! 




;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6= g+=)%*$ 

ljifo M k/dfb]z . 

lgj]bsM bfr'{nf lhNnf w'lnu8f–! 3/ eO{ lhNnf 

k|x/L sfof{no c5fd d+un;]gdf b/aGbL 

eO{ xfn jL/]Gb| k|x/L c:ktfn 

dxf/fhu~hdf pkrf/ u/fO{/x]sL ;'GtnL 

wfdL -zfx_ 

lj?4 


;d]t 


pkwf/f @ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] ;/sf/L 

d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rL ! / 

112 112 

112 

@ df k/]sf d'2fx¿ / cGo g]kfn sfg"gdf 

pNn]v ePsf g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] 

d'2fx¿nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] dfGg' kg]{ . 

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;/sf/L 

lgsfosf] nflu dfq clGtd x'g ;Sb5 . 

wf/f !#% n] dxfGoflwjQmfnfO{ plNnlvt 

clwsf/, lbPsf] ePtf klg wf/f !#% n] 

wf/f !)& sf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ jf s6f}tL ug{ jf 

lgoGq0f ug{ g;Sg] . 


!)&-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ æo; 

;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQm df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] 

nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] 

jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] 

pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] 

cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] nflu 

jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifo 

;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL 

k|Zgsf] lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'{Qm 

cfb]z hf/L u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng 

u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5Æ eGg] 

;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cGtu{t k"0f{ 

Gofosf] lgldQ o; cbfntn] s'g} lgsfo 

jf kbflwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ Judicial 

Review ug{ ;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=$_ 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ cg';f/ o; cbfntn] 

u/]sf] km};nf ghL/ x'G5 / To:tf] ghL/ 

;j} c8\8f cbfntn] dfGg s/ nfU5 . 

o; Ohnf;n] klg o; Ohnf;sf] 

;+VofeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] 

km};nf ;dfg ljjfbsf] ljifo 5 eg] dfGg 

s/ nfU5 . t/ olb ljjfbsf] ljifo km/s 

5 eg] a[xQk"0f{ Ohnf;s} eP klg / olb 

km};nf Per Incuriam 5 eg] sd ;Vofsf]

*%$!– *%$!– *%$!–;'GtnL *%$!– *%$!– ;'GtnL wfdL wfdL -zfx_ -zfx_ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

Ohnf;n] klg Per Incuriam km};nf 

gdfGg ;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

clGtd cj:yf;Dd ;/sf/jf6} kLl8tsf] 

tkm{jf6 d'2fdf k|lt/Iff nufotsf] sfd 

ul/G5 . kLl8tsf] x}l;ot ujfxdf ;Lldt 

x'G5 . xfd|f] k|0ffnLdf kLl8tn] cfkm} d'2f 

rnfpg ;Qm}g . kLl8t /fHojf6 Jojl:yt 

ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLndf 

e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tn] cfk"m kLl8t 

ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] cfk"mdf ePsf] k|df0f;lxt 

k|x/Ldf ph"/ ubf{ k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] 

d'2f grnfpFbf Tof] cj:yfdf kLl8t Gofo 

kfpg] df}lns xsjf6 jl~rt x'g k'Ug] . 

-k|s/0f g+=*_ 

wf/f #@ sf] xs gful/snfO{ k|fKt ePkl5 

;+ljwfgn] g} o; cbfntsf] wf/f !)&-@_ 

sf] o; cbfntsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg 

ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ Exclude jf Limit 

ug]{ u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf, dfGo 

l;4fGtcg';f/ Political Question 

;dfj]z ePsf] laifo jf ljwflosfsf] 

cfGtl/s sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf] ljifo / o; 

cbfnt wf/f !)&-#_ cGtu{t clGtd ePsf 

laifox¿df Writ against judiciary x'g 

g;Sg] dfGo l;4fGtsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s 

cGo cj:yf / laifodf dfGo l;4fGtdf 

/x]/ sfo{kflnsftkm{sf k|To]s clwsf/Ln] 

u/]sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ 

;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=(_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg jl/i7 

clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL, ljåfg 

clwjQmfx¿ Hof]tL kf}8]n nD;fn, ;ljtf 

e08f/L a/fn, /Iff a:ofn, r"8fdl0f kf}8]n, 

ljZj]Zj/k|;fb uf}td, 6+sk|;fb b'nfn, 

d]3/fh kf]v|]n, cfof{ >]i7, t'n;L e§, 

uf]ljGbk|;fb zdf{ 

113 

113 

ljkIfLtkm{af6M ljåfg gfoj dxfGofofwLjQmf >L 

k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf, ;xGofoflwjQmf >L 

ls/0f kf}8]n tyf ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf 

>L wd{/fh kf}8]n 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 


pkwf/f @, !#%-@_ 

;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( sf] 

cg';'rL ! / @ 

cfb]z 


;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd kg{ 

cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ cfb]z 

o; k|sf/ 5 M– 

d lgj]lbsf ldlt @)^$ ;fn h]i7 & ut] 

lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no c5fddf ;?jf eO{ sfo{/t 

/x]sf]df ldlt @)^^ ;fn c;f]h !! ut] ljxfg 

!) ah] lt/ d lgj]lbsf hjfg d];df df;' vfP/ 

cfkm" a:g] a+s/ -sf]7f_ lt/ hfFb} ubf{ hjfg d]; 

/ h'=k|=c=d];sf] aLrsf] 3'DtL af6f]df dflyaf6 

tn emb}{ u/]sf] k|x/L xjNbf/ jL/]Gb| ad / ;~rf/ 

zfvfsf] k|x/L xjNbf/ s/lj/ ynfgnfO{ e]6]sf] 

/ pgLx¿n] dnfO{ ;~rf/ a+s/df ljxfg k"hf 

u/L af]sf sf6]sf] / k|;fbL -df;'_ vfg cfpg' 

egL af]nfPsf lyPF . dnfO{ ToxfF hfg dg gePsf] 

sf/0fn] ubf{ cfˆg} sf]7fdf uP/ a;] . pQm lbg 

d]/f] # ah] b]lv ^ ah];Ddsf] d]g u]6df 8\o'6L 

tf]lsPsf] x'gfn] h'lgo/ clkm;/ Aof/]sdf >Ldfg 

/ lbbLnfO{ kmf]g ug{ egL uPF . d ToxfF hfFbf 

k|x/L xjNbf/ jL/]Gb| ad ToxL lyof] . p;n] dnfO{ 

ltdL 8\o'6L hfg kb}{g eGof] . d}n] 8\o'6L d]/f] 

gfddf 5 eGbf d]/f] df}lvs cfb]z rN5 eg]sf]n] 

ubf{ d k'gM sf]7fdf uO{ vfgf ksfP/ clkm;/ 

Aof/]sdf >Ldfg / lbbLnfO{ kmf]g ug{ uPF . kmf]g 

u/] kZrft\ l6=eL=x]/]/ ToxL al;/x]sf] lyPF . To;}


j}zfv 

a]nfdf l8o"6Ldf /x]sf] k|x/L bfg l;Fx e08f/L 

Jof/]sleq cfO{ dnfO{ xjNbf/ jL/]Gb| adn] 

af]nfPsf] 5 eg]kl5 d p7]/ uPF . jL/]Gb| adn] 

dnfO{ ;~rf/df nfdv'§] ePsf] x'gfn] w'k lnP/ 

;~rf/df hfg egL cu/alQ w'k d]/f] xftdf 

lbof] . d w'k lnP/ ;/f;/ ;~rf/ a+s/df uPF . 

ToxfF hfFbf k|x/L hjfg hulbz kf08] ;~rf/ ;]6 

;DxfNb} a;]sf] lyof] . ToxfFleq hfFbf afofFlt/sf] 

lj5f}gfdf k|=;=lg=bfgl;+x e08f/L / k|=x=lj/fbQ 

a8' bfoFflt/sf] lj5f}gfdf k|=h=g/Ldfg dxQ/f / 

s/jL/ ynfg a;]/ /S;L df;' vfO/x]sf lyPF . 

d}n] ;~rf/;]6 ;DxfnL /x]sf] hulbz kf08]nfO{ 

w'k lbFb} d]h/ ;fkn] k7fPsf] eGbf, d Jo:t 5' 

aflnlbg'xf];\ eGof] . k|x/L xjNbf/ d]h/ jL/]Gb| 

adn] k|=h=hulbz kf08]nfO{ df;' b]p egL cx|fof] . 

hulbz kf08]n] srkf]n df;' Kn]6df / ksfPsf] 

df;' ;fgf] srf}/fdf NofP/ lbof] . k|=h=hulbz 

kf08] / lgh ad ;d]t b'j} hgf /S;L / df;' vfg 

yfn] . k|=h=kf08]n] vfFb} ;~rf/ ;]6 x]b}{ lyof] . 

dnfO{ Kn]6df lbPsf] df;' vfO{ ;s]/ srf}/fdf 

lbPsf] df;' vfb} lyPF . To;} a]nfdf l/ª6f nfUof], 

cfFvf vf]Ng cK7]/f] eof] / cf]7 d'v k"/} ;'Sof] / 

xftv'§f l;lyn eof] . dnfO{ ps';d's'; eof] / 

d}n] b'j} xftn] 6fpsf] ;dft] ToxL glhs a;]sf] 

bfgl;+x e08f/Ln] æcfsf;df tf/f b]Vg nflu;\ 

Sof t'Æ eGof] c? ;a} xfF;] . dnfO{ v'jfPsf] 

df;'df gzfn' kbfy{ ld;fOPsf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] 

dnfO{ nfUof] / v'§f 6]Sb} p7\g dfq nfu]sf] lyPF, 

TolQs} a]nfdf k|x/L xjNbf/ jL/]Gb| ad / k|x/L 

xjNbf/ s/lj/ ynfgn] dnfO{ s'l;{af6 ;dft]/ 

tfg]/ lj5f}gflt/ kmfn] / d]/f] d'v y'lglbP / 

s]xLn] dnfO{ 6f]Sg yfn], dnfO{ xftv'§f rnfpg 

g;Sg] u/L ;dft] . xft rnfpFbf kfv'/fdf / 

v'§f rnfpFbf lt3|fdf lxsf{P, k|x/L xjNbf/ jL/]Gb| 

adn] ha/h:tL kfOG6 Roft]/ vf]lnlbof] . k|x/L 

xjNbf/ s/lj/ ynfgn] xft k5fl8 kmsf{P/ ;dfTof] 

/ k]G6L vf]lnlbof] / lj/fbQ a8'n] dflysf] e]i6 

vf]n]/ kmflnlbof] . To;kZrft\ dnfO{ htftt} 

ufnfdf, cf]7df, :tgdf / u'KtfËdf ;d]t 

114 

114 

6f]lslbof] . d]/f] u'KtfËdf x:td}y'g u/L, t]/f] u'KtfË 

Roft]/ /flvlbG5f} eGb} xftn] tfGg], 6r{ nfO6 

nufpFb} x]g]{, kmf]6f] lvR5f} eGb} df]afOndf kmf]6f] 

lvrL ;a}n] z/L/ e/L 3fp g} 3fp x'g] u/L 

6f]lslbP . slx st} elg;\ eg] tnfO{ / t]/f] 

>Ldfg\nfO{ klg dfl/lbG5f}+ egL wDsL lbPsf lyP . 

olt w]/} oftgf lb+bf d hf]8 hf]8n] ?g yfn]sf] 

x'gfn] d]/f] d'v y'lglbg] k|=h=gl/dfg dxQ/fsf] 

cf}+nf a]:;/L 6f]lslbPsf] lyPF . olt w]/} oftgf 

lbPkZrft\ ;a}eGbf klxnf k|x/L xjNbf/ jL/]Gb|l;+x 

adn] ha/h:tL s/0fL u¥of] / To;kl5 

k|=;=lg=bfgl;+x e08f/L, k|x/L xjNbf/ lj/fbQ 

a8', k|x/L xjNbf/ s/lj/ ynfg, k|x/L hjfg 

gl/dfg dxQ/fn] ha/\h:tL s/0fL u/] / ;a}eGbf 

k5fl8 hulbz kf08]n] ha/\h:tL s/0fL u¥of] . 

lgh hulbz kf08]n] ha/\h:tL s/0fL ubf{ ub}{ d 

a]xf]; ePF . xf]; v'n]kl5 lghx¿ pk/ pQm 

sfo{fnodf hfx]/L lbg vf]Hbf hfx]/L lng dfg]gg\ . 

xfd|f] ;+ljwfg P]g / cGt/fli6«o ;lGw 

;Demf}tf ;d]tn] dlxnf lj?4 of}g lx+;f ePsf] 

cj:yfdf sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ pQ/bfloTj axg ug'{ 

kg]{df cleo'Qmx¿nfO{ sf/jfxL gug]{] lg0f{o u/L d 

dfly cGofo u/]sf]n] cleo'Qmx¿n] sf/jfxLaf6 

pGd'lQm kfO{ b08xLgtf al9/x]sf]n] cleo'Qmx¿sf] 

:jf:Yo kl/If0f l/kf]6{ / d}n] dfly pNn]v 

u/]adf]lhdsf] 36gfsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ klg pgLx¿ 

bf]ifL x'g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lv/x]sf] x'gfn] cleo'Qm 

dWo]sf tLg hgfnfO{ sf/jfxL rnfO{ lghx¿ pk/ 

ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf oyf;So l56f] cleof]ukq 

bfo/ ug'{ egL k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . 


dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < 

ldlt @)^^.!).!$ ut]leq ;DalGwt sfuhft ;fy 

/fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ lnlvt 

hjfkm k7fpg' egL lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} 

/fvL ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no 

afx]s cGo ljkIfLx¿nfO{ l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt 

gSsn ;fy} /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

*%$!– *%$!–;'GtnL *%$!– ;'GtnL wfdL wfdL wfdL -zfx_ -zfx_ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

dfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf 

cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . 

alb|axfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg -@)%& sf] 

l/=g+ #%#)_ df o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n] 

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] ;bf;ok"j{s cfˆgf] ljj]s k|of]u 

u/L u/]sf] To:tf] sfo{df k|Zg ug]{ s;}sf] clwsf/ 

x'Fb}g egL ljz]if Ohnf;åf/f k|ltkflbt o; 

l;4fGtnfO{ ghL/sf] ?kdf o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm 

Ohnf;n] c=b'=c=cf= lj?4 g/]Gb|axfb'/ rGb 

;d]tsf] d'2f -)%* sf] kmf}=lj=g+= (%_ dfæ 

Jofj;flos cfrf/sf kl/lwleq /xL c;n lgotn] 

ul/Psf sfo{x¿df ;/sf/L jsLnnfO{ Jofj;flos 

pGd'lQm k|fKt gx'g] eGg / cy{ ug{ Gofo tyf 

sfg"g;Ddt x'g] b]lvFb}g eGg] ls6fgL ;fy pNn]v 

u/L dxfGofoflwjQmf tyf dftxtsf ;/sf/L 

jsLnsf] Jofj;flos :jtGqtf / pGd'lQmnfO{ dfg]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

t;y{, ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/cGtu{t /xL 

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] k|Tof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u 

u/L ;a'Fb k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf u/L ;/sf/L jsLnaf6 

ePsf] cleof]hg ug]{ gug]{ lg0f{osf ljifodf 

;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] 

ljifo gePsf]n] l/6 hf/L x'g] cj:yf gx'Fbf 

plNnlvt l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no gS;fnsf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

sfg"gåf/f tf]lsPsf] clwsf/Ln] sfg"gsf] 

kl/lwleq /xL u/]sf] sfdsf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf 

l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug]{ / To:tf] cg';Gwfg txsLsft 

Pj+ d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] 

sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfo{nfO{ c;/ kg]{ u/L c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]qsf] k|of]u u/L o;} ug'{ egL x:tIf]k ug{ 

ldNg] ;d]t gb]lvFbf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no 

c5fdaf6 ldlt @)^^.&.!% ut] ePsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ 

lj/fbQ a8', bfgl;+x e08f/L, gl/dfg dxQ/f 

;d]tnfO{ xflh/ hdfgLdf 5f8\g] u/L o; 

sfof{noaf6 ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL sfg"g;Ddt g} 

115 

115 

ePsf] x'Fbf ljkIfL lgj]bLsfn] lnPsf lhsL/x¿ 

cfwf/xLg / sfg"g;Ddt gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lhNnf 

k|x/L sfof{no d+un;]g c5fdsf] tkm{af6 k|x/L 

gfoj pkl/Ifs >L /ljGb| s]=;L=sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 


!#%-@_ n] of] ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvP b]lv afx]s 

s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L;dIf g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] 

s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 

dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] / wf/f !#% sf] 

pkwf/f -^_ df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] To:tf] clwsf/ 

dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ ;'Dkg ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs 

Joj:yf ePsf] tyf ldlt @)^#.!).! sf] g]kfn 

/fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L 

dxfGofofwLjQmfHo"af6 ;a} lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn 

sfof{nosf lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLnn] To:tf] d'2f 

rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg 

ePsf]n] ;f] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lhNnf ;/sf/L 

jsLnn] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] jf l/6 If]q cGtu{t pQm 

lg0f{o cf}lrTodf k|j]z u/L x]g{ ldNg] k|s[ltsf] 

xf]Og . 

d'n'sL P]g hj/\h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf] 

!! g+ df ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf ck/fw eP 

u/]sf] ldltn] #% lbgleq gfn]; glbP nfUg g;Sg] 

eGg] xbDofb ;DaGwL :ki6 / ls6fgL Joj:yf 

ePsf] x'Fbf ldlt @)^^.^.!! sf jf/bftsf ;DaGwdf 

@)^^.(.@^ df c=a+ ** g+ adf]lhdsf] k'/s cleof]u 

bfo/ ug{ dfu u/L lgj]bg lbg / To:tf] lgj]bgpk/ 

sfjf{xL u/L csf]{ cleof]u bfo/f ug]{ cfb]z hf/L 

ug{ xbDofb;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ sfg"gL 

Joj:yfsf cfwf/df ;d]t gldNg] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L 

jsLn sfof{no lbkfno 8f]6Lsf lg= 

;xGofoflwjQmfsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;/sf/L 

d'2f;DaGwL P]g, @)$( adf]lhd ;/sf/jfbL d'2fdf


j}zfv 

d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] ljifodf clGtd 

lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] /x]sfn] 

d'2f rnfpg] grnfpg] lg0f{o ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; 

dGqfnosf] s'g} e"ldsf g/x]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . 

o; dGqfnon] ljkIfLsf] xs clwsf/ xgg\ x'g] 

s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g . ljkIfLn] cfˆgf] lgj]bgdf ;f] 

s'/f slxst} pNn]v;Dd ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . 

t;y{M ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL 

agfO{ lbPsf] k|:t't l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ u[x dGqfno l;Fxb/af/sf] 

tkm{af6 ;lrj 8f=uf]ljGbs'df/ s';'dsf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfhsNof0f 

dGqfno cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} dlxnfx¿sf] 

xs, lxt Pj+ pTyfgsf] nflu ;tt\ k|oTgzLn /xb} 

cfPsf] 5 . dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd"ng 

ug]{ dxf;lGw -Convention on the Elimination 

of All forms of Discrimination against Women 

-CEDAW_ sf] g]kfn kIf /fi6« eO{ ;f]sf] 

sfof{Gjogsf] ;Gbe{df dGqfnon] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, 

@)^) tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . 

3/]n' lx+;f -s;'/ / ;hfo _P]g, @)^^, dfgj 

a]rljvg tyf cf];f/ k;f/ lgoGq0f P]g, @)^$ 

5fpk8L k|yf pGd"ng lgb]{lzsf @)^$, n}lËs 

;dfgtf tyf dlxnf z;lQms/0f /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, 

@)^! Pj+ of}g tyf >d zf]if0fsf] nflu dlxnf tyf 

afnaflnsf a]rljvg lj?4sf] /fli6«o sfo{of]hgf, 

@)%* tof/ u/L dGqfnon] cfˆgf] >f]t / ;fwgn] 

EofP;Dd dlxnf ;zlQms/0fsf] nflu sfd ub}{ 

cfO/x]sf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/ dlxnf, afnaflns tyf 

;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 P]= sf=;lrj 

ljGb|f xf8f e§/fO{sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

g]kfn ;/sf/ jfbL x'g] kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] 

cleof]hg ug]{ clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/L tyf ;Da4 

lgsfo o; dGqfno gePsf] / lgj]lbsfsf] lgj]bg 

lhsL/adf]lhd lgj]lbsfnfO{ anTsf/ ug]{ s]xL JolQm 

pk/ d'2f bfo/ gug]{ lg0f{odf o; dGqfnosf] s'g} 

116 116 

116 

;+nUgtf gePsf] x'Fbf c;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ljkIfL 

agfO{ bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg lg/y{s 5, vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo 

dGqfno l;Fxb/jf/sf] tkm{af6 ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nsf] 

lnlvt hjfkm . 


!#%-@_ df o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s 

s'g} cbfnt jf Goflos clwsf/L;dIf g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] 

s'/fsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ 

dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 To;}u/L wf/f !#%sf] - 

^_ df dxfGofoflwjQmfn] of] wf/f adf]lhd cfˆgf] 

sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] clwgdf 

/xL k|of]u / kfngf ug]{ u/L dftxtsf clws[tnfO{ 

;'Dkg ;Sg]5 eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf u/L ldlt 

@)^#.!).! sf] /fhkqdf k|sflzt u/L dftxt 

;/sf/L jsLnx¿nfO{ cfkm"df lglxt d'2f rNg] 

grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ u/L clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] / 

k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u u/L tTsfnLg lhNnf 

;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{ ug{ tf]lsPsf ;/sf/L 

jsLnaf6 pQm d'2fdf k|df0fsf] d"NofÍg u/L 

k|rlnt P]g sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq /x]/ ldlt @)^^.&.!% 

ut] u/]sf] lg0f{o ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ?kn] 

dfGotfk|fKt 5 . 

;/sf/jfbL kmf}hbf/L d'2f rNg] grNg] / 

cleof]hg ug]{ ljifo ;/sf/L jsLnsf] Joj;flos 

pGd'lQmsf] ljifo xf] . ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ clwsf/ 

k|of]u u/L s'g} d'2f jf sfg"gL /fosf] ;DaGwdf 

ePsf] lg0f{o jf JoQm u/]sf] /fopk/ k|Zg p7\g 

g;Sg] u/L Joj;flos pGd'lQm k|fKt ePsf] 5 . 

o; ;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 

ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg 

cfof]u ePsf] l/6 g+ &))! g]sfk @)%*, cÍ 

%÷^, k[i7 ##( df ;/sf/L jsLnn] ;bf;ok"j{s 

cfˆgf] ljj]s k|of]u u/L u/]sf sfo{ pk/ k|Zg ug]{ 

s;}sf] clwsf/ /xb}g To; ;DaGwdf lghnfO{ 

Joj;flos pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 eGg] l;4fGt 

k|ltkfbg /x]sf] 5 . To;} u/L clVtof/ b'?kof]u

*%$!– *%$!–;'GtnL *%$!– ;'GtnL wfdL wfdL -zfx_ -zfx_ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

cg';Gwfg cfof]usf lj?4 g/]Gb|axfb'/ rGb ;d]t 5 . cleof]hg ubf{ b'/fzok"j{s jf ablgotk"j{s 

ePsf] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL d'2f lg=g=&)*@, g]sfk Prosecutorial Power nfO{ k|of]u u/]df cbfntn] 

@)%(, cÍ #÷$, k[i7 @!) df ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr Judicial Review ug{ ;Sb5 . k|ltjfbLx¿ ;xsdL{ 

cbfntaf6 ;+ljwfgåf/f k|Tofe"t clwsf/ k|x/L g} ePsf] / lgsfo klg k|x/L sfof{nog} 

dxfGofoflwjQmfåf/f k|Tofof]lht cleof]hg / ePsf] x'Fbf cg';Gwfgdf Departmental Biasness 

k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL yk sfo{ / clwsf/ cg'¿k b]lvG5 . of] k|fs[lts Gofo Natural Justice sf] 

;=d'=;=P]g, @)$( adf]lhd / Jofj;flos jlv{nfk x'Fbf l/6 hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] . 

pGd'lQmsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ 

cbfntaf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g] h:tf] u/L 

To:t} ;/sf/jfbL d'2f rNg] grNg] eGg] ;DaGwdf 

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] clGtd lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] ljifodf 

k|j]z u/L x:tIf]k ug{ ldNg] ;d]t b]lvFb}g eGg] 

JofVof ;d]t e};s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ;/sf/jfbL 

kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg / cleof]hg ug]{ ljifo 

ljNs'n} sfo{kflnsL clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] sfo{ ePsf]n] 

sfg"gadf]lhd clwsf/ kfPsf clwsf/Laf6 

sfg"g;Ddt tl/sfn] ePsf] sfdsf/jfxL pk/ 

cbfntn] l/6 lgj]bg lnO{ x]g{ ldNg] ljifo klg 

xf]Og, g t o:tf] ljifo Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] 

ljifo g} x'g;S5 . To;}n] ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg 

cfwf/xLg ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no, d+un;]g c5fdsf 

tkm{af6 lhNnf GofoflwjQmf >L nIdLgf/fo0f 

bxfnsf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

ljkIfLtkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf gfoj 

dxfGofofwLjQmf >L k'ik/fh sf]O/fnf, 

;xGofoflwjQmf >L ls/0f kf}8]n tyf 

pkGofoflwjQmf >L wd{/fh kf}8]nn] ;/sf/jfbL 

x'g] d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg Pj+ cleof]hg ug]{ sfo{ 

ePsf] xf] . zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ 

sfo{kflnsfsf] clwsf/If]qleq k|j]z u/L Gofo 

lg/f]k0f ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf k|:t't ljifo Judicial 

review sf] ljifo x'g ;Sb}g . d'2f rNg] jf grNg] 

/ rNg] ePdf cleof]hg ug]{ ljifo ;/sf/L 

jsLnsf] Joj;flos pGd'lQmsf] ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf 

wf/f !#%-@_ adf]lhd To:tf] ljifodf cbfntn] 

x:tIf]k ug{ ldNb}g . xbDofb ;DaGwL l;4fGtsf] 

cfwf/df klg yk cleof]u bfo/ x'g ;Sb}g . d'2f 

rnfpg] grnfpg] Functional autonomy 

;DalGwt ;/sf/L jsLndf /x]sf] x'Fbf pQm ldltsf] 

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ lg0f{odf Apparrent error gePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 

o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t 

;lxtsf ldl;n ;+nUg sfuhftx¿ cWoog dgg ;'lgof] . 

u/L lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljåfg 

jl/i7 clwjQmf >L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL, ljåfg 

clwjQmfx¿ Hof]tL kf}8]n nD;fn, ;ljtf e08f/L 

a/fn, /Iff a:ofn, r'8fdl0f kf}8]n, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb 

uf}td, 6+sk|;fb b'nfn, d]3/fh kf]v|]n, cfof{ >]i7, 

t'n;L e§, uf]ljGbk|;fb zdf{n] cf/f]lkt ^ hgf 

k|ltjfbLx¿nfO{ cleof]hg ug{ k|z:t k|df0f 

ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} bjfjdf k/L # hgfnfO{ dfq 

cleof]u nufO{ cleof]hgn] unt lg0f{o u/]sf] 

cj:yf 5 . kLl8tn] xbDofb leq} ls6fgL hfx]/L 

lbO{ ;f]xL hfx]/Lsf] ldnfg x'g] u/L k|x/Ldf sfuh 

u/L cbfnt;dIf ;d]t askq ul/lbPsf] cj:yf 

pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL cfh lg0f{o 

;'gfpg tf]lsPsf] tf/]vdf lgj]bssf] pk/f]Qm 

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ kg]{ xf], xf]Og < 

eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]lbsf dlxnf k|x/L 

sd{rf/L cfkm"" sfo{/t /x]sf] sfof{nosf 

;xsdL{x¿af6 ;fd"lxs ?kdf anfTs[t ePsf] / 

^ hgf ;xsdL{ ;fyLx¿n] anfTsf/ u/]sf] egL 

ls6fgL hfx]/L lbPsf]df ^ hgf dWo] # hgfnfO{ 

d'2f rnfOPsf] / afFsL # hgfnfO{ xflh/ hdfgLdf 

5f8L cleof]hgstf{ k"jf{u|xL eO{ d'2f grnfO{ 

pGd"lQm lbPsf] sf/0fn] o:tf] qm'/ / cdfgjLo 

k|s[ltsf] dlxnf lj?4sf] lx+;f ePsf]df /fHon] 

117 117 

117


j}zfv 

lgikIf tj/af6 cg';Gwfg ug{'kg]{df gu/]sf] x'Fbf 

d'2f grnfO{ xflh/ hdfgLdf 5fl8Psfx¿nfO{ klg 

d'2f rnfpg' eGg] cfb]z ul/kfpFm eGg] dfu u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

@= pQm ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx¿ vf;u/L 

lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no c5fdsf] lnlvt 

hjfkm x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] 

wf/f !#%-@_ df ;=d'=;= P]g, @)$( sf] cg';"rLdf 

;dfj]z ePsf d'2fx¿ rNg] grNg] clGtd lg0f{o 

ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ ePsf] x'bf 

k|df0fsf] cefjdf gl/dfg dxQ/f bfgl;x+ e08f/L 

/ lj/fbQm a9'nfO{ d'2f grnfOPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 

lnlvt hjfkms} k|s/0f -3_ df lgjb]s ab|Laxfb'/ 

sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u 

ePsf] lgj]bg g+= &))! / clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u lj?4 g/]Gb|axfb'/ rGb ;d]t 

ePsf] e|i6rf/ d'2f pNn]v u/L 

dxfGofoflwjQmfåf/f k|Tofof]lht cleof]hg / 

k|lt/Iff;DaGwL clwsf/ Joj;flos pGd'QmLsf] 

clwsf/ ePsf]n] lhNnf GofoflwjQmfsf] x}l;otn] 

u/]sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Qm}g 

egL ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#%-@_ / pk/f]Qm ghL/ 

:x¿sf] xjfnf lbb} k|:t't lgj]bgsf] o; cbfntjf6 

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g egL lhsL/ lnPsf] 

b]lvG5 . 

#= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#% 

-@_ df @ k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . Pp6f 

Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xs, lxt jf ;/f]sf/ 

lglxt /x]sf] d'2fdf dxfGofoflwjQmf jf lghsf] 

dftxtsf clws[tx¿jf6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

k|ltlglwTj ul/g] 5 eGg] / csf]{ Joj:yf o; 

;+ljwfgdf cGoyf n]lvPb]lv jfx]s s'g} cbfnt 

jf Goflos clwsf/L;dIf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{jf6 

d'2f rnfpg] jf grnfpg] eGg] s'"/fsf] clGtd 

lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfnfO{ x'g]5 eGg] 

Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . wf/f !#$ df 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] lgo'lQmsf] Joj:yf 5 eg] wf/f 

!#% df dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd st{Jo / 

118 

118 

clwsf/sf] Joj:yf 5 . lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] 

h'g;'s} Joj:yfdf klg dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] Joj:yf 

x'G5 . dxfGofoflwjQmf ;/sf/sf] k|d'v sfg"gL 

;Nnfxsf/ dflgG5 . ;/sf/ lj?4 k/]sf] d'2fsf] 

k|lt/Iff ug'{, ;/sf/nfO{ sfg"gL /fo ;Nnfx k|bfg 

ug'{ dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] k|d'v ;+j}wflgs st{Jo 

xf] . t/ km}fhbf/L d'2fx¿ rNg] grNg] lg0f{o ug]{ 

clwsf/ dxfGofoflwjQmfdf ;j} b]zdf gx'g 

;Sb5 . 

$= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

pkwf/f @ sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] ;/sf/L d'2f;DaGwL 

P]g, @)$( sf] cg';'rL ! / @ df k/]sf d'2fx¿ / 

cGo g]kfn sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf g]kfn ;/sf/ 

jfbL x'g] d'2fx¿nfO{ ;+s]t u/]sf] dfGg'k5{ . 

dxfGofoflwjQmfn] u/]sf] pQm lg0f{o ;/sf/L 

lgsfosf] nflu dfq clGtd x'g ;Sb5 . wf/f !#% 

n] dxfGoflwjQmfnfO{ plNnlvt clwsf/, lbPsf] 

ePtf klg wf/f !#% n] wf/f !)& sf] o; cbfntsf] 

c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ ;Lldt ug{ jf s6f}tL ug{ 

jf lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ n] o; cbfntnfO{ æo; 

;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQm df}lns xssf] k|rngsf] nflu 

jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ 

pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg ;f] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf 

k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg"gL xssf] k|rngsf] 

nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljifo 

;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg"gL k|Zgsf] 

lg?k0fsf] nflu cfjZos / pko'{Qm cfb]z hf/L 

u/L To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf] 

nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ 

x'g]5Æ eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cGtu{t k"0f{ Gofosf] 

lgldQ o; cbfntn] s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] 

u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ Judicial review ug{ ;Sb5 . 

%= ljkIfL lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ wf/f 

!#%-@_ df k/]sf] clGtd lg0f{o eGg] b'O{ zJb / 

dfly plNnlvt pQm b'O{ ghL/x¿sf] cfwf/df 

;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grNg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{

*%$!– *%$!– *%$!–;'GtnL *%$!– *%$!– ;'GtnL wfdL wfdL -zfx_ -zfx_ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

o; cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Qm}g 

eGg] lgisif{df k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . wf/f !#%-@_ n] o; 

cbfntsf] Juridiction nfO{ Exclude gu/]sf] / 

ug{ klg g;Sg] x'Fbf !#%-@_ cGtu{t dxfGofoflwjQmf 

jf lgh dftxtsf ;/sf/L jsLnx¿n] u/]sf] lg0f{o 

o; cbfntn] wf/f !)&-@_ cGtu{t x]g{ ;Qm}g 

eGg] lhsL/;+Fu of] cbfnt ;xdt x'g ;s]g . 

^= lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{ ljkIfL 

lgsfox¿n] lgj]bs ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ lj?4 clVtof/ 

b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u / jfbL clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]u / k|ltjfbL g/]Gb|axfb'/ rGb 

;d]t ePsf] d'2fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL dxfGofoflwjQmf 

jf lgh dftxtsf] ;/sf/L jsLnn] u/]sf] d'2f 

grNg] lg0f{ox¿sf] s'g} kgL cbfntn] Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] lhsL/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ cg';f/ o; cbfntn] u/]sf] 

km};nf ghL/ x'G5 / To:tf] ghL/ ;j} c8\8f 

cbfntn] dfGg s/ nfU5 . o; Ohnf;n] klg o; 

Ohnf;sf] ;+VofeGbf a9L ;+Vofsf] Ohnf;n] u/]sf] 

km};nf ;dfg ljjfbsf] ljifo 5 eg] dfGg s/ 

nfU5 . t/ olb lajfbsf] ljifo km/s 5 eg] a[xQk"0f{ 

Ohnf;s]} eP klg / olb km};nf Per Incuriam 5 

eg] sd ;Vofsf] Ohnf;n] klg Per Incuriam 

km};nf gdfGg ;S5 . ghL/ kfngf ug{ ljjfbsf] 

ljifo ;dfg x'g cfjZos 5 . plNnlvt b'j} d'2fdf 

ljjfbsf] ljifo e|i6frf/sf] cfz+sf ePsf] egL 

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfgn] cg'zGwfg u/]sf]df 

dxfGofoflwjQmf jf k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u 

u/L cGo ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f grNg] u/L u/]sf] 

lg0f{odf olb e|i6frf/ jf clVtof/sf] b'?kof]usf] 

cfz+sf jf ljifo 5}g eg] clVtof/ b'?kof]u 

cg';Gwfg cfof]un] dxfGofoflwjQmfn] u/]sf] wf/f 

!#%-@_ cGtu{t u/]sf] lg0f{o 7Ls 5 5}g egL 

;'k/Lj]If0fsf] lx;fjn] lg0f{o hfFRg / x:tIf]k ug{ 

kfpb}g eGg] l;4fGt :yflkt ePsf] xf] . t/ k|:t't 

lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' ;/sf/L jsLnn] s]xL 

cleo'Qmpk/ d'2f grNg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ 

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] ;+nUgtf 

geO{ ;/sf/L jsLnsf] d'2f grNg] lg0f{opk/ x'Fb}g . 

119 

119 

kLl8t l;w} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& cGtu{t o; 

cbfntnfO{ k|bQ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ cGtu{t lgj]bg 

ug{ cfPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bs ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ / 

g/]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] d'2fdf :yflkt l;4fGtsf] 

ljifoj:t' / k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ljifoj:t' ljNs"n 

leGg / km/s ePsf] x'Fbf pQm d'2fdf :yflkt 

l;4fGt o; lgj]bgdf nfu" g} x'Fb}g . pQm ghL/ 

o; ljifodf ljNs'n ck|f;+ªuLs x'Fbf o;df cfslif{t 

x'g] b]lvPg . 

ghL/sf ;DaGwdf Goodyear india Ltd 

v State of Haryana sf] d'2fdf It is Well settled 

that a precedent is an authority only for What 

it actually decides and not for What may 

remotely or even logically follows from it 

elgPsf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ghL/sf ;DaGwdf 

Dias sf] Jurisprudence df k]h !#^ df o;/L 

pbfx/0f lbPsf] b]lvG5 . A may have driven a 

Rolls Royce car at 30, mph through Piccadilly 

circus at 2pm on a certain Wednesday,run 

linto B and broken his right Leg.The individual 

A May be generalised into person the Rolls 

Royce car May be generalised into vehicle 

piccadilly circus into public highway, 30 mph 

through piccadilly circus at 2 pm on 

Wednesday into negligence and B s broken 

right leg into physical injury to the person A 

restatement of these facts at a more general 

level Would be a person inflicted physical 

injury on another person by the negligent 

driving of a vehicle on the public highway. An 

even more general form of it would be, the 

negligent infliction of physical damage and 

more generally still.the negligent infliction of 

damage=eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ 

lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] lgj]bs ab|Laxfb'/ sfsL{ 

ePsf] plNnlvt a[xt k"0f{ Ohnf;sf] km};nf 

nufotsf] ljifoj:t' / k|:t't lgj]bgdf p7fPsf] 

ljifoj:t' km/s ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bgdf nfu'


j}zfv 

Nolle Prosequi jf g]kfn sfg"gdf 

Joj:yf ePdf plea barganing sf] cfwf/df plrQ 

cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] s;}nfO{ 

d'2f grnfPsf]df o; cbfntn] x:tIf]k ub}{g t/ 

o;df To:tf] cj:yf b]lvPg Nolle Prosequi sf 

;jGwdf proceedings on an indictment may be 

stayed at any time after the signing of the 

indictment and before judgment at the 

instance of either the prosecutor or the 

defendant by the entry of a nolle 

prosequi,which can only be entered by the 

authority of the Attorney-general This power 

of the Attorney-General is not subject to 

control by the courts,but does not interfere 

with the right of a judge to allow a case to be 

withdrawn on the application of a prosecutor 

eg]sf] kfOG5 . 

&= oL lgj]bLsf ha/h:tL s/0fLjf6 

kLl8t ePsf] eGg] lgj]bgjf6 b]lvG5 . ^ hgfn] 

Tof] klg k|x/L sd{rf/Ln] ;fd"lxs jnTsf/ 

u/]sf]df # hgfpk/ d'2f rnfO{Pg eGg] g} d'Vo 

lgj]bg lhsL/ 5 . lgj]bLsf g]kfnL gful/s dfq 

geO{ dlxnf ;d]t xf] . kmf}hbf/L ck/fwaf6 kLl8t 

JolQmnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] sfddf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg 

/ sfg"gn] gful/s, u}/ gful/s egL 5'§ofpFb}g . 

g]kfnsf] e"efu leq 36]sf] kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf 

g]kfn sfg"gn] h;/L :jb]zL gful/snfO{ Jojxf/ 

u5{ To;/L g} ljb]zL gful/snfO{ klg Jojxf/ 

u5{ . xfd|f] ;+ljwfg / g]kfn kIf ePsf] CEDAW 

/ ICCPR n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ e]befj d'Qm ug'{sf 

;fy} ljleGg df}lns Pj+ dfgj clwsf/sf] xs 

k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tL ljleGg xsx¿ dWo] Gofo 

kfpg] xs Access to Justice klg k|d'v xs xf] . 

cleof]u gnufO{ 5fl8Psf tL JolQmx¿ pk/ 

lgj]lbsfsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L bvf{:t b]lvG5 . em"7f 

b/vf:t lbg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f b]lvb}g . lgj]lbsf 

:j+od kLl8t eGg] b]lvG5 . k|df0f P]gsf] bkmf 

!) cg';f/ kLl8t :j+o k|df0f xf] . o;sf] cnfjf 

gl/dfg dxQ/fsf] xftsf] cf}nf 6f]sL lbPsf] egL 

hfx]/Ldf :ki6 ls6fgL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

lghsf] :jf:Yo hfFr xF'bf Fresh bite mark on 

right thumb back of mark, cf}nf 6f]lsPsf] eGg] 

c5fd lhNnf c:ktfnsf] k|ltj]bgjf6 b]lvG5 . 

kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf vf; u/L ha/h:tL s/0fL d'2fdf 

o:tf k|df0fsf] cfwf/df d'2f rNg ;S5 . 

*= xfd|f] jt{dfg cleof]hg k|0ffnL 

Inquisitorial System geO{ Adversarial / 

Accusatorial xf], o:tf] k|0ffnLdf ck/fwsf] 

cg';Gwfgsf] lhDdf /fHon] lnG5 . ck/fw 

cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{sf] nflu k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf x'G5 / 

k|df0f s]nfpg], d'2f rnfpg] / cbfntdf k|lt/Iffsf] 

nflu ;/sf/n] jsLnsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/L lbPsf] 

x'G5 . clGtd cj:yf;Dd ;/sf/jf6} kLl8tsf] 

tkm{jf6 d'2fdf k|lt/Iff nufotsf] sfd ul/G5 . 

kLl8tsf] x}l;ot ujfxdf ;Lldt x'G5 . xfd|f] 

k|0ffnLdf kLl8tn] cfkm} d'2f rnfpg ;Qm}g . kLl8t 

/fHojf6 Jojl:yt ck/fw cg';Gwfg k|x/L / 

;/sf/L jsLndf e/ kg'{kg]{ x'G5 . kLl8tn] cfk"m 

kLl8t ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] cfk"mdf ePsf] k|df0f;lxt 

k|x/Ldf ph"/ ubf{ k|x/L / ;/sf/L jsLnn] d'2f 

grnfpbf Tof] cj:yfdf kLl8t Gofo kfpg] df}lns 

xsjf6 jl~rt x'g k'Ub5 . 

(= Gofodf kx'Fr Access to Justice 

df}lns xs xf] . To:tf] xs xgg\ ePdf wf/f#@ 

cGtu{t To;/L ckxl/t xs k|rng u/fpg lgj]bg 

ug]{ xs kLl8tnfO{ k|fKt 5 . wf/f !)& -@_ n] o; 

cbfntnfO{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5. 

wf/f !)& -@_ cGtu{tsf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] dfq ;Lldt ug{ ;Sb5 . o; 

cbfnt k|To]s g]kfnL gfu/Lssf] xs ;+/If0f ug{] 

cleefjs xf] . dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfd st{Josf] 

jf/]df Joj:yf ug]{ wf/f !#% -@_ n]] wf/f !)& 

-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntaf6 k|fKt c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/nfO{ lgoGq0f jf ;Lldt ug{ ;Sb}g . obL 

wf/f !#%-@_ sf] JofVof ubf{ ePsf] d'2fsf] pQm b'O{ 

ghL/x¿sf] dxfGofoflwjQmf sfof{no nufot cGo 

lgj]lbsfn] hfx]/L bvf{:tdf k|ltjfbLdWo]sf] ljkIfLn] u/]] ;/x cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] wf/f !)&-@_ sf] 

120 

120

*%$!– *%$!– *%$!–;'GtnL *%$!– *%$!– ;'GtnL wfdL wfdL -zfx_ -zfx_ lj?4 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL k|wfgdGqL tyf tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;Lldt / 

lgolGqt x'g hfG5 . of] cbfnt b]zsf] pRrtd 

cbfnt ePsf] sf/0f gful/sx¿sf] xs k|rng 

u/fpg] sfddf o; cbfntnfO{ k|fKt c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/ ;+ljwfgåf/f k|fKt dfq xf]Og Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]s ug]{ o; cbfntsf] clwsf/ Inherent 

Right dfGg'k5{ . hxfF clwsf/ x'G5 ToxfF 

pkrf/sf] Joj:yf Right to move the Supreme 

Court klg x'G5 . wf/f #@ sf] xs gful/snfO{ 

k|fKt eP kl5 ;+ljwfgn] g} o; cbfntsf] wf/f 

!)&-@_ sf] o; cbfntsf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg 

ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ exclude jf limit ug]{ 

u/L :ki6 Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf, dfGo 

l;4fGtcg';f/ Political question ;dfj]z ePsf] 

ljifo jf ljwflosfsf] cfGtl/s sfo{ Joj:yfkgsf] 

ljifo / o; cbfnt wf/f !)&-#_ cGtu{t clGtd 

ePsf ljifox¿df Writ against judiciary x'g 

g;Sg] dfGol;4fGtsf] cj:yfdf jfx]s cGo cj:yf 

/ ljifodf dfGo l;4fGtdf /x]/ sfo{kflnsftkm{sf 

k|To]s clwsf/Ln] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] Goflos 

k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;S5 . t;y{ wf/f !#%-@_ wf/f 

!)&-@_ sf] o; cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/nfO{ 

;Lldt jf lgoGq0f ug]{ wf/f xf]Og . of] s'/f 

ljkIfLx¿n] a'‰g' h?/L 5 . 

!)= ha/h:tL s/0fL ck/fw Ps h3Go 

dfgjtf lj/f]wL ck/fw xf] . o:tf] vfnsf] ck/fwn] 

l;+uf] dfgj ;EotfnfO{ nlHht agfp5 . o:tf] 

ck/fwaf6 kLl8tn] dgf]j}1flgs, zf/Ll/s, cfly{s, 

;fdflhs ;d:of cflb ljleGg cGo ;d:ofx¿ 

em]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . tL kLl8tx¿df Trauma sf] l:ylt 

cfpg ;Sb5 . To;}n] o:tf ck/fwsf 

kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;d'lrt ;+/If0f ul/g' kb{5 . 

kLl8tsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ ljleGg cGt/fli6«o 

b:tfj]hx¿ ;d]tn] ;+/If0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

s:tf]nfO{ kLl8t eGg] ;DaGwdf o:tf] kl/efiff 

ul/Psf] kfOG5 . kLl8t eGgfn] JolQmut jf 

;fd"lxs ?kdf zf/Ll/s dfgl;s, efjgfTds / 

cfly{s Iflt Joxf]/]sf] JolQm jf df}lns xs 

clwsf/df Jofks Iflt ePsf] JolQm tyf /fHodf 

121 

121 

nfu" ePsf] kmf}hbf/L sfg"gn] ug{ eg]sf] sfd 

gu/]/ jf gug{ eg]sf] sfd u/]/ jf zlQmsf] 

b'?kof]u u/]/ pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] Jofks 

pNn+3g ePsf] JolQmnfO{ hgfpFb5 . "Victims" 

means persons who, individually or 

collectively, have suffered harm, including 

physical or mental injury, emotional 

suffering, economic loss or substantial 

impairment of their fundamental rights, 

through acts or omissions that are in 

violation of criminal laws operative within 

Member States, including those laws 

proscribing criminal abuse of power. egL 

Declaration of basic principles of justice for 

victims of crime and abuse of power 1985 

wf/f ! df pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pQm 

Declaration n] kLl8tsf clwsf/ tyf /fHosf] 

pQ/bfloTjsf ;DaGwdf o;/L Joj:yf u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . 

The provisions contained herein shall 

be applicable to all, without distinction of 

any kind, such as race, colour, sex, age, 

language, religion, nationality, political or 

other opinion, cultural beliefs or practices, 

property, birth or family status, ethnic or 

social origin, and disability. Victims should 

be treated with compassion and respect for 

their dignity. They are entitled to access to 

the mechanisms of justice and to prompt 

redress, as provided for by national 

legislation, for the harm that they have 

suffered. eg]sf] b]lvG5 . 

!!= plNnlvt 3f]if0ffkqn] ck/fw kLl8t 

tyf zlQmsf] b'?kof]usf] kl/efiff u/L kLl8tsf 

clwsf/x¿ ;+/lIft x'g'kg]{ dfGotfdf Gofodf ;xh 

kx'Fr Pj+ :jR5 Gofosf] clwsf/ ckxl/t Pj+ 

gf]S;fg ePsf] ;DklQsf] k'gk|flKt, k'g:yfkgf jf 

lk8saf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ kfpg];DaGwL clwsf/,


j}zfv 

lk8saf6 k'g:yfkgf jf Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg g;lsPsf] 

cj:yfdf /fHoaf6 Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ / df}lns 

:jf:Yo pkrf/, dgf]a}1flgs Pj+ ;fdflhs 

;xof]u;DaGwL clwsf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cleof]hg 

kIfaf6 kLl8tk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/sf ;DaGwdf 

cleof]hg kIfn] kLl8tsf] k|lti7fsf] nflu 

;xfg'e"ltk"0f{ / ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 . kLl8t 

kIfnfO{ pgLx¿n] Goflos k|ls|ofdf v]Ng ;Sg] 

e"ldsf, k|utL / cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{sf] kl/0ffdsf] 

af/]df kLl8tnfO hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . kLl8tsf] 

l:ytL af/]sf] o'/f]k]nL kl/ifbsf l;kmfl/zx¿ cg';f/ 

cleof]hg kIfsf] e"ldsfx¿df lk8snfO{ cleof]u 

nufpg] jf gnufpg] :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] k|of]u 

ubf{ lk8saf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ lbnfpg] nufotsf 

Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL k|Zgx¿df uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ 

ug'{ kb{5, kLl8tn] grfx]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s 

cleof]hg ;DaGwL clGtd lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L 

cleof]hg kIfn] kLl8tnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' k5{, 

lk8snfO{ cleof]hg gug]{ u/L cleof]hgstf{n] 

lg0f{o u/]df To:tf] lg0f{opk/ ;Ifd lgsfoaf6 

hfFr u/fpg kfpg] clwsf/ kLl8tnfO{ x'g'k5{ cyjf 

lghL ?kdf cfkm} d'2f rnfpg kfpg] Private 

Prosecution sf] clwsf/ x'g' kb{5 elgPsf] 

kfOG5 . x/]s b]zsf] kmf}hbf/L Gofo k|0ffnL km/s 

km/s eP h:t} kLl8tn] Goflos k|lqmofdf v]Ng] 

e"ldsf klg km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . s]xL 

b]zx¿df kLl8tsf] e"ldsf s]jn jfbL kIfsf] 

;fIfLsf] ?kdf x'G5 eg] s]xL b]zx¿df kLl8tn] 

cfkm} d'2f rnfpg kfpg] Private Prosecution 

sf] clwsf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

!@= t;y{M dfyL plNnlvt sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ 

lgj]lbsfsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L / ;f]xL ls6fgL hfx]/LnfO{ 

;dy{g u/L lbPsf] sfuh nufotsf cfwf/df 

plNnlvt ;fd"lxs u7aGwg cGtu{t ul/Psf] 

jf/bftdf ;+slnt pxL k|df0fx¿ ;d]tsf cfwf/df 

s]xL cleo'QmnfO{ d'2f rnfOPsf] / gl/dfg 

dxQ/fsf] cf}nf 6f]lsPsf] b]lvPsf] ;a"b k|df0fsf] 

ljwdfgtf x'Fbf x'Fb} k|ltjfbL bfgl;+x e08f/L,lj/fbQm 

122 

122 

a9' / gl/dfg dxQm/fnfO{ d'2f grnfO{ xflh/ 

hdfgLdf 5f8g] lhNnf k|=sf c5fd / lhNnf ;/sf/L 

jsLn sfof{no c5fdsf] ldlt @)^^.&.!%sf] 

lg0f{on] lgj]bLsfsf] Gofo kfpg] xs xgg\ x'g 

uPsf] b]lvof] . kLl8t ;'GtnL wfdLnfO{ Gofo 

dfUg] xs 5 . c? dlxnf ;/x kLl8t ;'GtnL 

wfdLn] klg sfg"gadf]lhd Gofo kfpg' k5{ . d'2f 

grNg] u/L ;/sf/L jsLnn] u/]sf] ldlt @)^^.&.!% 

sf] lg0f{odWo] k|ltjfbL bfgl;+x e08f/L,lj/fbQm 

a9' / gl/dfg dxQ/fsf] xsdf d'2f grnfpg] u/L 

u/]sf] xb;Dd pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5, 

afFsLsf] xsdf pQm lg0f{o sfod x'G5 . cj 

plNnlvt k|ltjfbLx¿ bfgl;+x e08f/L, lj/fbQ 

a9' / gl/dfg dxQ/f ;d]tsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;d]t 

d'n'sL P]g ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxn cg';f/ ck/fw 

cg';f/sf] cleof]u nufO{ d'2f rnfpg' egL lhNnf 

;/sf/L jsLnsf] sfo{no c5fdsf gfpdf 

k/dfb]z cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . To;/L rnfOg] 

d'2f c=j ** g adf]lhdsf] k'/s cleof]u x'g] 5}g 

/ xbDofbsf ;DaGwdf ;/sf/L jsLnsf] ldlt 

@)^^.&.!% sf] lg0f{o pQm tLg hgfpk/ d'2f 

grnfpg] xb;Dd dfq ab/ ePsf] x'bf pQm ldlt 

s} lg0f{ocg';f/ d'2f rNg] x'gfn] xbDofbsf] k|Zg 

cfpg] 5}g . To;/L rnfOPsf] d'2fnfO{ l/tk"j{ssf] 

cleof]ukq dfgL c5fd lhNnf cbfntn] klg k|df0f 

d"NofÍgsf ;DaGwdf o; cfb]zjf6 k|efljt geO{ 

pQm d'2fdf ePsf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df 

sfg"gadf]lhdsf] d'2fsf] sf/jfO{ cl3 j9fO{ 

sfg"gadf]lhd / lgikIf lg0f{o ug'{ . cfb]zsf] 

hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ 

ljkIfLx¿nfO{ k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n 

lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg' . 



;jt\ @)^& ;fn d+l;/ !% ut] /f]h $ z'ed=== 

Ohnf; clws[tM bLks v/]n

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$@ 

*%$@ 

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 




;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] l/=g+ )^%=WO===)$$! 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!).!@.$ 

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z . 

lgj]bsM Oi6g{ ;'u/ ldN; lnld6]8, cdflxj]Nxf, 

;'g;/Lsf] tkm{af6 clwsf/k|fKt 

P]=sDkgLsf ;~rfns lbjfs/ uf]N5f 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, pBf]u dGqfno ;d]t 

pbf/ cy{tGq x'g] k|hftlGqs Joj:yfdf 

;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Regulator df ;Lldt 

/xG5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] hLp wgsf] 

;'/Iff ug{'sf cltl/Qm cTofjZolso ;]jf 

/ /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf c;/ kg]{ s'/f afx]s 

cGo sfddf Regulator afx]s cGo 

e"ldsf x'Fb}g . /fHon] pko'Qm gLlt agfO{ 

lghL If]qnfO{ nufgL ug]{ u/L pBf]uklt 

d}qL cyf{t Investor / Industry 

Friendly cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f l;h{gf 

ug'{kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=!$_ 

pBf]u :yfkgf x'Fbfsf] k|rlnt sfg"gn] 

lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ kl5 nfu" ePsf] sfg"gn] 

k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ ul/Fb}g . oxL g} 

cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf xf] h;nfO{ ;+;f/ e/L 

Trade Jurisprudence sf] Go"gtd\ 

Principle sf ?kdf :jLsfl/Psf] x'G5 . 

o:tf s'/f Ps k6s :jLsf/]kl5 Estoppel 

af6 /fHo klG5g gx'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!*_ 

123 

123 

pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{sf jvt nfu" P]gdf 

pNn]v ePsf ;'ljwfnfO{ P]gdf tf]lsPsf] 

cjlwleq gofF P]g agfP klg jf ;+zf]wg 

u/] klg pBf]u :yfkgf x'Fbf axfn /x]sf] 

P]g cyf{t\ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( 

n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf jl~rt gug]{ k|lt1f 

u/]sf] 5 . ;+;bn] gofF sfg"g agfP klg 

k'/fgf] sfg"gåf/f k|bQ ;x'lnot k'/fgf] 

sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cjlwe/ vf]:g g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=@!_ 

s'g} P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ 

;Fu;Fu} lqmofzLn csf]{ P]gsf] s'g} 

k|fjwfgsf] k|lts"n cy{ u/L JofVof ug'{ 

x'Fb}g . o;/L s'g} P]gdf cl:yTjdf /x]sf] 

s'g} k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemP;Dd 

To:tf k|fawfgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf s'g} sdL 

cfpg ;Qm}g . o:tf sfg"gnfO{ hLjGt 

sfg"gsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . cGo P]gsf] 

s'g} k|fjwfgsf] k|of]udf s'g} låljwf pTkGg 

ePdf b'j} sfg"gsf] Harmonious 

Interpretation ug'{kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=@(_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ 

bfxfn / ;'zLn kGt tyf clwjQmfåo >L 

r08]Zj/ >]i7 / kz'{/fd sf]O/fnf 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 

>L dx]z yfkf 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] 

wf/f @%-@_, @^-!_, -^_, -*_, -!)_, -!@_ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf 

!%!%-u_-b_, !^, !$@, @)-#_ 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ / bkmf 

!$#-5_ 

>d P]g, @)$*


j}zfv 

cfb]z 

pk/f]Qmcg';f/ hDdf !! jif{ cfos/ 5"6 


;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ adf]lhd 

o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o; k|sf/ 5 M– 

lgj]bs O{i6g{ ;'u/ ldN; lnld6]8 ldlt 

@)%!.(.@$ df pBf]u ljefudf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !) adf]lhd btf{ e} ;~rfng 

x'Fb} cfPsf] tTsfn axfn /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% -u_ cGtu{tsf] cg';"rL $ 

sf] b]xfo ! adf]lhdsf] pTkfbgd"ns /fli6«o 

k|fyldstf k|fKt :jb]zL pBf]u xf] . &% s/f]8 

eGbf a9L :yL/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf] o; pBf]un] 

kfpg]df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf 

!%-v_ adf]lhd >L Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.&.@ 

sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ >L pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt 

@)%&.&.!% sf] kqåf/f Jofj;flos pTkfbg z'? 

ldlt @)%%.!).! af6 % jif{ cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf 

kfO{ ;s]sf 5f} . 

kfFr jif{sf] cnfjf afFsL kfpg' kg]{ yk 

cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf dfuadf]lhd Psåf/ 

;ldlt tyf cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{df sfuhft ;fy 

cg'/f]w u/]sf]df s'g} lg0f{o gePsf]n] ldlt 

@)^#.^.@% df cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf lbnfO{ kfpg 

k'gM lgj]bg lbPsf lyof}+ . 

:yfkgfsfnb]lv g} k|ToIf ?kn] ^($ hgf / ck|ToIf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( -;+zf]wg 

?kdf xhf/f} sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/ k"j{_ sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_, -b_ / ;f]xL P]gsf] 

/f]huf/ lbb} cfPsf] 5 . 

bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhd qmdzM @ . @ jif{sf b/n] ^ 

lgj]bs pBf]u btf{ x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf tTsfn 

nfu" /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf 

!% df cfos/, ljqmLs/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/;DaGwL 

sfg"gx¿ Pj+ cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f 

n]lvPsf] ePtf klg pBf]un] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] 

;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot kfpg] egL k|Tofe"lt u/L 

jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 u/]sf] ;DaGwdf >L Psåf/ 

;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.@) sf] @$% cf}+ a}7ssf] 

lg0f{oaf6 lgDg s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ cfos/ 5"6 

;'ljwf kfpg] sfg"gL cfwf/x¿ gb]lvPsf] eGg] >L 

pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)^#.!).& sf] kqåf/f 

hfgsf/L u/fOof] . 

/fv]sf] 5 / pQm bkmf !% sf] v08-v_ adf]lhd cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] s/ 

pTkfbgd"ns pBf]usf] juL{s/0f leq k/]sf]n] ;DaGwL Joj:yf o;} P]gadf]lhd x'g] eGg] 

cfos/ 5"6 % jif{ bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_ cg';"rL Joj:yf u/]sf] . 

$ adf]lhd /fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]u ePsf] 

cfwf/df yk b'O{ jif{ cfos/ 5"6 u/L & jif{ 

cfos/ 5"6 sfg"gtM kfpg] k|i6 / lglj{jfb 5 . 

;fy} o; pBf]un] z'?b]lv g} ^($ hgf sfdbf/ 

sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /f]huf/L lbO{ cfPsf] x'Fbf ;f]xL 

bkmf !% sf] v08-b_ adf]lhd 5 ;o jf ;f] eGbf 

a9L hgzlQmnfO{ k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbPsf] cfwf/df 

v08 -v_ / -u_ adf]lhd k|fKt x'g] cfos/sf] 

5"6sf cltl/Qm yk b'O{ jif{sf] nflu cfos/ 5"6 

kfpg] / krxQ/ s/f]8 ?k}ofeGbf a9L l:y/ k"FhL 

nufgL u/L :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfn nf"' /x]sf] bkmf !^ sf] v08- 

ª_ cg';f/ yk @ jif{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg' kg]{ k|i6 

5 . 

124 

124 

;f]xL cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !$#-5_ åf/f 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf 

!% sf] v08 -u_, -b_ lems]sf] . 

;f] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ 

nfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] klxnf] 

;+zf]wg @)%$ åf/f lemlsPsf] . 

pQm sfg"g k|lts"nsf] >L Psåf/ ;ldltsf] 

lg0f{opk/ cf}Bf]lus k|j{4g af]8{ ;dIf cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;'ljwf lbnfO{ 

kfpg / cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf;DaGwL sf/jfO{ 

rln/x]sf] Joxf]/f >L 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nonfO{ 

hfgsf/L u/fO{ kfpg ldlt @)^$.!.@) df lbPsf] 

lgj]bgdf lg0f{o gePsf]n] k'gM ldlt @)^%.@.@^

*%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 

df lgj]bg lbO{ ;f]sf] af]wfy{ kq >L 7"nf s/bftf 

sfof{nonfO{ lbPsf] / xfnnfO{ cfos/ lgwf{/0f 

;DaGwL sf/jfxL :ylut /fvL kfpg >L 7"nf 

s/bftf sfof{no ;dIf ldlt @)^%.#.* df lgj]bg 

lbPsf lyof}}F . 

pBf]un] lbPsf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd 

tTsfn >L cf}=k|=af]8{ ;d]tsf gfpFdf k/dfb]z 

hf/L ul/kfpg / k|:t't lgj]bgkqsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd 

cfos/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL cGo yk sf/jfxL :ylut 

/fVg' /fVg nufpg' egL >L 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no 

;d]tsf gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm 

egL ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf oxL ldlt 

@)^%.&.!* df l/6 lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxLo'Qm 

cj:yfdf /x]sf]df 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] lnlvt 

hjfkm lbg'cl3 g} cf=a @)^).)^! sf] ;+zf]lwt 

s/ lgwf{/0fsf] cfb]z u/L ;DdfgLt cbfntdf 

ldlt @)^%.)*.@@ df lnlvt hjfkm lb+bf lg0f{o 

ldlt ;d]t pNn]v gu/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/L ;s]sf] 

egL hjfkm lbPsf]n] pQm tkm{ sfg"gadf]lhd 5'§} 

k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg u/L kfpg lgj]bg lbO{ 

;s]sf 5f}+ . 

ldlt @)^%.*.( df lnlvt hjfkm lb+bf 

pBf]un] cf}=k|=af]8{df lbPsf] lgj]bgdf sf/jfxL 

eO;s]sf] 5}g egL pNn]v u/]sf]df >L pBf]u 

ljefu ;'ljwf zfvfsf] r=g+ !&@( ldlt @)^%.(.* 

sf] kqåf/f cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ kfFp 

egL lbPsf] lgj]bg ;DaGwL k|:tfjdf 5nkmn x'Fbf 

pBf]usf] dfu af/] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] @$% cf}+ 

a}7saf6 ePsf] lg0f{o plrt b]lvPsf] x'Fbf af]8{sf] 

ldlt @)^%.)*.!* df a;]sf] !*$ cf} a}7saf6 

lg0f{o ePsf]n] lg0f{ofg';f/ hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . 

ÆeGg] kq k|fKt x'g cfPsf] / k|ToyL{x¿sf] pQm 

u}/sfg"gL lg0f{oaf6 cGofodf k/L lgj]bs pBf]un] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd cfos/ 5"6sf] yk 

;'ljwf kfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL xs k|rngsf nflu cGo 

a}slNks dfu{ gePsf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !)&-@_ / w/f #@ adf]lhd ;DdfgLt 

cbfnt ;dIf of] lgj]bg r9fPsf 5f}+ . 

125 

125 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wgn] 

cfos/ 5"6;Fu ;DalGwt pQm bkmf !% sf] v08 - 

v_ / bkmf !^ sf] v08-ª_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ vf/]h 

tyf bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_ / v08-b_df /x]sf] 

Joj:yfnfO{ ;+zf]wg u/]sf] ePtfklg cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% n] cfos/, 

ljqmLs/, cGtMz'Ns, eG;f/ ;DaGwL sfg"gx¿ Pj+ 

cGo k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] 

ePtfklg pBf]un] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf tyf 

;x'lnot kfpg] elg k|Tofe"t u/]sf] Joj:yf oyfjt 

g} /x]sf] / ;f]xL klxnf] ;+zf]wg yk u/]sf] bkmf @) 

sf] pkbkmf -#_ n] ;f] ;+zf]wg x'g' cl3 btf{ ePsf] 

pBf]un] cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot hlt 

btf{ x'Fbfsf] cj:yfsf] sfg"gadf]lhd x'g] u/L 

;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg u/]sf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} 

s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg o; P]g / P]g cGtu{t 

ag]sf] lgodx¿df n]lvP hlt s'/f ;f]xL adf]lhd 

x'g] egL ljz]if ;+/If0f k|bfg ul//fv]sf] x'Fbf pQm 

klxnf] ;+zf]wg cfpg' cl3 P]gåf/f k|bQ cfos/ 

5"6 ;'ljwf oyfjt g} kfpg] u/L k|Tofe"t u/L 

/fv]sf] k|i6 5 . 

o:tf] l:ytLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] 

bkmf !$@ n] s/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf o;} P]gadf]lhd 

x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$#- 

5_ åf/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] klxnf] 

;+zf]wgåf/f ;+zf]lwt bkmf !%sf] v08 -u_, bkmf 

!%-b_ lems]sf] ePtfklg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] 

bkmf @( / bkmf @)-#_ sf] ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt 

;DaGwL Joj:yf oyfjt sfod g} /x]sf] x'Fbf cfos/ 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$#-5_ nfu" x'g' cl3 pBf]un] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd k|bQ cfos/ 5"6 

;'ljwfnfO{ kl5 cfPsf] pQm bkmf !$#-5_ n] s'g} 

k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5}g / k|lts"n c;/ kfg{ ;Sg] 

cj:yf klg 5}g . 

ctM dfly ljleGg k|s/0fx¿df plNnlvt 

sfg"g tyf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt 

sfg"gL l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/af6 k|ToyL{x¿n] 

lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(


j}zfv 

-;+zf]wg k"j{ _ sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_, -b_ / 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhd s|dzM @÷@ jif{sf 

b/n] yk ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg] lglj{jfb 

/x]sf]df u}/ sfg"gL cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v ub}{ 

k|ToyL{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#, k'; @) sf] 

@$% cf}+ a}7saf6 lg0f{o u/L pQm yk cfos/ 

5"6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg gu/]sf] / pQm lg0f{o u}/ 

sfg"gL / sfg"g;Ddt gePsf]n] ;f]sf] hfFra'em 

u/L ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ 

kfpg k|ToyL{ cf}=k|=af]8{ ;dIf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf 

lgj]bsn] p7fPsf sfg"gL s'/fx¿sf] s'g} v08g 

;Dd gu/L s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ gvf]nL Psåf/ 

;ldltsf] lg0f{o plrt g} /x]sf] egL ldlt @)^% 

d+l;/ !* ut]sf] a;]sf] !*$ cf}+ a}7saf6 lg0f{o 

u/]sf]n] k|ToyL{ Psåf/ ;ldltsf] pQm @)^# k'; 

@) ut]sf] lg0f{o / k|ToyL{ cf}=k|=af]8{sf] ldlt @)^%, 

d+l;/ !* ut]sf] lg0f{o, pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt 

@)^%.(.* sf] kq nufot To;;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ 

sfdsf/jfxL / lg0f{o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !)& sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd 

pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/flh: ab/ u/L lgj]bs pBf]usf] 

dfu cg';f/ yk ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf lbg' 

lbnfpg" egL k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]z nufot 

cGo pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L u/L k"0f{ 

Gofo kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Oi6g{ ;'u/ ldnsf] 

l/6 lgj]bg . 

lgj]bs pBf]un] cfos/ 5"6 ;DaGwdf 

dfu u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ 

;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.@) df a;]sf] @$% cf}+ 

a}7sdf k]z x'Fbf æ;'g;/L l:yt Oi6g{ ;'u/ ldN; 

ln=ldlt @)%!.(.@$ df btf{ e} ldlt @)%%.!).! 

b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] / pQm pBf]un] cf}=Jo=P]g, 

@)$( -;+zf]wg k"j{ _ sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_, 

-b_ / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhd qmdzM 

@÷@ jif{sf b/n] ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf dfu 

u/]sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'Fbf cfos/ P]g, @)%* 

sf] bkmf !$@ n] s/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf o;} P]gadf]lhd 

x'g] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xL cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf 

!$#-5_ åf/f cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] 

126 

126 

v08-u_ -b_ lems]sf] / ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ nfO{ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%$ 

åf/f lemsLPsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't pBf]un] dfu cg';f/sf] 

cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_ -b_ / 

bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhdsf] yk @÷@ jif{sf] cfos/ 

5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/x¿ gb]lvPsf] 

Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg]ÆegL lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . 

Psåf/ ;ldltsf] pQm lg0f{o kZrft 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf 

Psåf/ ;ldltn] pknAw gu/fPsf]n] P]gadf]lhd 

;'ljwf lbnfO{ kfpF egL l/6 lgj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus 

k|j4{g af]8{df lgj]bg lbPsf] / ;f] lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/f 

pBf]u dGqfno cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{sf] ldlt 

@)^%.*.!* df a;]sf] !*$ cf}+ a}7sdf k]z x'Fbfæ 

;'g;/L l:yt Oi6{g ;'u/ ldN; ln=n] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( -;+zf]wg k"j{ _ sf] bkmf !% sf] 

v08-u_ -b_ tyf !^ sf] v08-ª_ adf]lhd qmdzM 

@÷@ jif{sf] b/n] ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf dfu 

ubf{ Psåf/ ;ldltn] 5"6 glbPsf]n] ;f] adf]lhdsf] 

cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ kfpF egL lbPsf] 

lgj]bg ;DaGwL k|:tfjdf 5nkmn x'Fbf pBf]usf] 

dfuaf/] Psåf/ ;ldltsf] @$% cf}+ a}7saf6 ePsf] 

lg0f{o plrt b]lvPsf] x'Fbf cf}=Jo=P]g, @)$( 

-;+zf]wg k"j{ _ sf] bkmf !# sf] v08-5_ adf]lhd 

lgb]{zg lbO{ /xg' gkg]{ Joxf]/f pBf]unfO{ hfgsf/L 

u/fpg]Æ egL lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . 

pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltn] ldlt 

@)^#.(.@) df u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ xfn @ jif{ kl5 

cfP/ l/6 lgj]bg ug'{n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf 

xbDofbsf] l;4fGtsf] ;d]t pk]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . 

dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] df}sfdf Gofo dfUg guPdf Gofo 

k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] 

cfwf/df ;d]t k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . 

t;y{ pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ ;ldltsf] plNnlvt 

ldlt @)^#.(.@) sf] a}7s g+ @$% sf] lg0f{o x'jx' 

sfg"gsf] cjnDag u/L, oyfy{ / tYodf cfwfl/t 

/x]/ ul/Psf] lg0f{o x'Fbf ;f]sf] df}s}df ljkIfLn] 

v08g u/L ;DdfgLt cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg ug{ 

g;sL cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{df lgj]bg u/]]sf] 5'

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 

egL u'h|]sf] xbDofbnfO{ @ jif{ kl5 cbfntdf 

k|j]z ug]{ axfgf dfq agfPsf] tYoaf6 :ki6 ePsf] 

x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] Psåf/ ;ldt cf}=k|=af]8{ / pBf]u ljefusf] 


k|:t't s/bftfn] o;} cfly{s jif{ 

@)^).)^! sf] cfos/ lgwf{/0f ljifonfO{ lnP/ 

;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf ldlt @)^%.)&.!* 

df k/dfb]z jf cGo pko'{Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ 

hf/L u/L kfpgsf nflu l/6 lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf] 

;DaGwdf ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] l/6 g+ $%^–)^%– 

wo–)@#( ldlt @)^%.)&.@@ sf] cfb]z kqsf] 

lnlvt hjfkm o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^%.)*.@@ 

sf] r=g+ @&$* sf] kq;fy >L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] 

sfof{no dfkm{t\ k]z ul/;s]sf] / lgh s/bftfsf] 

pQm cfly{s jif{sf] ;Ssn ldl;n kmfO{n ;f]xL 

rnfgL kq;fy k|]lift e} ;s]sf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 

ub{5' . 

xfn k|:t't s/bftfn] k'gM cfly{s jif{ 

@)^).)^! s} cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ 

btf{ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bgsf] a'Fbf g+ ( / !) df 

pBf]un] yk cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] :ki6 x'Fbfx'Fb} k|ToyL{ 

7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ljkIfL cf}=k|=af]8{af6 x'g] 

lg0f{osf] k|ltIff ;d]t gu/L cfos/ lgwf{/0f u/L 

gnfUg] s/ nufpg] tkm{ sf/jfxL cufl8 a9fPsf] 

egL pNn]v u/]sf] ;DaGwdf pBf]usf] lhsL/tkm{ 

ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ 5"6 lbg] lgsfo jf ;+:yfaf6 

k|:t't cf=a= @)^).)^! sf nflu cfos/ 5"6 

;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] ;fy} s/ lgwf{/0f 

ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ cfb]z ;d]t s'g} klg 

lgsfoaf6 sfof{nosf gfddf hf/L gePsf] x'Fbf 

s/bftfsf] lgj]bgsf cfwf/df dfq s/ lgwf{/0f 

sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] cfos/ 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! sf] pkbkmf # cg';f/ 

s/bftfsf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f $ jif{ leq u/L 

;Sg' kg]{ egL ePsf] k|fjwfg d'tfljs o; 

sfof{noaf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)! 

adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] Joxf]/f 

;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' . 

127 

127 

o;df sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)^%.)^.#) sf] 

lg0f{o krf{cg';f/ k|:t't s/bftfsf] cfly{s jif{ 

@)^).)^! sf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !)@ 

adf]lhd ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] ;"rgf ldlt 

@)^%.)^.#) df g} hf/L e} ;s]sf] / ljkIfL 

s/bftfn] o; sfof{nopk/ lbPsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z 

;d]tsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6 lgj]bg 

pk/ ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^%.)&.@@ sf] cfb]z o; sfof{nodf ldlt 

@)^%.)*.)^ df dfq k|fKt ePsf] b]lvg cfPsf] 

x'Fbf pk/f]Qm ;a} sfuhft, k|df0f ldl;n kmfO{n;fy 

/x]sf]af6 g} :ki6 x'g] g} x'Fbf s/bftfsf] lhsL/ 

skf]slNkt, ljgf cfwf/sf] ePsf] / o; sfof{noaf6 

ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f sfg"g;Ddt ePsf]n] ljkIfLsf] 

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w 5 eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bg pBf]un] dfu u/]sf 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] 

v08-u_, -b_ / P] P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhd yk 

@÷@ jif{sf b/n] kfpg' kg]{ elgPsf] ^ jif{sf] 

cfos/ 5"6 ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefu Psåf/ 

;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.@) df a;]sf] @$% cf}+ 

a}7sn] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] s/ 

;DaGwL Joj:yf pQm P]gadf]lhd x'g] eGg] Joj:yf 

u/]sf] / ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !$# -5_ åf/f cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% v08 -u_ / -b_ 

lems]sf] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] 

bkmf !^ sf] v08-ª_ nfO{ ;f]xL P]gdf ePsf] 

klxnf] ;+zf]wgåf/f lemlsPsf] b]lvPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bs 

pBf]un] dfu u/]cg';f/sf] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_, -b_ / bkmf 

!^sf] v08 -ª_ adf]lhdsf] yk @÷@ jif{sf] cfos/ 

5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL cfwf/x¿ gb]lvPsf] 

Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / Psåf/ ;ldltaf6 ePsf] 

pQm lg0f{o plrt b]lvPsf] egL cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g 

af]8{sf] ldlt @)^%.*.!* sf] !*$ cf}+ a}7saf6 

ePsf] lg0f{o cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{nfO{ cf}Bf]lus


j}zfv 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !# Psåf/ ;ldltnfO{ 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !* åf/f k|bQ clwsf/ adf]lhd 

g} eP u/]sf] b]lvPsf] / o; dGqfnosf] s'g} klg 

sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s'g} klg sfg"gL Pj+ 

;+j}wflgs xssf] xgg\ gePsf] s]jn o; 

dGqfnonfO{ s'g} sf/0f ljgf ljkIfL agfOPsf] 

x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u dGqfnosf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z 

ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 pkl:yt 

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf4o xl/x/ bfxfn / ;'zLn 

kGt tyf clwjQmfåo r08]Zj/ >]i7 / kz'{/fd 

sf]O/fnfn] lgj]bsnfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, 

@)$( sf] bkmf !%-v_-u_-b_ / !^ -v_ adf]lhd 

cfos/ 5"6 kfpg] cj:yf 5 . nufgLstf{n] nufgL 

;'?u/L /fHon] ;'ljwf lbg] u/L u/]sf] k|ltj4tf 

kfngf ug{ /fHo afWo 5 . kl5 sfg"g vf/]h jf 

;+zf]wgsf gfpFdf lhDd]jf/ /fHo plDsg ;Sb}g . 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bkmf @) -#_ n] plNnlvt 

5"6nfO{ sfod g} /fv]sf] cj:yfdf Psåf/ ;ldlt 

tyf cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g af]8{sf] lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf 

l/6 lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhd pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z 

hf/L x''g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t / ;x GofoflwjQmf 

dx]z yfkfn] s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/Ln] 

sfg"gadf]lhd s/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ xf], s/ 5"6 ;DaGwL 

pQm bkmf !%-v_ -u_ -b_ / !^-ª_ sfod g/x]sf] 

cj:yfdf s'g sfg"gsf cfwf/df 5"6 lbg], cfos/ 

P]g, @)%* cfO;s]kl5 ;f] P]gn] 5"6 glbPsf] 

l:yltdf Psåf/ ;ldlt tyf cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g 

af]8{sf lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

l/6 lgj]bg ;lxt ldl;n sfuhftsf] 

cWoog u/L ljåfg clwjQmfx¿sf] plNnlvt ax; 

a'Fbf ;d]t dgg u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ cfos/ 

5"6 ;DaGwdf Psåf/ ;ldlt tyf cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g 

af]8{sf lg0f{o l/6 lgj]bg bfjLadf]lhd ab/ x'g] 

u/L cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf 

lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . 

128 

128 

lgj]bs sDkgLn] cfkm" &% s/f]8eGbf 

a9L :yL/ k"FhL ePsf] ^)) eGbf a9L sfdbf/nfO{ 

/f]huf/ lbPsf] pTkfbgd"ns /fli6«o k|fyldstf 

k|fKt pBf]u ePsf]n] / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, 

@)$( sf] bkmf !%-v_-u_-b_ / !^-ª_ adf]lhd 

%±@±@±@ u/L s"n !! jif{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg]df 

% jif{ 5"6 kfO{ ;s]sf] c? yk 5"6 dfu u/]sf]df 

s/ 5"6 lbg] ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf cfos/ P]g, 

@)%* n] vf/]h u/]sf]n] 5"6 lbg ldn]g egL 

ldlt @)^#.(.@) df Psåf/ ;ldltaf6 ePsf] 

lg0f{o cf}Bf]lus k|j{wg af]8{af6 klg ldlt 

@)^%.*.!* df ;b/ ePsfn] pQm lg0f{ox¿ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-#_ 

;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ 

u/L s/ 5"6 lbg' eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm 

eGg] d"Vo bfjL b]lvG5 . Psåf/ ;ldlt tyf 

cf}Bf]lus k|aw{g af]8{sf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ ldlt 

@)^#.(.@) sf] lg0f{odf plNnlvt cfwf/x¿ g} 

pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . @)%! ;fndf :yflkt 

pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( adf]lhdsf] 

;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;S5 ;Sb}g cyf{t Psåf/ 

;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;Ddt 5, 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf 

d"Vo ?kdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . o; ;DaGwdf 

lg0f{odf k'Ug' k"j{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( 

sf] Joj:yf tyf p2]Zo, efjgf, cfos/ P]g, 

@)%* sf] Joj:yf x]/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . 

lgj]bs O:6g{ ;'u/ dLn cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( cGtu{t @)%!.(.@$ df btf{ e} 

@)%%.!).! b]lv lrgL tyf df]nfl;; pTkfbg ug]{ 

7"nf] pBf]u ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . pQm pBf]un] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfn k|rlnt 

bkmf !%-v_-u_-b_ / !^-ª_ adf]lhd s/ 5"6 kfpg 

of]Uo pBf]u xf], xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, 

@)$( sf] bkmf !%-v_ adf]lhdsf] % jif{ s/ 

5"6sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/L ;s]kl5 c? yk jif{sf] s/ 

5"6sf] ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf] cj:yfdf csf]{ sfg"g 

cyf{t cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] sf/0faf6 cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] k|fKt u/L;s]sf] ;'ljwfx¿

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 

ckx/0f x'g ;S5 ;St}g eGg] ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . 

@= k|:t't lgj]bg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, 

@)$( ;Fu ;DalGwt lgj]bg xf] . ldlt @)%!.(.@$ 

df :yflkt ePsf] lgj]bs pBf]un] ldlt @)%%.!).! 

af6 pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] 

^)) eGbf jl9 /f]huf/ l;h{gf u/]sf] / lgj]bs 

pBf]u :yfkgf tyf lgj]bs pBf]un] pTkfbg ;'? 

ubf{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( nfu" lyof], 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ 

ljleGg ;'ljwf / 5"6x¿ lbPsf] lyof], cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-@_ n] of] P]g 

k|f/De x'g' cl3 btf{ eO{ jf cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] t/ 

of] P]g k|f/De ePkl5 dfq Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'? 

u/]sf] pBf]un] o; P]gadf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg] 5 

eGg] Joj:yf eO{ k|ltjGwfTds jfSofFzn] To:tf] 

pBf]u btf{ jf cg'dlt kfpFbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg] cjlw lsl6Psf] 

;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot o; P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf 

tyf ;x'lnot eGbf a9L cjlwsf] ePdf jf o; 

P]gadf]lhd gkfpg] ePdf tTsfn k|rlnt cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g eGg] 

Joj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf kfO;s]sf] ;'ljwf cfos/ P]g, 

@)%* sf] sf/0f ckx/0f x'g ;Qm}g eGg] lhsL/ 

b]lvG5 . pkbkmf -#_ df of] pkbkmf k|f/De x'g' 

eGbf cl3 btf{ ePsf] jf cg'dlt k|fKt ePsf] 

pBf]un] cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot hlt 

btf{ x'Fbf jf cg'dlt k|fKt ubf{sf] cj:yfsf] 

sfg"gadf]lhd / cjlw glsl6Psf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot 

o;} P]gadf]lhd kfpg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] klg 

b]lvG5 . 

lgj]bs pBf]usf] d"Vo dfu b]xfoadf]lhd 

b]lvG5M 

-s_ bkmf !% -v_ adf]lhd pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u 

ePsf]n] % jif{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg'kg]{ 

-v_ bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_ cg';"rL $ adf]lhd 

k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]u ePsf]n] yk @ jif{ 

cfos/ 5"6 kfpg'kg]{, 

129 

129 

-u_ z'? b]lv g} ^($ hgf sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ 

/f]huf/ lbPsf]n] bkmf !%-b_ adf]lhd bkmf 

!%-v_ / -u_ adf]lhd cfos/ 5"6sf] 

cltl/Qm yk @ jif{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg'kg]{, 

-3_ bkmf !^-ª_ cg';f/ &% s/f]8 ?k}ofFeGbf 

a9L :yL/ k"FhL nufgL ePsf] sf/0f yk @ 

jif{ cfos/ 5"6 kfpg kg]{ lhsL/ u/]sf] 

b]lvG5 cyf{t cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( 

sf] bkmf !%-v_-u_ / -b_ adf]lhd hDdf 

( jif{ cfos/ 5"6 / bkmf !^ -ª_ cg';f/ 

cltl/Qm @ jif{ yk cfos/ 5"6 kfpg' 

kg]{df Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%&.&.@ 

sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ P]gsf] bkmf !%-v_ 

adf]lhd ldlt @)%%.!).! b]lv nfu' x'g] 

u/L % jif{ dfq cfos/ 5"6 lbg] lg0f{o 

u/]sf]n] yk jif{x¿sf] 5"6 dfu ubf{ 5"6 

lbg gldNg] egL ldlt @)^#.(.@) df u/]sf] 

pQm lg0f{o ab/ u/L bkmf !% -u_, -b_ / 

!^-ª_ cg';f/ qmdzM @±@±@ jif{sf] 

cfos/ 5"6 dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

#= pBf]u ljefusf] ldlt @)^#.!).& sf] 

lgj]bs Oi6{g ;'u/ ldN; lnld6]8nfO{ ;Daf]wg 

u/]sf] kqaf6 æcf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( 

-;+zf]wg k"j{ _ sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -u_, -b_ / 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhd qmdzM @÷@ 

jif{sf b/n] ^ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 u/]sf] ;DaGwdf 

Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.@) df a;]sf] @$% 

cf}+ a}7saf6 cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ n] 

s/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf o;} P]gadf]lhd x'g] eGg] 

Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f]xL cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !$#-5_ 

åf/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] 

v08 -u_, -b_ lems]sf] / ;f] P]gsf] bkmf !^-ª_ nfO{ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg @)%$ 

åf/f lemsLPsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't pBf]un] dfu cg';f/sf] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] 

v08 -u_-b_ / bkmf !^-ª_ adf]lhdsf] yk @÷@ 

jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 ;'ljwf kfpg] :ki6 sfg"gL 

cfwf/x¿ gb]lvPsf] Joxf]/f hfgsf/L u/fpg] egL 

lg0f{o ePsf]n] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg'/f]w 5Æ egL


j}zfv 

lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ s/ 5"6 ;'ljwf lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] 

b]lvof] . 

$= pBf]u ljefusf] kqaf6 Psåf/ ;ldltn] 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !$@ / bkmf !$#-5_ 

;d]tsf] sf/0f lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !% -v_ df plNnlvt 

cfos/ ;'ljwf dfq lbg ldNg] t/ bkmf !%-u_, -b_, 

tyf bkmf !^ -ª_ sf] ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] egL bkmf 

!%-u_, -b_, tyf bkmf !^ -ª_ sf] ;'ljwf al~rt 

u/]sf] b]lvof] . 

%= ca ;f] ;DaGwdf ;j{k|yd cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] Joj:yf x]g{'kg]{ x'g cfof] . 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)#* nfO{ vf/]h u/L ag]sf] xf] . bkmf #) sf] 

pkbkmf -@_ df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* 

cGtu{t eP u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxLx¿ o;} 

P]gadf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 egL vf/]hL / 

arfpdf pNn]v 5 . 

^= lgj]bsn] s/ 5"6 dfu u/]sf] P]gsf] 

bkmf !%-v_ df r'/f]6, laF8L, dlb/f, jLo/, jg:klt 

3\o", Knfli6s, On]lS6«l;og h8fg pBf]u afx]s 

cGo pTkfbsd"ns pmhf{d"ns, s[lif tyf jGohGt' 

tyf vlgh pBf]un]] Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] 

ldltn] kfFr jif{sfnflu cfos/ 5"6 x'g] Joj:yf 


bkmf !%-u_ df cg';"rL $ df pNN]v u/]sf] 

/fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt pBf]un] yk @ jif{ cfos/ 

5"6 kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

bkmf !%-b_ df ^)) eGbf a9L hgzlQmnfO{ 

k|ToIf /f]huf/L lbPdf v08 -v_ / -u_ sf] 5"6sf] 

cltl/Qm yk @ jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 x'g] Joj:yf 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L 

bkmf !^-ª_ df ? &% s/f]8eGbf a9L :yL/ 

k"FhL nufgL u/L :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]unfO{ yk @ 

jif{sf] cfos/ 5"6 x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

&= lgj]bs pBf]un] ldlt @)%%.!).! af6 

Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'? u/]sf] eGg] p;sf] lgj]bg 

tyf Psåf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] ePsf] 

130 

130 

sf/0f lgj]bsn] bkmf !%-v_ sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt u/]sf]df 

ljjfb ePg . lgj]bs pBf]u /fli6«o k|fyldstf 

k|fKt pBf]u eGg] P]gsf] cg';"rL $ sf] ! af6 

b]lvG5 . lgj]bs pBf]un] ^)) eGbf a9L sfdbf/nfO{ 

/f]huf/ lbPsf] eGg] lgj]bg n]vaf6 b]lvG5 

tT;DaGwdf ljkIfaf6 ljjfb gu/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] tYodf 

ljjfb ePg . lgj]bssf] :yL/ k"FhL ? &% s/f]8eGbf 

a9L 5 egL Jofn]G; l;6 k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

*= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( jxfn 

/x]sf] cjlwdf :yflkt pBf]un] P]gdf tf]s]sf] zt{ 

k"/f u/]kl5 To:tf]] pBf]un] cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] 

bkmf !$@ / !$#-5_ sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ lgj]bsn] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( adf]lhd k|fKt cfos/ 

nufotsf ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g'k5{ kb}{g x]g{'kg]{ 

x'g cfof] . cfos/ P]g, @)%* / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] p2]Zo, k|of]hg Joj:yf km/s km/s 

5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* cfos/ nufpg ag]sf] 

P]g xf] . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] ;|f]t tTsfnLg 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f &# 

xf] . ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /fHodf ljleGg 

cGt/\lgxLt clwsf/x¿ x'G5g\ h:t}M 

- Police Power - Eminent Domain 

- Taxation Power - Treaty making Power 

- Spending Power cflb kb{5g . 

k|:t't lgj]bg s/ nufpg] clwsf/;+u ;DalGwt 

5 . 

(= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{, gful/sx¿sf 

hLjg:t/ p7fpg / zflGt ;'/Iff sfodu/L ;fdfGo 

k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ cflb Jofks sfo{sf] nflu 

/sdsf] cfjZos kb{5 . /fHon] oxL Taxation 

Power cGtu{t k|To]s jif{ ljwflosfsf] ;xdltn] 

JolQmut Pj+ Corporate s/ eG;f/ dx;"n cflb 

c;"n ub{5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* oxL s/ c;"n 

;DaGwL s/ k|zf;gsf] nflu ag]sf] xf] . pQm 

s'/fx¿ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] k|:tfjgfaf6 :ki6 

x'G5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] k|:tfjgfdf æd'n'ssf] 

cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ 

k|efjsf/L agfO{ /fh:j kl/rfngnfO{ clej[l4

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 

ug{ cfos/ ;DaGwL sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg / PsLs/0f 

u/L ;dofg's"n jgfpg jf~5gLo ePsf]n]=Æ eGg] 

pNn]v ePaf6 /fhZj ;+sngsf] nflu cfos/ 

P]g ag]sf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 

!)= g]kfndf @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng 

kZrft\ /fhgLlts Joj:yfsf] ;fy ;fy} cfly{s 

Joj:yfdf klg pbf/Ls/0f ;'? eof] . @)$& ;fnsf] 

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfgn] v'nf cy{ gLlt cVTof/ 

u/L a}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofO{ b]zsf] k"0f{ 

cf}Bf]lus/0fsf] sfdgf u/L ;f]nfO{ sfo{?k lbg 

;f]xLadf]lhdsf] cf}Bf]lus tyf jfl0fHo gLltx¿ 

klg hf/L u/L ;f]nfO{ d"t{?k lbg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( / >d P]g, @)$* ;d]t hf/L eP . 

;/sf/n] dfq cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf] 

nflu lghL pBdLsf] k"FhL Pj+ ljb]zL k"FhL tyf 

k|ljwL cfjZos kb{5 . To;}n] cfhsf] ljZjdf 

a}b]lzs nufgL cfjZos x'G5 . b]zdf a}b]lzs 

nufgL leq\ofpg'sf ;fy;fy} :jb]zL lghL nufgLnfO{ 

;d]t b]z ljsf;df cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGg ;'ljwf, 

pBf]u :yfkgfdf ;/nLs/0f, ljleGg s/ 5"6, 

nufgLsf] ;'/lIft lkmtf{, /fli6«os/0f gug]{ Uof/]G6L 

h:tf /fHosf] tkm{af6 sfg"gaf6 Commitment 

ul/g'kb{5 tj :jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL nufgL ;Dej 

x'G5 . 

!!= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( log} 

p2]Zon] b]zsf] b|'tt/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu ag]sf] 

P]g xf] . b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf]nflu lghL 

:jb]zL Pj+ ljb]zL nufgLsf] jftfj/0f a9L 

;'ljwfhgs, ;/n / pT;fxhgs agfO{ pTkfbsTj 

a9fO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo km:6fpg] Joj:yf ug{ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( ag]sf] eGg] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] k|:tfjgfaf6 b]lvG5 . 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( tTsfnLg g]kfn 

clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @%-@_, @^ 

-!_, -^_, -*_, -!)_, -!@_ / j]nf a]nfdf tfTsflng 

;/sf/n] agfPsf] cf}Bf]lus gLlt Pj+ /fi6«fWoIfn]] 

a]nfa]nfdf ;+;bnfO{ u/]sf] ;Daf]wgsf] kl/0flt 

dfGg' kb{5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6 

g} pBf]usf] lj:tf/ tyf k|jw{gsf] p2]Zo /fv]sf] 

131 

131 

5 . h'g o; k|sf/ 5M b]zsf] cy{tGqsf] ;d'lrt 

ljsf;sf] nflu cf}Bf]lus nufgLsf] jftfj/0fnfO{ 

a9L ;'ljwfhgs, ;/n / pT;fxa4{s agfO{ 

pTkfbsTjdf clea[l4 u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds 9Ëaf6 

cf}Bf]lusJoj;fox¿ km:6fpg] Joj:yf ug{ 

af~5lgo ePsf]n] of] P]g hf/L ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . 

o; P]gsf] ;d:t Joj:yf x]bf{ b]zsf] 

cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf nflu pBf]u :yfkgfdf 

;/nLs/0fsf cltl/Qm lglZrt vfnsf pBf]unfO{ 

lglZrt vfnsf 5"6, ;'ljwf pknAw u/fO{ b]zdf 

j9LeGbf a9L pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgf xf];\ eGg] rfx]sf] 

b]lvG5 . P]gsf] p2]Zo a9LeGbf a9L pBf]ux¿ 

:yfkgf e} /f]huf/ k|aw{g u/L b]zsf] cfly{s pGglt 

xf];\ egL ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

!@= :jb]zL lghL Pj+ ;fj{hlgs pBf]unfO{ 

k|fyldstf lbg / /fli6«o cy{tGqnfO{ :jtGq Pj+ 

cfTd lge{/ u/fpg] /fHosf] l;4fGt / gLlt x'g], 

b]zsf] ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf] ;Gt'lnt 

ljsf;sf] nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f 

u/L hgtfsf] lzIff :jf:Yo cfjf; /f]huf/L cflb 

ljsf; ug{, b]zsf] hg zlQmnfO{ /f]huf/ pknAw 

u/fpg], cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ?kn] lk5l8Psf] 

ju{sf] pTyfg ug{ / :jb]zL nufgLsf] k|a{4g u/L 

b]zdf j}b]lzs k"FhL / k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ug{] 

/fHosf] gLlt x'g] eGg] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] 

efu $ df /fHosf] gLlt / lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] 

?kdf pNn]v 5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] klg oL 

Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . oxL p2]Zosf] nflu cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( agL nfu" ePsf] xf] . cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] 

klg cg's"n 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* / cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] p2]Zo k|of]hg / Joj:yf 

km/s km/s 5 . oL b'O sfg"gsf] cy{, dd{, efjgf 

/ p2]Zo a'em]/ JofVof / k|of]u ug{'k5{ . 

!#= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g cf}Bf]lus 

k"FhLklt pBdLx¿nfO{ pBf]udf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg 

ug]{ sfg"g xf] . cfhsf] /fHox¿ hgsNof0fsf/L 

/fHo x'g\ . klxnf klxnf tL /fHosf] sfd s]jn 

s/ eG;f/ c;"n ug]{ / ck/fwLnfO{ ks|fp u/L


j}zfv 

Due Process / Fair trial sf] sfo{ljlw gk'¥ofO{ 

sfo{kflnsf tkm{sf sd{rf/LnfO{ g} GofowLzsf] 

kbdf lgo'QmL u/L ;hfo ug]{ sfddf ;Lldt lyof] 

t/ cfhsf] /fHosf] nIo b|"tt/ cfly{s ljsf; 

u/L hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ p7fpg]tkm{ nlIft 5 . 

!$= pbf/ cy{tGq x'g] k|hftlGqs 

Joj:yfdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Regulator df ;Lldt 

/xG5 . ;/sf/n] hgtfsf] hLp wgsf] ;'/Iff ug{'sf 

cltl/Qm cTofjZolso ;]jf / /fli6«o ;'/Iffdf 

c;/ kg]{ s'/f afx]s cGo sfddf Regulator 

afx]s cGo e"ldsf x'Fb}g . /fHon] pko'Qm gLlt 

agfO{ lghL If]qnfO{ nufgL ug]{ u/L pBf]uklt d}qL 

cyf{t Investor / Industry Friendly cf}Bf]lus 

jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, 

@)$( log} s'/fx¿sf] pkh xf] . 

!%= pbf/ cy{gLlt x'g] /fHosf] nIf a9L;] 

a9L /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{df /xG5 . /fHosf] nIo 

dfn;fdfg lgof{t u/L ljb]zL d'b|f leq\ofpg] x'G5 . 

/fHosf] nIf Corporate tax af6 /fh:j a[l4 ug{] 

x'G5 . /f]huf/Lsf] nflu pBf]u wGbf :yfkgf / 

;~rfng cfjZos kb{5 . ;/sf/ cfkm}n] ;a} pBf]u 

;~rfng ub}{g . ;/sf/n] s/ eG;f/ cGtz'Ns 

nufot Licensing Regime df ;s];Dd ;/sf/L 

e"ldsf sd u/L /fHon] pBf]ukltnfO{ cf}Bf]lus 

nufgL d}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 . cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( oxL k|of]hgsf]nflu ag]sf] 

sfg"g xf] . 

!^= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n]] 

pBf]ux¿sf] juL{s/0f u/L bkmf !) df pBf]u btf{ 

ug{ ;/nLs/0f u/]sf] 5 . bkmf !% df pBf]unfO{ 

;'ljwf / ;x'lnot lbg] ljz]if Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . 

bkmf !% df cfos/, ljs|Ls/, cGtMz'Ns eG;f/ 

;DaGwL ljifodf cGo k|rlnt / ;DalGwt sfg"gdf 

h];'s} Joj:yf ePsf] eP klg pBf]unfO{ lbOg] 

;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnotsf] ;DaGwdf cGo sfg"g 

nfu" geO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( g} nfu' 

x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . 

!&= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( nfu' 

cjlwdf :yflkt pBf]usf] nflu ;f] P]gdf plNnlvt 

132 

132 

bkmf !% nufot cGo bkmfsf ;'ljwfx¿ kfpg] tL 

pBf]usf] clwsf/ xf] eg] pQm P]g cGtu{tsf ;'ljwf 

k|bfg ug{ kg]{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL st{Jo xf] . 

pBf]ukltn] gfkmf sdfpg] p2]Zon] pBf]u :yfkgf 

ub{5 . pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ pBf]ukltn] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf nufot ljleGg s'/fx¿ x]/]/ cWoog u/]/ 

dfq pBf]u :yfkgf ub{5 . pBf]u :yfkgfdf 7"nf] 

nufgL cfjZos kb{5 . To;/L ul/Psf] nufgLsf] 

sd Risk df rfF8f] k|ltkmnsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] x'G5 . 

pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ pBf]ukltn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf 

s'/fx¿df Wofg lbPsf] x'G5 . 

-s_ s/sf] b/ eG;f/, d"No clea[l4 s/, 

cGtz'Ns, /f]oN6L ;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf 

cyf{t Taxation Regime 

-v_ /fhZj ;DaGwL o:tf sfg"gsf] :yfloTj 

-u_ Gofofkflnsfsf] :jtGqtf 

-3_ /fhgLlts :yfloTj 

-ª_ dhb'/ ;+u7g 

-r_ >d ;DaGwL sfg"g cflb x]/]/ Project 

Analysis u/]/ pBf]u :yfkgf ug]{ gug]{ 

lg0f{o ub{5 . 

!*= pBf]ukltn] pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{ 

Tolta]nf nfu" /x]sf sfg"g x]/]/ nufgL u/L pBf]u 

:yfkgf u/]kl5 tTsfn axfn /x]sf] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]gcGtu{t /fHon] sa'n u/]sf] ;'ljwf 

Pj+ ;x'lnot k|bfg ug{ /fHo ljjlGwt x'G5 . nufgL 

ug]{n] cfˆgf] nufgLsf] ;'/Iff tyf k|fKt ug]{ ;'ljwfsf] 

cfsif{0fsf] cfwf/df nufgL u/]sf] x'G5 . a}b]lzs 

nufgLsf nflu cfsif{s dflgPsf hfkfg, ef/t, 

rLg, cd]l/sf h:tf d'n'sdf To; b]zsf sfg"gL 

Joj:yfn] o; s'/fdf clt g} Wofg lbPsf x'G5g\ . 

ToxL eP/ o; If]qdf sfg"gsf] kl/jt{g g} ubf{ 

klg eljiok|efjL ?kdf nfu" ul/G5 . pBf]u :yfkgf 

x'Fbfsf] k|rlnt sfg"gn] lbPsf] ;'ljwfnfO{ kl5 nfu' 

ePsf] sfg"gn] k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ ul/b}g . oxL g} 

cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf xf] h;nfO{ ;+;f/ e/L Trade 

Jurisprudence sf] Go"gtd\ Principle sf ?kdf 

:jLsfl/Psf] x'G5 . o:tf s'/f Ps k6s :jLsf/]kl5 

Estoppel af6 /fHo aFflwG5 .

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t ;d]t 

;d]t 

!(= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo ;DaGwL P]g 

g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] agfPsf] sfg"g xf] . 

;fj{ef}d ;+;b sfg"g agfpg, sfg"g ;+zf]wg ug{, 

sfg"g vf/]h ug{ / eO/x]sf] sfg"gn] ;dfhsf] 

cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g eg] ablnFbf] kl/:yLlt 

/ cfjZostfnfO{ cope ug{ eO{ /x]sf] sfg"gnfO{ 

vf/]h u/L gofF sfg"g agfpg ;d]t ;Sb5 . o;df 

s]jn b'O{ ckjfb x'G5g\ h'g o;k|sf/ 5g\ . 

-s_ aGg] sfg"g ;+ljwfg cg's"n x'g'k5{ . 

-v_ ;ljwfgsf] sfg"gn] s'g} :yfloTj cyf{t 

Stability lbPsf] eP To;sf] ljk/Lt csf]{ 

sfg"g aGg ;Sb}g . x'Fb}g . 

@)= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( / ljb]zL 

nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)$( Ps;fy 

lghL nufgL Pj+ ljb]zL nufgLaf6 pBf]u :yfkgf 

u/L b]zsf] b"|Qt/ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfPsf] 

P]g x'g\ . oL b'j} P]gn] ljb]zL k"FhL cfslif{t u/L 

g]kfndf pBf]u :yfkgf ug{, ljb]zL pBdLnfO{ klg 

g]kfndf nufgL u/L pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ s/ nufot 

ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿sf] Package k|bfg ub{5 . 

@!= oL b'j} P]gn] pBf]u :yfkgf ubf{sf 

jvt nfu" P]gdf pNn]v ePsf ;'ljwfnfO{ P]gdf 

tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq gofF P]g agfP klg jf ;+zf]wg 

u/] klg pBf]u :yfkgf x'Fbf axfn /x]sf] P]g cyf{t\ 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] k|bfg u/]sf] 

;'ljwf jl~rt gug]{ k|lt1f u/]sf] 5 . ;+;bn] gofF 

sfg"g agfP klg k'/fgf] sfg"gåf/f k|bQ ;x'lnot 

k'/fgf] sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] cjlwe/ vf]:g ;Sb}g . 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @) / bkmf 

@( dxTjk"0f{ 5 . bkmf @) o; k|sf/ 5 

@)= ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt M 

-!_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t 

cg'dlt k|fKt u/L jf btf{ u/L ;~rfng 

ePsf] pBf]un] cjlw lsl6Psf ;'ljwf 

tyf ;x'lnotsf ;DaGwdf ;f]xL 

P]gadf]lhd / cjlw glsl6Psf] ;'ljwf 

tyf ;x'lnotsf xsdf o; P]gadf]lhd 

kfpg]5 . 

133 

133 

-@_ of] P]g k|f/De x'g' cl3 btf{ eO{ jf 

cg'dlt k|fKt u/]sf] t/ of] P]g k|f/De 

ePkl5 dfq Jofkfl/s pTkfbg z'¿ u/]sf] 

pBf]un] o; P]gadf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf 

kfpg]5 . t/ To:tf] pBf]u btf{ jf 

cg'dlt kfpFbfsf avt sfod /x]sf] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd kfpg] 

cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot 

o; P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf tyf 

;x'lnot eGbf a9L cjlwsf] ePdf jf 

o; P]gadf]lhd gkfpg] ePdf tTsfn 

k|rlnt cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd 

kfpg afwf kg]{ 5}g . 

-#_ of] pkbkmf k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 btf{ 

ePsf] jf cg'dlt k|fKt ePsf] pBf]un] 

cjlw lsl6Psf] ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot 

hlt btf{ x'Fbf jf cg'dlt k|fKt ubf{sf] 

cj:yfsf] sfg"gadf]lhd / cjlw 

glsl6Psf] ;'ljwf / ;x'lnot o;} 

P]gadf]lhd kfpg]5 . 

@@= bkmf @) Ps k|sf/n] s/f/df ePsf] 

Stabilization clause xf] . bkmf @) of] b]zn] lgj]bs 

h:tf nufgLstf{nfO{ lbPsf] c;+zf]wgLo 

Committment / Assurance / Guarantee ;j} 

xf] . /fHon] o:tf] jrgj4tf tf]8\g ;Sb}g . olb 

tf]8]df ljZjf; u'D5 . bkmf @) n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)#* cGtu{t :yflkt pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g @)$( nfu" eP klg olb cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] lbPsf] ;'ljwfeGbf cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] lbPsf] ;'ljwf sdL ePdf 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* n] lbPsf] ;'ljwf g} 

Continue e} /xg] s'/f pNn]v 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf oxL xf] . 

@#= ljkIfL lgsfox¿ vf;u/L ljkIfL g+ 

# Psåf/ ;ldlt / ljkIfL g+ @ cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g 

af]8{sf] Wofg cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] 

k|:tfjgf, bkmf @) / bkmf @( tkm{ uPsf] b]lvPg . 

ljkIfL lgsfox¿sf] Wofg sfg"gsf] dd{, efjgf / 

:ki6 Joj:yftkm{ eGbf ;/sf/sf] /fhZj a[l4tkm{


j}zfv 

uPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL lgsfox¿n] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)!* xf]; jf @)#* xf];\ jf @)$( 

xf];\ oL P]g lsg agfpg k¥of] To; tkm{ Wofg 

uPg . k|:tfjgftkm{ ljkIfLx¿sf] Wofg guPklg 

bkmf @) sf] Joj:yf / bkmf @( sf] Joj:yf;+u 

ljkIfLx¿ ;bf kl/lrt /xg'kg]{ xf] . 

bkmf @( o; k|sf/ 5 k|rlnt sfg"gdf 

h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg o; P]g / o; P]g 

cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodx¿df n]lvP hlt s'/f ;f]xL 

adf]lhd x'g]5 . 

@$= bkmf @( n] cfˆgf] Exclusivity JoQm 

ub{5 . bkmf @( n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( 

df pNn]v ePsf ljifox¿ vf;u/L o; d'2fdf 

s/ eG;f/ cflb h] h] tf]lsPsf] pBf]unfO{ 5"6 lbg] 

eGg] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] Joj:yf 

u/]sf] 5, tL ;'ljwf Pj+ ;x'lnotx¿sf ;Gbe{df 

cGo k|rlnt sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g ;Sb}g 

eGg] Joj:yf xf] . cyf{t bkmf @( cGo sfg"gpk/ 

Supremacy /fVg] Joj:yf xf] . bkmf @( pQm P]g 

cyf{t cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( nfu" ePkl5 

:yflkt pBf]ux¿sf]nflu bkmf !%-v_-u_ -b_ / !^ 

-ª_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwfsf] ;DaGwdf plNnlvt 

;'ljwf cGo s'g} sfg"gn] ckx/0f ug{ g;Sg] 

Immunity lbg] Joj:yf xf] . o;df ljjfb x'Fb}g . 

@%= bkmf @) emg} :ki6 5 . bkmf @) sf] 

zLif{s g} ;'ljwfsf] k|Tofe"lt eGg] 5 . pkbkmf -!_ 

n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* cGtu{t :yflkt 

pBf]usf] xsdf pQm P]gnfO{ jt{dfg axfn /x]sf] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( n] vf/]h u/]klg 

lsl6Psf] ;'ljwfsf] xsdf pQm P]g vf/]h eP klg 

pQm P]gn] lbPsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;'ljwf pQm P]g vf/]]h 

geP ;/x k|fKt eO/xg] Uof/]G6L k|bfg ub{5 . 

@^= pkbkmf -@_ n] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)#* cGtu{t cg'dlt dfq k|fKt u/]sf] t/ 

jt{dfg P]g nfu" ePkl5 dfq pTkfbg ;'? u/]sf] 

pBf]u jt{dfg P]gadf]lhd ;'ljwf kfpg] / csf]{ 

dxTjk"0f{ s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* 

adf]lhd btf{ ePsf] pBf]un] lbPsf] ;'ljwfeGbf 

jt{dfg P]gn] lbPsf] jf lbg] ;'ljwf sd /x]5 eg] 

134 

134 

a9L ;'ljwf lbg] P]g cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)#* 

adf]lhds} ;'ljwf kfpF5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . bkmf @) sf] Joj:yf eg]sf] P]g kl/jt{g 

eP klg pBf]ux¿n] kfPsf jf kfO/fv]sf] jf kfpg] 

;'ljwf ckx/0f gug]{ u/L cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{ ljjlGwt 

u/]sf] Joj:yf xf] . bkmf @) / bkmf @( sf] dfq 

xf]Og . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$ sf] sf/0f 

klg lgj]bs pBf]unfO{ bkmf !% -u_ -b_ / !^-ª_ 

sf] ;'ljwf glbgaf6 ljjlGwt 5 . 

@&= g]kfn Ps ;fj{ef}d /fi6« xf] . sfg"g 

agfpg] sfddf g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksf ;fj{ef}d 

xf] . g]kfnsf] Joj:yflksfn] cfjZostfcg';f/ 

;+ljwfgljk/Lt gx'g] u/L h'g;'s} sfg"g agfpg / 

eO /x]sf] sfg"g ;+zf]wg klg ug{ ;S5 . o;df 

ljjfb x'Fb}g . t/ g]kfn sfg"gL zf;gk|lt ;dlk{t 

/fi6« ePsf] sf/0f cfˆg} gful/s / :jb]zL Pj+ 

ljb]z"L nufgLstf{k|lt o;sf] s]xL Commitment 

x¿ 5g\ h;n] ubf{ cfˆgf] klxnfsf] Commitment 

sd ug{ ;Sb}g . /fHo ljjlGwt x'G5 . 

@*= oxfF Libyan American Oil co v. 

Libya aLrsf] o:t} k|sf/sf] ljjfbdf cGt/fli6«o 

dWo:yåf/fn] lbPsf] Award pNn]v ug{ cfjZos 

b]lvG5 . pQm ljjfbdf plNnlvt b'O{ kIfaLr nufgL 

;DaGwdf ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . ;Demf}tfsf] cjlw 

@% jif{sf] /x]5 . ;Demf}tfsf]] bkmf !^ df The 

government of Libya will take all efforts 

necessary to insure that the company enjoys 

all the rights conferred by this concessions. 

The contractual rights expressly created by 

this concession shall not be altered except 

by mutual censent of the parties egL 

Stabilisation clause sf] ;d]t Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} 

Libya n] cfkm\gf] ljwflosf dfkm{t\ sfg"g agfO 

s/f/af6 lbPsf] Concession If]qnfO{ /fli6«os/0f 

u/]sf] ljjfbdf dWo:y x'Fbf dWo:yn] cfˆgf] Award 

df A state can not invoke its sovereignty to 

disregard commitments freely undertaken 

through the exercise of this same 

sovereignty and can not through measures 

belonging to its internal order make null and

*%$@– *%$@– *%$@–Oi6g{ *%$@– *%$@– Oi6g{ ;'u/ ;'u/ ldN; ldN; ln= ln= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 pBf]u pBf]u dGqfno dGqfno ;d]t 

;d]t 

void the rights of the contracting parties 

which has performed its various obligations 

under the contract egL JofVof ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

@(= o;} u/L o:tf] ljjfbdf ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntn] Pournami oil Mills v State of Kerala 

(1987 sc 590 ) / Satish v. State of Maharastra 

(1987 sc 652 ) sf] d'2fdf Government order 

granting package of concessions to new 

small scale industries in order to boost 

industrialization in state curtailment of 

concessions by subsequent oredr, small scale 

units set up in response to first order and 

before passing of subsequent order are 

entilted to plead estoppel- such units would 

be entitleded to get all concessons granted 

by first order egL /fHon] Ps k6s s'g} ;'ljwf 

lbG5 eg] To;}nfO{ ljZjf; u/L s;}n] sfd ;'? u5{ 

eg] /fHon] kl5 klxnf lbPsf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug{ 

kfpFb}g eGg] JofVof ePsf] b]lvG5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( cfPkl5 plNnlvt bkmf !% / !^ df 

lglZrt jif{sf nflu cfos/ 5"6 lbg] k|fjwfg 

/flvof] . @)%$ ;fndf o;sf] ;+zf]wg ubf{ ;'ljwf 

lbg] Joj:yfx¿df kl/jt{g eof] / bkmf @)-#_ yk 

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h;af6 k"j{ :yflkt pBf]ux¿n] 

kfO/fv]sf] 5"6 tyf ;'ljwf lg/Gt/ kfpg] dfGotf 

l:jsf/]sf] b]lvG5 . @)%* ;fnsf] cfos/ P]gn] 

cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-u_-b_ 

vf/]h u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf !$@ sf] 

Joj:yf eljiodf ul/g] s/sf b/ kl/jt{g ;DaGwdf 

xf] . cfos/ P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfgn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo 

P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf @)-#_ nfO{ lgliqmo u/]sf] 5}g 

/ ug{ ;Qm}g . cfos/ P]g, @)%* n] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( cGtu{t btf{ e} pTkfbg ;d]t 

;'? ul/;s]sf pBf]ux¿nfO{ lbPsf ;'ljwfx¿ vf]:g 

;Qm}g . s'g} P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ubf{ ;Fu;Fu} 

lqmofzLn csf]{ P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfgsf] k|lts"n cy{ 

u/L JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . o;/L s'g} P]gdf cl:yTjdf 

/x]sf] s'g} k|fjwfg ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemP ;Dd To:tf 

k|fAwfgsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf s'g} sld cfpg ;Qm}g . 

o:tf sfg"gnfO{ hLjGt sfg"gsf] ?kdf k|of]u 

ug'{kb{5 . cGo P]gsf] s'g} k|fjwfgsf] k|of]udf s'g} 

135 

135 

låljwf pTkGg ePdf b'j} sfg"gsf] Harmonious 

Interpretation ug'{ kb{5 . ljwflosfn] ;a} sfg"gsf] 

k|efjsfl/tfsf] ck]Iff u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f u/]sf] x'G5 . 

#)= cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] 

bkmf @( df k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] 

eP tfklg o; P]g / o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf 

n]lvPsf] s'/fdf ;f]xLadf]lhd x'g] eGg] k|fjwfgn] 

lgj]bs pBf]un] kfPsf] ;'ljwf cfos/ P]g, @)%* 

åf/f ckx/0f ug{ ldNg] b]lvPg . dfly elgof] cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( s/ eG;f/ cflbdf ;'ljwf lbg] 

sfg"g xf] . bkmf @( n] k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} 

s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg o;} P]gadf]lhd x'g] eg]sf] 

x'Fbf o; P]gsf] bkmf !% / !^ n] lbPsf] ;'ljwf o; 

P]gdf tf]lsPsf] cjlw e/ s'g} csf]{ P]g jf o;} P]g 

;+zf]wg u/]/ kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb}g . 

#!= t;y{ dfly plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 

@)%! ;fndf :yfkgf e} @)%% ;fnb]lv pTkfbg z'? 

u/]sf] pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] 

tTsfnLg k|fjwfg !%-u_ -b_ / !^-ª_ sf] cfos/ 

5"6sf] ;'ljwf P]= P]gsf] bkmf @)-#_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] 

cjlw ;Dd k|fKt ug]{df 5"6 ;'ljwf glbg] u/L ePsf] 

Psåf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^#.(.@) sf] lg0f{o / ;f]nfO{ 

;b/ ug]{ cf}Bf]lus k|jw{g af]8{sf] ldlt @)^%.*.!* 

sf] lg0f{ox¿ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf 

@)-#_ tyf bkmf @( sf] k|lts"n x'Fbf pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f 

ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cf}Bf]lus 

Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] tTsfnLg k|fjwfg bkmf !% 

-u_-b_ / !^-ª_ sf] cfos/ 5"6sf] ;'ljwf pknAw 

u/fpg' egL ljkIfL Psåf/ ;ldlt ;d]tsf gfpFdf 

k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . cfb]z sfof{Gjogfy{ 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ n]vL k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] 

nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg" . 



Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 !@ ut] /f]h $ z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb pkfWofo

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$# 

*%$# 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/ 


;+jt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *%#@ 

km};nf ldltM @)^&.*.!@.! 

d'2fM– btf{ ab/ u'7L sfod . 


j}zfv 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf7df8fF}+ lhNnf sf7df8fF}+ 

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= #$ afg]Zj/ a:g] 

s[i0fs'df/ zfxL 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8fF}+ lhNnf sf7df8fF}+ 

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) afg]Zj/ a:g] 

xf]ds'df/L pkfWofosf] d'=;= ug]{ 

lbg]zk|sfz sf]O/fnf 

z'? km};nf ug]{ M– 

k|zf;s lji0f'k|;fb l;Ub]n, u'7L ;+:yfg 

k'g/fj]bg txdf km};nf ug]{ M– 

df=Gof=>L xl/afa' e§/fO{ 

P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h ;d]tsf k|df0faf6 u'7L 

hUuf b]lvPsf]df To;sf] nut u'7L 

;+:yfgdf /xg', g/xg' g} ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ 

s'/f xf]Og . To;df klg u'7L ;+:yfgsf] 

nutdf pQm hUufsf] nut /xFb} g/x]sf] 

eGg] klg xf]Og . cfkm" sxfF /x]ePsf] nut 

/ P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx¿sf] sfg"gL 

cWoog, cGj]if0f gu/L u'7Lsf] s'g} 

sfof{non] u'7L nutdf ;f] hUuf gb]lvPsf] 

eGg] s'g} a]nf n]lvlbFb}df To;sf] cl:tTj 

/ :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=&_ 

136 

136 

h] h'g Joxf]/faf6 eP klg u'7Lsf] hUuf 

/}s/df s;}n] btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] b]lvPdf 

/ ;f] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf ;fljsadf]lhd 

u'7L sfod ug{ ;Sg] ;Ddsf] clwsf/ u'7L 

;+:yfgsf k|zf;snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]] b]lvg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!)_ 

d'2f kbf{kb}{sf] cj:yfdf ePsf xs 

x:tfGt/0fsf Jojxf/n] sfg"gL dfGotf 

gkfpg] tyf d"n ;|f]t g} sfod /xg 

g;s]kl5 ;f]xL ;|f]taf6 6'lqmP/ uPsf cGo 

hUufsf] 5'§} cl:tTj sfod /xg g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ 

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M jl/i7 clwjQmf >L zDe' 

yfkf Pj+ ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ >L aNne 

j:g]t, >L afns[i0f g]pkfg], >L kbdk|;fb 

sfkm\n], >L /fdk|;fb uf}8]n 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M jl/i7 clwjQmf >L >Lxl/ 

cof{n 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

km};nf 

Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ -u_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] @)^@.%.!$ sf] km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] 

k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 

M– 

d]/f] afh] s'nrGb| zfxLsf] gfpFdf df]lxof 

btf{ ePsf] /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g]= ;+= **^ df 

afFb/ k/]jfnfO{ ds} 5/L v'jfpg] / lzj/fqLdf 

dxfbLk afnL a|fXd0f ef]hg;d]t u/fpg] sfo{sf 

nflu /fv]sf] u'7L ;fljs @)@! ;fnsf] gfkLdf 

jQL;k'tnL j8f g+= ^ ls=g+= @!& sf] $–!–) hUuf 

hUufjfnf s'nrGb|sf] d[To' kZrft btf{jfnf 

xf]ds'df/L pkfWofo / d]/f] afa' ;d]tsf]

*%$#– *%$#–s[i0f *%$#– s[i0f s'df/ s'df/ zfxL zfxL lj?4 lj?4 lbg]zk|sfz lbg]zk|sfz sf]O/fnf 

sf]O/fnf 

ldn]dtf]af6 /}s/ btf{ u/fPsf]n] /}s/tkm{ btf{ sfod ug]{ ;d]t 7x/fO{ cfh of] lg0f{o krf{ v8f 

u/fPsf] pQm u'7Lsf] hUuf u'7L g} sfod ul/kfpFm u/L lbPF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] lgj]bg . @)%#.$.!$ sf] lg0f{o–krf{ . 

pQm hUufsf] lkmN8j's pQf/df hf]tfxf u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;s lji0f'k|;fb l;Ub]nn] 

dxndf g'/ljqmd zfxL, hUufwgL dxn xf]ds'df/L /}s/sf] nut s§f u/L u'7L sfod ug]{ 7x/fO{ 

pkfWofo, ls;fgsf] Joxf]/fsf] dxndf sf=O{ dnfO{ x/fO{ u/]sf] lg0f{odf d]/f] lrt a'em]g . ljkIfL 

afg]Zj/sf] dgs'df/L sf]O/fnfsf] xf], d}n] hf]tL jfbLn] ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf 

vfPsf] 5'F / s}lkmot dxndf n=g=!!%÷! sf u'7Lsf] hUuf xf] eGg] s'g} k|df0f ;f] lgj]bg;fy 

jfUdtL 8f]n /f]kgL !#.. sf] kf]t ?= $).() nfu]sf] k]z bflvn ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . xsb}ofljxLg ljkIfLsf] 

eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] . 

c=a+= *@ g+= sf] k|lts"n egfO;Ddsf] cfwf/df 

pQm hUuf ;fljs @)!( ;fndf s[i0fk|;fb 

kfWof, s[i0f/fh kfWof / d]3/fh kfWof;d]t # af6 

sf7df8f}F n=g+= !!% df btf{ /x]sf] !#–*–) hUuf 

/lhi6«]zg kf; u/L lnPsf] /}s/ hUuf xf], u'7L 

hUuf xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] xf]ds'df/L 

pkfWofosf] tkm{af6 lgj]bg k/]sf] . 

;fljs jQL;k'tnL j8f g++ ^ sf] ls= g++ 

@!& ab/ e} ls= g+= ^#&, ^#* sfod ePsf], xfn 

pQm hUufsf] gu/ j8f g+=(, l;6 g+= !)@–!!)&– 

!* ls=g+= %@, #$ e} gfk gS;f ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

ls= g+= %@ df !–$–!–# gfd vfnL, #$ df #–!– 

) xf]ds'df/L pkfWofodf gfk gS;f ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

;fljs / xfnsf] gS;fdf cfsf/ k|sf/ s]xL km/s 

b]lvG5 eGg] sf7df8f}F gfkL zfvfn] n]vfO{ k7fPsf] 

ldlt @)%#.@.!%, r= g+= $^&( sf] kq . 

ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L 

7x¥ofPsf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;ssf] lg0f{o k|df0f 

P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @^ df plNnlvt sfg"gL 

k|fjwfgsf] k|ToIf k|lts"n x'Fbf ab/efuL 5 . 

ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] u/L u'7L ;+:yfgsf] 

lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL 

xf]ds'df/Lsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bgkq . 

o:df ljjfbdf pNn]v ePsf] ls=g+= @!& 

sf] hUufsf] ljifodf cbfntdf d'2f ljrf/fwLg 

/x]sf] cj:yfdf u'7L k|zf;sn] ;f]xL hUuf u'7L 

sfod ug]{ egL u/]sf] ldlt @)%#.$.!$ sf] lg0f{o 

km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf 5nkmnsf nflu ljkIfL 

lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] cfb]z . 

;fljs jQL;k'tnL uf= lj= ;= j8f g++ ^ 

ls= g++ @!& sf] $–!–) xfn gfkLcg';f/ sf=g=kf= 

j8f g+= (, ls= g+=%@ / #$ sf] qmdzM !–$–!–# / 

#–!–)–) hUUff /}s/ tkm{sf] geO{ afFb/ k/]jf 

u'7Lsf] ePsf] / pQm hUUff xfn s[i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] 

ef]udf /x]sf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)%#.#.!^ 

df ePsf] ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;d]taf6 afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7L /fhu'7L ePsf]df ljjfb ;dfKt ePkl5 

o; u'7Lsf] nutleqsf] hUuf sfod ub}{ hfg'kg]{ 

;+:yfgsf] st{Joleq} kg{ cfpg] x'Fbf u'7L ;+:yfg 

P]g, @)## sf] ;+zf]wg;lxtsf] bkmf #(-!_ adf]lhd 

/}s/sf] nut s§f u/L kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L 

pQm hUuf k|df0faf6 u'7Lsf] xf] eg] 

To;tkm{ lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L;+:yfg P]gn] 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;snfO{ lbPsf] klg k|i6 

b]lvG5 . t/ cbfntdf ljjfb k/L sf/jfxL 

rln/x]sf] ljjfbsf] ljifodf lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] 

xf]Og . To;tkm{ u'7L ;+:yfgn] s]xL ljrf/} gu/L 

s[i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] sf/jfxLtkm{ lgj]bgdf 

plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f a'emL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df 

To;tkm{ s'g} k|df0f g} ga'emL ul/Psf] u'7L ;++:yfgsf] 

lg0f{o sfg"gsf] /f]xdf ldNg] b]lvPg . t;y{ pQm 

ldlt @)%#.$.!$ sf] u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{nosf] lg0f{o plNnlvt cfwf/ k|df0faf6 

ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . ca h] hf] 

k|df0f a'‰g' k5{ a'emL lg0f{o ug'{ egL b'j} kIfnfO{ 

137 

137


j}zfv 

tf/]v tf]sL ldl;n u'7L ;++:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf km};nf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

k7fO{ lbg] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] 

ldlt @)%%.$.@^.# sf] km};nf . 

k|:t't d'2f km};nf ubf{ ldnfkq ab/ d'2fsf] 

cfwf/df km};nf ul/lbPsf]df ldnfkq ab/ d'2f / 

k|:t't d'2fsf] lg0f{oj:t' lans'n} km/s k/]sf] 5 . 

k|:t't d'2fdf ljjfbsf] hUuf /fhu'7L xf] jf /}s/ 

xf] eGg] ljifoj:t' /x]sf] 5 . d]/f] afa' g'/ ljqmd 

zfxLn] df]xL 5f]8kq u/L u/]sf] ldnfkq ab/ x'g] 

xf], xf]Og eGg] ;f] ldnfkq ab/ d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' 

/x]sf] 5 . ljjfbsf] hUufnfO{ u'7L ;+:yfgn] u'7L 

sfod u/]kl5 ljkIfLn] u'7L ;+:yfgnfO{ ljkIfL 

gagfO{ bfo/ u/]sf] d'2faf6 u'7L ;+:yfgsf] :jfldTj 

x/0f x'g ;Qm}g . u'7L ;+:yfgn] lg0f{o ug'{eGbf k"j{ 

;fIfL ;h{ldg nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f a'emL 7x/ 

ul/Psf] b]lvFbf b]lvb} k|df0f ga'emL lg0f{o ul/Psf] 

eGb} k'gM lg0fo{ ug{ k7fpg ldNg] xf]Og . k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpFm 

eGg] jfbL s'i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bgkq . 

ljjflbt hUuf ;d]tdf cl3 klg d'2f k/L 

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf Gofo 

k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !$-v_ adf]lhd 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 g} k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf u/L 

d'2f lg0f{o u/L lbP x'g]df k'gM lg0f{o ug'{ egL u'7L 

;+:yfgdf g} d'2f lkmtf{ ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf 5nkmnsf] nflu 

ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] cfb]z . 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !$-v_ 

n] tNnf] cbfnt, lgsfo jf clwsf/Ln] d'2fdf 

OG;fkm ug'{kg]{ k|Zgx¿;Fu ;Da4 k|df0fx¿ a'‰g 

5'6fPsf] /x]5 eg] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] cbfntn] cfkm}+n] 

a'emL km};nf clGtd cfb]z ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pko'{Qm Joj:yfcg';f/ k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntaf6} k|df0fsf] ljj]rgf u/L k|:t't d'2fdf 

lg0f{o ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L k'gM lg0f{o ug{sf] nflu 

k|:t't d'2f u'7L ;+:yfgdf k7fPsf] ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%%.$.@ sf] 

138 

138 

kf6g :jodn] h] hf] k|df0f a'em\g' k5{ x]/L a'emL 

lg0f{o ug'{ egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf n]vL 

k7fO{ lbg] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.!& 

sf] km};nf . 

k'g/fj]lbsfsf] bftfn] g} s'z ljtf{ egL 

lnPsf] lhsL/af6 s'z ljtf{ gb]lvO{ ePsf] km};nf 

clGtd eO/x]sf] ;fy} Ps} nutsf] hUuf o;} 

cbfntsf] km};nfadf]lhd kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7Lsf] 

hUuf xf] egL clGtd e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf u'7L ;+:yfg 

P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( sf] k|fjwfg Pjd\ ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ldlt @)$(.&.!^ df ePsf] 

cfb]z ;d]taf6 ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf] hUufsf] 

/}s/sf] nut s§f u/L kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L 

sfod x'g] 7x/fO{ u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;saf6 ldlt 

@)%#.$.!$.@ df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ ldn]s} b]lvFbf 

;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf dfggLo 

GofofwLz >L gGb/fh clwsf/Lsf] /fo . 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] btf{ ab/ u'7L 

sfod ljifodf ldlt @)%#.$.!$ df /}s/sf] nut 

s§f u/L u'7L sfod ug]{ 7x/fO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] 

gb]lvFbf pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . dfggLo GofofwLz >L 

gGb/fh clwsf/L Ho"n] u'7Lsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ ug'{ 

ePsf] /fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;lsPsf]n] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod !! adf]lhd 

lg0f{ofy{ t];|f] GofofwLz;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L cln csj/ 

lds/fgLsf] /fo . 

ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf u'7L clwg:y 

hUuf xf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug]{ s'g} 7f]; cfwf/ / 

k|df0f /x]sf] gb]lvPsf] pk/f]Qm l:yltdf pgfp 

ls=g+ !^ sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf ePsf] km};nfnfO{ 

cfwf/ agfO{ ePsf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)%#.$.!$ 

sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] 

ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf] /}s/ hUufnfO{ u'7L sfod 

ug]{ u/L u/]sf] ldlt @)%#.$.!$ sf] lg0f{o pN6L 

x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] dfggLo GofofwLz >L cln csj/ 

lds/fgLsf] /fo dgfl;j 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gsf dfggLo GofofwLz >L xl/jfj' 

e§/fO{sf] @)^@.%.!$.# sf] km};nf .


sf]O/fnf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 u'7L ;+:yfg 

P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( tyf d'2fdf k]z ePsf 

k|df0f / u:ghL/nfO{ k"0f{tM j]jf:tf u/L PskIfLo 

k|df0fsf] q'l6k"0f{ lsl;dn] d"NofÍg u/L km};nf 

ePsf] 5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ljjflbt ls=g+= @!& sf 

hUuf u'7L xf]Ogg\ eGg] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nfn] lg0f{ofwf/ lng ;s]sf] 

kfOGg . u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 lg0f{o ug]{ qmddf k|df0fdf 

lnOPsf] ldlt !((* ;fnsf] u'7Lsf] nutnfO{ ljkIfL 

xf]ds'df/L pkfWofon] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf 

5}g . pQm nutn] kz'kG5L afFb/ k/]jf u'7L /x]sf] 

Pj+ ;f] u'7L;Fu 3/hUuf /xL pQm u'7Lsf] hUufdWo]s} 

ljjflbt hUuf d k'g/fj]bssf afh] s'nrGb| zfxLn] 

df]xLdf sdfPsf] lglj{jfb :yflkt /x]sf] x'Fbf 

ljjflbt hUuf u'7Lsf] xf] eGg] tYonfO{ ljjfb/lxt 

k|df0fn] k'li6 ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]tkm{ Wofg glbO{ 

pQm u'7Lsf] nutx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L km};nf ePsf] 

5 . >L kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7LnfO{ /fhf hok|sfz 

dNnn] :yfkgf u/L k|B'Dg kGtnfO{ lhDdf lbPsf]df 

;doqmddf ;f] u'7L k|B'Dg kGts} ;Gtfg 

uf]ljGbk|;fb kGtsf lhDdfdf cfPsf] ;dodf 

uf]ljGbk|;fb kGtn] !((* ;fnsf] nut d'r'Nsf 

n]vL >L kz'klt uf]Zjf/fdf r9fPsf] tYo ;f]xL 

!((* sf] nutaf6 b]lvG5 . ljkIfL xf]ds'df/L 

pkfWofon] @)!( ;fndf hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] egL 

b]vfPsf bftfx¿ S[i0fk|;fb kGt, d]3/fh kGt 

;d]tsf JolQmx¿ k|B'Dg kGts} ;Gtfgx¿ x'g\ . 

ljjflbt hUuf afFb/ k/]jf u'7Lsf] xf]Og egL bfjL 

lhsL/ lng]n] afFb/ k/]jf u'7Lsf] hUufsf] 5'§} cl:tTj 

b]vfpg ;s]sf] x'g'kg]{ xf] . ;+jt\ !((* ;fns} 

nutsf cfwf/df ls=g= !^ sf] /}s/sf] nut s§f 

x'g] egL Ps} cbfntaf6 kbds'df/L uf}tdsf] 

d'2fdf km};nf ePsf]df ;f]xL nutsf cfwf/df 

;f]xL nut leqsf] csf]{ hUufsf] /}s/sf] nut s§f 

gx'g] egL ePsf] km};nf k"0f{tM ab/efuL 5 . ljkIfL 

xf]ds'df/Ln] pNn]v u/] h:tf] lghsf bftfsf 

k'vf{x¿n] s'z ljtf{ kfO{ ;f]af6 /}s/ kl/0ft ePsf] 

k|df0f lbg u'hfg{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . lghsf 

bftfx¿sf gfddf s'z ljtf{ /x] ePsf] ge} s'z 

139 

139 

ljtf{ g} gePsf] ;DaGwdf o; cbfntaf6 km};nf 

ePsf] cj:yf 5 . lj=;++= !((* sf] nutn] g} afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7L u'7L ;+:yfg clwg:y /fVg u'7Ldf nut 

sl;Psf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf u'7L nut tyf 

tx;Ln sfof{nosf] @)%).!@.% sf] kq unt 

/x]sf]df jf u'7Lsf] clen]v lstfjsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] 

k|dfl0ft ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] kqnfO{ cfwf/ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;saf6 ePsf] lg0f{o ;b/ 

ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL s[i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] o; 

cbfntdf @)^@.!).!! df btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bgkq . 

u'7L ;+:yfg hUufwgL xf] eGg] z'? 

lgj]bgdf g} pNn]v eO/x]sf] b]lvFbf lghnfO{ ;d]t 

a'emL lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsf]n] c=a+= !#( g+= 

adf]lhd u'7L ;+:yfg s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ a'emL 

lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt 

@)^%.#.!% df ePsf] cfb]z . 

;f]wgL ePsf] ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf 

hok|sfz dNnn] g]kfn ;+jt\ **^ j}zfv ;'bL 

tLg tn]h' ejfgL k'sf/ ub}{ >L kz'kltgfysf] 

dlGb/ j/k/ k/]jfnfO{ wfg ds} v'jfpg] / 

lzj/fqLdf dxflåk afnL a|fDx0fnfO{ ef]hg u/fpg] 

bfgkq u/L /fv]sf] u'7Lsf] hUuf xf] . >L kz'klt 

uf]Zjf/fdf u'7L ;~rfng ug]{n] !((* df k]z 

u/]sf] nut ;d]taf6 b]lvg] hUuf xf] eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;s ;]dGt/fh 

rfkfufFO{sf] jf/]; /3'gfy j:g]tn] @)^%.$.#) df 

o; cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg . 

o;df jfbL ?b|s'df/L pkfWofo ljkIfL 

xf]ds'df/L pkfWofo ePsf] u'7L sfod d'2fdf 

tTsfnLg jfUdtL c~rn cbfntaf6 @)$$.!!.!) 

df ePsf] km};nf;lxtsf] ldl;n, jfbL s[i0fs'df/ 

zfxL ljkIfL g'/ljqmd zfxL ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ 

d'2fsf] ldl;n e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+ jf 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfnt hxfF 5 ToxfFaf6 lemsfpg' . 

;fy} k|=k|= s[i0f/fh kGt;d]t ljkIfL jfbL 

kbds'df/L uf}td ePsf] hUUff ;DaGwL b]=k'=g+= 

(%).!&(# sf] d'2fdf ldlt @)%@.&.!% df


j}zfv 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf ;lxtsf] x'Fb}g, u'7Lsf] nutaf6 ;f]hUuf u'7Lsf] b]lvPdf 

ldl;n lemsfO{ lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; Tof] u'7Lsf] g} sfod x'G5, ;fljs nut km]nf 

cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.^.!@ sf] cfb]z . gk/]sf] cj:yfdf km]nf gk/]sf] egL n]Vb}df kl5 

o;df k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL kIfsf] bftfx¿sf] 

g} ljjflbt hUuf /}s/df kl/0ft /x]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] 

tYoo'Qm k|df0f k]z x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / ;fljs 

**^ sf] nutaf6 ljjflbt hUuf kz'klt afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7Lsf] xf] eGg] b]lvO/x]sf] cj:yfdf u'7Lsf] 

g7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf 

k|df0f @:d"NofÍgsf] kl/k|]Iodf km/s kg{ ;Sg] 

nut km]nf k/]df u'7Lsf] hUuf xf]Og eGg ldNb}g, 

u'7Lsf] tfd|fkq ePkl5 cGoyf h] ;'s} u/] klg Tof] 

hUuf u'7Lsf] g} x'g] ePsfn] u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] 

/}s/ kl/0ft ab/ u/L ljjflbt hUuf /fhu'7L 

sfod u/]sf] lg0f{o ldn]sf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] 

u/]sf] km};nf pN6L x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; 

ug'{eof] . 

x'Fbf 5nkmnsf] nflu k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ pkl:yt 

ePkl5 jf Dofb gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.!).!( sf] cfb]z . 

k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6} ljåfg clwjQmf 

kbdk|;fb sfˆn]n] ljjflbt hUuf u'7Lsf] egL 

;f]sf] nut k|ltjfbLsf bftfn] !((* ;fndf kz'klt 

lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

Ohnf;;dIf ldlt @)^&.&.@* df k]z eO{ x]bf{x]b}{df 

/xL cfh k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg 

lhsL/;lxtsf ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhftx¿ cWoog 

u/L kIf ljkIfsf tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] jx; ;d]t 

;'lgof] . 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt 

x'g'ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf aNne a:g]tn] /fhu'7Lsf] 

hUuf /}s/ kl/0ft u/]df hlxn];'s} ;f] /}s/ btf{sf] 

nut s§f u/L /fhu'7L sfod ug{ u'7L ;+:yfg 

P]gn] k|zf;snfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5, ljjflbt 

hUufsf] ljkIfLsf bftfpk/ rn]sf] !((* s} 

nutsf] ls=g+= !^ sf] hUuf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf 

u'7L sfod e};s]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL nutdf ;dfj]z 

ePsf] ljjfbsf] hUuf klg /fhu'7L eGg] :ki6 g} 

5, ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLsf bftfsf] s'z ljtf{sf] 

eP To;sf] :ki6 k|df0f x'g'kb{5, s'z ljtf{sf] eGg] 

k|df0f gePsf] / ;fljs k|df0faf6} kz'klt afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7Lsf] ljjflbt hUuf xf] eGg] :ki6} b]lvFbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cGoyf km};nf u/]sf] ldn]sf] 

uf]Zjf/fdf k]z u/]sf] xf], u'7L hUuf sdfO{ k|df0flagf 

/}s/ kl/0ft u/fPsf] cj:yfdf hUuf u'7Lsf] eGg] 

b]lvPkl5 h] h:tf lqmofsnfk u/] klg Tof] hUuf 

u'7Lsf] sfod ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgsf 

k|zf;snfO{ x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u'7L ;+:yfgsf 

k|zf;sn] u/]sf] lg0f{o pN6L x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] km};nf 

ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf 

/fdk|;fb uf}8]nn] ljjflbt hUuf u'7Lsf] hUuf xf], 

u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf !& n] /fhu'7Lsf] 

:jfldTj u'7L ;+:yfgdf /xG5, pQm P]gsf] bkmf 

#(-!_ n] u'7Lsf] hUuf /}s/df btf{ ePsf] b]lvPkl5 

;f] btf{ ab/ ug{ k|zf;snfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf] 5, 

ljjflbt hUufsf] nut !((* ;fndf kz'klt 

uf]Zjf/fdf k]z u/]af6 of] hUuf u'7Lsf] eGg] k|i6 

b]lvG5, ljkIfLsf bftfn] jfbLsf lktfnfO{ afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7Lsf] df]xL :jLsf/ ug'{ ePsf] t/ lgh 

df]xL ePsf] hUuf cs}{ xf] egL b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 

5}g, u'7Lsf] hUuf eP klg nut cBfjlws gu/]sf] 

sf/0f u'7Ldf nut gb]lvPsf] cfwf/df ;f] ;DaGwdf 

5}g eGg] ;d]t jx; ug'{eof] . 

ePsf] kqfrf/ g} /}s/ kl/0ftsf] cfwf/ aGg ;Qm}g, 

k'g/fj]bg tkm{af6} ljåfg clwjQmf 

jfns[i0f Gof}kfg]n] ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLsf bftfn] 

/}s/ kl/0ft u/fPsf] eg] klg ;f] a]lg:;faf6 cfPsf] 

u'7L ;+:yfgsf] k|zf;ssf] lg0f{o cGoyf eGg] 

b]lvPsf] 5}g, To;sf/0f k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf 

pN6L x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] . 

eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5, /}s/ kl/0ft ;fljs nutsf] 

cfwf/df x'g] xf], a]lg:;faf6 xf]Og, a]lg:;fsf] hUuf 

k'g/fj]bs s[i0fs'df/ zfxLsf] tkm{af6 

ljåfg jl/i7 clwjQmf zDe' yfkfn] ljjflbt hUuf 

140 

140


sf]O/fnf 

u'7Lsf] eGg] !((* ;fnsf] nutaf6 b]lvG5, 

hok|sfz dNns} kfnfdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] u'7L 

x'Fbf s'g} JolQm ljz]ifn] /fv]sf] u'7L xf]Og, !((* 

;fnsf] nutsf] ls=g+= !^ sf] hUufdf d'2f k/L 

u'7L sfod e} ;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL nutsf] ljjflbt 

hUuf klg u'7Lsf] eGg] :ki6 g} 5, /fhu'7Lsf] 

hUufdf ljjGwgsf] l;4fGt cfslif{t x'g g;Sg] 

x'Fbf u'7L tx;Ln sfof{non] tTsfn nut gb]lvPsf] 

egL n]v]s} cfwf/df hUuf a]lg:;f sfod /xg / 

ljkIfLsf] gfddf /}s/ kl/0ft x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] u/]sf] 

lg0f{o pN6L u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t 

jx; ug'{eof] . 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 ljåfg jl/i7 

clwjQmf >Lx/L cof{nn] ljjflbt hUuf /fhu'7Lsf] 

xf]Og egL u'7L ;+:yfgn] g} k6s–k6s af]ln;s]sf] 

5, @)$$ ;fndf jfUdtL c~rn cbfntaf6 

ljjflbt hUuf /fhu'7L sfod geO{ /}s/ sfod 

ePsf] 5 . /fhu'7Lsf] k|df0f ljkIfL;Fu 5}g, ljkIfLsf 

lktf g'/ljqmd zfxLn] xf]ds'df/L;Fusf] jfnL e/fO{ 

df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf df]xL g} 5f8L 

ldnfkq u/]sf / ;f] ldnfkq sfod} /x]sf] cj:yfdf 

ca 5f]/fn] ;f] hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] xf]Og eGg ldNb}g, 

cbftnaf6 ePsf lg0f{on] ljjflbt hUUff /fhu'7Lsf] 

gb]lvPsf]df cbfntsf] lg0f{o sf6\g] u/L lg0f{o 

ug]{ clwsf/ u'7L k|zf;snfO{ x'Fb}g, u'7Lsf] k|df0f 

gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf u'7L sfod ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf dgfl;a 5, sfod 

/xg' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ug'{ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] . 

@= pk/f]Qm jx; lhsL/ Pj+ ldl;naf6 

b]lvPsf] tYo / k|df0f ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL 

OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, afh] s'nrGb| zfxLsf] gfddf 

df]xL btf{ ePsf] /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g]=;+= 

**^ j}zfv ;'bL # /f]hdf tn]h' ejfgLsf] k'sf/f 

ub}{ bfgkq, tfdfkq, nfndf]xf]/ u/L jfUdtL 8f]n 

v]t / afg]Zj/ kfvf hUuf kz'kltgfy dlGb/ 

j/k/sf afFb/ k/]jfnfO{ wfg ds} 5/L v'jfpg] / 

lzj/fqLdf dxfbLk afnL a|fDx0f ef]hg;d]t u/fpg] 

sfo{sf] nflu /fv]sf] /fhu'7L hUufdWo] @)@! ;fnsf] 

141 

141 

;j]{gfkLdf sf= lh= jQL;k'tnL uf=lj=;=j8f g+= ^ 

ls=g+= @!& sf] /f]kgL $–!–) sfod ePsf] hUufsf] 

btf{jfnf xf]ds'df/L pkfWofon] u'7L df:g] lgotn] 

/}s/ hUuf egL btf{ u/fPsf] x'Fbf u'7Ldf btf{ u/L 

afh] s'nrGb| zfxL / afa' g'/ljqmd zfxL k/nf]s 

e};s]sf] x'Fbf d]/f] gfddf hf]tfxf btf{ u/L lgh 

xf]ds'df/Lsf gfpFdf btf{ /x]sf] ls=g+= @!& ;d]tsf 

cGo hUuf;d]t pQm u'7Lsf] x'Fbf /}s/sf] nut 

s§f u/L /fhu'7Ldf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bssf] lgj]bg k/L sf/jfxL z'? 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;saf6 ;fljs 

ls=g+= @!& sf] xfn sfod sf=g=kf= j8f g+= ( l;6 

g+= !)@–!!)&–!* ls=g+= %@ / #$ sf] 

hUufsf] /}s/sf] nut s§f u/L kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf 

u'7L sfod ug]{ 7x/fO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntaf6 pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf] km};nfpk/ 

k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

#= k|:t't d'2fdf ;fljs ls=g+ @!&, h=/f]=$– 

!–) hUuf g]kfn ;+jt\ **^ df kz'kltgfy dlGb/ 

j/k/sf afFb/ k/]jfnfO{ wfg ds} 5/L v'jfpg] 

;d]tsf nflu tTsfnLg /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] 

/fv]sf] u'7Lsf] hUuf k|ltjfbLn] /}s/ kl/0ft u/L 

btf{ u/]sf] eGg] jfbLsf] egfO{ Psftkm{ /x]sf] 5 

eg] csf{tkm{ pQm hUuf @)!( ;fn r}t @* ut] 

cfkm"n] s[i0fk|;fb kfWof, s[i0f/fh kfWof / d]3/fh 

kfWof;d]t–# hgfaf6 /lhi6«]zg kfl/t u/L 

sf7df8f}+ bf];|f] dfn sf7df8f}+df nut g+= !!% df 

btf{ ePsf] !#–*–)–) hUuf dWos} ePsf], ls=g+= 

@!& sf] $–!–)–) hUuf g'/ljqmd zfxLn] df]xLdf 

sdfO{ afnL a'emfpFb} cfPsf] u'7Lsf] hUuf gePsf] 

eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] egfO{ /x]sf]df o;} ljjflbt 

hUufsf] ;DaGwdf cGo d'2f dfldnfx¿ ;d]t 

k/]sf] b]lvG5 . df]xLn] afnL ga'emfPsf] egL k|ltjfbL 

xf]ds'df/Ln] oL k'g/fj]bssf lktf g'/ljqmd zfxL 

pk/ @)#$ ;fnsf] jfnL e/fO{ kfpg lbPsf] d'2fdf 

afnL e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/L z'? lhNnf cbfntaf6 

ePsf] km};nf ;b/ u/L tTsfnLg jfudtL c~rn 

cbfntaf6 @)#(.!.& df @)#* ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= 

!#!& sf] d'2fdf km};nf ePsf] /x]5 . ;fy} @)##


j}zfv 

;fnsf] afnL ;DaGwdf k/]sf] d'2fdf klg afnL 

e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 

@)#^ ;fnsf] ;+=b]=ld=g+= !* sf] d'2fdf @)#^.&.#) 

df km};nf ePsf] klg b]lvg cfpF5 . To;}u/L afnL 

e/fO{ df]xL lgisfzg ul/kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLn] oL 

k'g/fj]bssf lktfpk/ lbPsf] d'2fdf hUufwgLs} 

hf]t sfod x'g] u/L df]lxofgL xs 5f8L @)$@.*.!@ 

df e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf ldnfkq ePsf] 

;d]t b]lvG5 . ;f] ldnfkq ab/ ul/kfpFm egL log} 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] lbPsf] d'2fdf lhNnf cbfnt 

sf7df8f}Faf6 lg0f{o ePsf]df pQm km};nf clwsf/ 

If]qfTds q'l6sf] cfwf/df ab/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6g nlntk'/sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd 

dgfl;j 7x/fO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/If]q ePsf] ;DalGwt 

e"ld;'wf/ sfo{nodf ?h' /x]sf kIfnfO{ tf/]v 

tf]sL k7fpg] u/]sf]] xb;Dd s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x/L 

o; cbfntaf6 @)%! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= @$%# sf] 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL xf]ds'df/L pkfWofo lj?4 

s[i0fs'df/ zfxL ePsf] ldnfkq ab/ d'2fdf 

@)%$.*.#.# df km};nf ePsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . 

k|ltjfbLn] plNnlvt d'2fx¿nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] kIfdf 

k|df0fsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . 

$= jfbLn] pNn]v u/]sf] u'7Lsf] ;|f]tsf] 

;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ k|df0fsf] ldl;n;+nUg u'7L 

nut tyf txjLn sfo{noaf6 @)#%.*.% df 

ld7'd}of dNnn] k|fKt u/]sf] g]kfn ;+jt\ **^ sf] 

tfd|kqsf] gSsn k]z ePsf] 5 . pQm gSsndf 

æ===>L >L hok|sfz dNn b]j k|e"af6 ltdfndf 

a:g] >L k|DB'Dg kGy gfd ePsfnfO{ k|;Gg e} jS;] 

jfudtL 8f]n j'gfd ePsf k|;Gg e} jS;] af6f]b]lv 

klZrd s'nf] jf kfgL hDdf e} /x]sf] b]lv k"j{ 

blIf0f pQ/ o]Zj dfhdf O{ rf/ lsNnf u/]sf] 

5lj; /f]kgL hUufsf === jfUdtL 8f]n v]t /f]kgL 

@^ hjf @ b]xL 38L jif{ ^ jfkt >L # ===blIf0f 

9f]sfdf s'z ljtf{ u/L k|;Gg e} jS;] wf}kf6+ nu+ 

nfl5 6f]n ggLO6f5] eGg] tof/L 3/ $ hjf @ xft 

% kfFr gfniff @ hjf @ cfwf hjf $ xft / o]tL 

>L kB'Dg kGyn] >L # kz'klt k|Lltu/]/ cfˆgf :qL 

ho nIdL j|fDx0fL jfr+'Hofn bz if08sf] ! if+8 >L 

142 

142 

# kz'kltdf lzj/fqLsf lbg jlQ jfNg' jfg/ 

k/]jfnfO{ Vjfpg' >L ho nIdL j|Dx0fLn] >L # 

kz'kltsf] ;]jf u/L 3/df j;Lvfg' kfOG5 t]:sf 

z]if kl5 cfˆgf OR5f x'g]nfO{ lbg kfOG5 of] 7fpF 

s;}n] nf]k u¥of] eg] k+rdfxf kfts nfUg] eof 

o; ljiffsf] 5L+ ofjt rGb|fs{e]bLgL g]kfn ;+jt\ 

**^ j}zfv z'bL # /f]h z'ed\Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 

b]lvG5 . To;}u/L ;+jt\ (* h]i6 @$ ut]sf] krf{sf] 

gSsn x]bf{ æo;df g]kfnL ;+jt\ **^ ;fn j}zfif 

z'bL # /f]hdf k'iff{ k|B'Dg kGyn] u'7L hUufsf] 

cfo:tf dWo] !) v08sf] ! v08n] >L kz'kltsf 

jfg/ k/]jfnfO{ >fj0fdf wfg 5/L >L kz'kltdf 

dxflåk afnL ef]hg u/fO{ vfg' egL /flv uPsf] 

u'7Ldf d]/f bftf kbd gfy –! s[i0fk|;fb –! d]3/fh 

–! ;d]tn] u/L lbofsf] *(.!.@% sf sfuhadf]lhd 

vfO{ u'7L rnfO{ cfPsf] 5' egL b]pkf6g nug 

nf5L 6f]n j:g] uf]ljGbk|;fb kGyn] Dofbleq lbPsf 

nut d'r'Nsfaf6 u'7L sfd rnfO{ vfg kfpg] wfg 

d'/L %!.! b]lvPsfn] ;f]xLadf]lhd lstfj v8f 

u/L >L % ;/sf/ u'7L jGbf]j:tdf a'emfO{ e/fO{ 

;s]af6 of] ldl;nn] c¿ sf/jfxL ug'{kg]{ 

gb]lvPsf]n] tfd]nL krf{ u/L lbof+Æ eGg] pNn]v 

ePsf] kfOof] . 

%= b]pkf6g nugnf5L 6f]n a:g] 

uf]laGbk|;fb kGyn] !((* ;fn j}zfvdf kz'klt 

uf]Zjf/f e08f/df k]z u/]sf] nut d'r'Nsfsf] 

gSsnsf] 5fFofk|ltaf6 klg æk'vf{ k|B'Dg kGynfO{ 

ho k|sfz dNnsf kfnfdf >L # tn]h'df s'z 

ljtf{ jfudtL 8f]n /f]kgL @^ afg]Zj/ !( ;d]t 

hDdf /f]kgL $% jS;] adf]lhd ;f] hUufsf] 

cfo:tfsf] !) v08sf] ! efun] >L kz'kltdf 

dfxflbk afnL jfg/ k/]jfnfO{ Vjfpg', uf]7 3/ 

eTs] lau|] agfpg' egL tfd|fkq u/L u'7L /fvL === 

u'7L rnfO{ cfpg] kßgfy –! s[i0fk|;fb –!, d]3/fh 

;d]tn] tk;Lnadf]lhdsf] cfo:tf vfO{ u'7L rnfpg' 

egL d]/f gfpdf *(.!.@% ut] sfuh jS; u/L 

lbPsf] tk;Ln adf]lhdsf] cfo:tfsf] !) v08sf] 

! v08n] tk;Ln adf]lhd u'7L sfd rnfO{ z]if 

afFsL vfO{ cfPsf] 7Ls b'?:t 5Æ eGg] pNn]v

*%$#– *%$#–s[i0f *%$#– *%$#– s[i0f s'df/ s'df/ zfxL zfxL lj?4 lj?4 lbg]zk|sfz lbg]zk|sfz sf]O/fnf 

sf]O/fnf 

ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm nutsf] tk;Lndf v'nfPsf] xssf] ;|f]t k|:t't u/]sf] kfOPg . csf]{tkm{ ljjflbt 

ljj/0fdf sf=O= afg]Zj/ a:g] s'nrGb| zfxLn] ls=g+= @!& sf] hUuf lsQfsf6 e} sfod ePsf 

sdfPsf] jf/L jfudtL 8f]n ;d]t v]t /f]kgL # ls=g+= %@ / #$ sf] hUuf /}s/ tkm{sf] geO{ afFb/ 

eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

k/]jf u'7Lsf] ePsf] egL ;DalGwt j8f ;b:osf] 

^= plNnlvt P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx¿af6 

/fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g]kfn ;+jt\ **^ df 

cfo:tfsf] bz v08sf] ! v08 cfo:tfn] kz'kltdf 

lzj/fqLsf lbg aQL afnL afFb/ k/]jfnfO{ v'jfpgsf] 

nflu u'7L /fv]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . u'7Lsf] nut 

/fVg] sfof{non] tL lnvtx¿sf] gSsn lbPsf] 

eGg] b]lvPsf] / tL lnvtx¿nfO{ k|ltjfbLn] cGoyf 

eGg ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvg cfPg . k|df0f P]g, @)#! 

sf] bkmf ^-u_ df æs'g} cbfnt jf ;/sf/L 

sfof{nodf sfg"gn] /fVg' kg]{ :ofxf, ;|]:tf jf 

sfuhkqdf pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/fx¿ ;xL ?kdf 

pNn]v ul/Psf x'g\ egL cbfntn] cg'dfg ug]{5Æ 

eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . cbfntn] ;f] adf]lhd 

cg'dfg ug'{ gkg]{ egL tT;DaGwdf v08g u/L 

k|df0f k|:t't u/]sf] ldl;naf6 gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf 

afFb/ k/]jf u'7Lsf] cl:tTj gePsf] eGg ldNg] 

b]lvg cfPg . 

&= tTsfnLg /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] /fv]sf] 

pQm u'7L kb\dgfy, s[i0fk|;fb / d]3/fhn] rnfO{ 

cfPsf] / !(*(.!.@% df sfuh u/L uf]ljGbk|;fb 

kGynfO{ u'7L rnfpg lbPsf] eGg] klg b]lvG5 . 

ljjflbt hUuf @)!( ;fn r}t !* df s[i0fk|;fb 

kfWof, s[i0f/fh kfWof / d]3/fh kfWof ;d]taf6 

cfkm"n] v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] k|ToyL{ k|ltafbLsf] egfO{ 

/x]sf] b]lvP klg k|ltjfbLsf bftf / !(*(.!.@% 

df sfuh ug]{ JolQmx¿ cnu–cnu JolQmx¿ x'g\ 

egL ljjfb p7fPsf] kfOPg . ljjflbt hUufsf] 

lkmN8a'ssf] s}lkmot dxndf n=g= !!%÷! sf] 

jfudtL 8f]n /f]kgL !#.. sf] kf]t ?=$).() nfu]sf] 

pNn]v ePsf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . 

k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ 

k|s/0f # sf] v08 -5_ df bftfx¿n] s'zljtf{ 

hUuf /}s/ kl/0ft u/L ldlt @)!(.!@.@* df xs 

x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

tyflk bftfsf] s'z ljtf{sf] s'g} ;a"b k|df0f jf 

/f]xj/df @)%#.#.!^ df u'7L ;+:yfgaf6 

:yfgLo:t/df ePsf] ;h{ldgaf6 ;d]t b]lvg 

cfpF5 . o;/L k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] ljjflbt hUufnfO{ 

kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L egL ljjfb p7fPsf] cj:yf 

ePsf] / kz'kltIf]qdf lzj/fqLdf dxflåk jfnL 

afFb/ k/]jfnfO{ !) v08 cfo:tfsf] ! v08sf 

b/n] v'jfpg jfUdtL 8f]n ;d]tsf] hUuf u'7L 

/fv]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLsf bftfx¿n] g} 

!(*( ;fn j}zfv @% ut] ;f]adf]lhd sfuh 

u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPaf6 ljjflbt hUuf ;f] u'7L 

cGtu{tsf] xf]Og, cs}{ hUuf ePsf] k'li6 x'g] j:t'lgi6 

k|df0f k|ltjfbLaf6 k|:t't ePsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 

5}g . P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h ;d]tsf k|df0faf6 u'7L 

hUuf b]lvPsf]df To;sf] nut u'7L ;+:yfgdf /xg', 

g/xg' g} ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og . To;df 

klg u'7L ;+:yfgsf] nutdf pQm hUufsf] nut 

/xFb} g/x]sf] eGg] klg xf]Og . cfkm"sxfF /x]ePsf] 

nut / P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx¿sf] sfg"gL cWoog, 

cGj]if0f gu/L u'7Lsf] s'g} sfof{non] u'7Lnutdf 

;f]hUuf gb]lvPsf] eGg] s'g} a]nf n]lvlbFb}df To;sf] 

cl:tTj / :jfldTj kl/jt{g x'g ;Sb}g . 

*= o;sf] ;fy} kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7Lsf] 

hUufnfO{ u'7L rnfpg]sf ;Gtfg dw';'wg kGt / 

;'bz{g kGtn] tfd|fkq cflb nf]k u/fO{ a]lg:;fdf 

/}s/tkm{ btf{ u/fPsf] ;Gbe{df kbds'df/L uf}tdn] 

lbPsf] /}s/ kl/0ft hUuf;DaGwL d'2fdf klg ;f] 

d'2fsf k|ltjfbLx¿n] ljjflbt ls=g+= !^ sf] hUuf 

/fhf hok|sfz dNnn] /fv]sf] u'7L gePsf] / 

k'vf{sf] s'z ljtf{sf] hUuf ePsf] eGg] ;d]t 

k'g/fj]bg ubf{ rm:lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . pQm 

d'2fdf u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] ;f] d'2fdf ljjflbt 

ls=g+= !^ sf] $–!@–@ hUufsf] /}s/sf] nut s§f 

u/L /fhu'7L sfod u/]sf] lg0f{o dgfl;j 7x/L 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;+jt\ @)%@ ;fnsf] 

b]=k'=g+= (%)÷!&(# sf] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL s[i0f/fh 

kGt;d]t lj?4 k|ToyL{ jfbL kbds'df/L uf}td 

143 

143


j}zfv 

ePsf] /}s/ kl/0ft hUuf ;DaGwL d'2fdf 

@)%@.&.!%.$ df ePsf] km};nf clGtd eO/x]sf] 

;f]xL d'2fsf] ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . ;f] d'2fsf 

k|ltjfbLx¿ o; d'2fsf k|ltjfbLsf bftf÷ltgsf 

;Gtfg gePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnO{ ljjfb p7fPsf] 

b]lvFb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhsL/ / 

pQm d'2fdf oL k|ltjfbLsf bftf cyf{t ;f] d'2fsf 

k|ltjfbLx¿n] lnPsf] lhsL/ / ;|f]t Pp6} /x]sf] / 

;f]] d'2faf6 oL k|ltjfbLsf bftfsf k'vf{sf] s'z 

ljtf{sf] hUuf /x]sf] eGg] g} gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf 

bftfn] s'z ljtf{ /}s/df kl/0ft u/fPsf] hUufaf6 

cfkm"n] ljjflbt hUUff v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLsf] 

lhsL/ k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]g . 

(= o;sf] cltl/Qm P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h 

;d]taf6 ljjflbt ;f=ls=g+= @!& tyf jfbL 

kbds'df/L / k|ltjfbL s[i0f/fh kGt ;d]t eO{ 

rn]sf] dflysf] k|s/0fdf plNnlvt d'2fdf ljjflbt 

ls=g+= !^ ;d]tsf] hUuf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf 

/fhu'7Lsf] b]lvO;s]kl5 ;f] /fhu'7Lsf] hUuf cGoq 

5 jf ;f]xL /fhu'7Lsf] hUuf cGo lsQfdf sfod 

5 egL k|ltjfbLn] b]vfpg ;s]sf] kfOFb}g . ls=g+= 

!^ / ;fljs ls=g+= @!& sf] k|s[lt / :jfldTjsf] 

;|f]t ;dfg b]lvG5 . ;dfg x}l;otsf oL b'O{ 

hUufdWo] ls=g+= !^ sf] xsdf u'7L k|zf;sn] u/]sf] 

lg0f{o d'gfl;j 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] 

;f] ls=g+= @!& sf] xsdf u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] 

u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

!)= ca /}s/df kl/0ft e};s]sf] hUufsf] 

nut u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] s§f ug{ kfpg xf], 

xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf b[li6ut 

ubf{, u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] bkmf #( sf] æu'7L 

3/ jf hUuf ;fljs adf]lhd btf{ x'g]Æ eGg] 

pkzLif{s /x]sf] pkbkmf -!_ df æu'7L t}gfyL 

hUuf u'7L clwg:y hUufdf, u'7L clwg:y hUuf 

u'7L /}tfg gDa/L hUufdf jf u'7Lsf] 3/ jf hUuf 

/}s/df btf{ ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf k|zf;sn] 

jf k|zf;ssf] sfd ug]{ k|zf;sLo k|d'vn] To:tf] 

u'7Lsf] 3/ jf hUuf ;fljssf] u'7L t}gfyL hUuf, 

u'7L clwg:y hUuf jf u'7L /}tfg gDa/Ldf g} btf{ 

144 

144 

ug{ ;Sg]5 . To;/L btf{ eO;s]kl5 ;f] 3/ jf 

hUufsf] klxn] btf{ ePsf] nut s§f x'g]5Æ eGg] 

pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt Joj:yfn] h] h'g 

Joxf]/faf6 eP klg u'7Lsf] hUuf /}s/df s;}n] 

btf{ u/fPsf] eGg] b]lvPdf / ;f] k|dfl0ft x'g 

cfPdf ;fljsadf]lhd u'7L sfod ug{ ;Sg] ;Ddsf] 

clwsf/ u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;snfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]] 

b]lvg cfpF5 . u'7Lsf] hUufnfO{ lghL /}s/ agfpg] 

p2]Zon] s;};Fu d'2f dfldnf u/L ldnfkq ub}{df 

u'7Lsf] cl:tTj gfl;g jf dfl;g g;sf];\ egL 

ljwflosfn] u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;snfO{ pQm clwsf/ 

lbPsf] b]lvG5 . 

!!= u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] ;fljssf] 

;|]:tf, sfuh / nutaf6 ljjflbt hUuf u'7Lsf] eGg] 

b]lvPsf]n] ljjflbt hUUffnfO{ ;fljsadf]lhd afFb/ 

k/]jf u'7L sfod u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . jfbLn] bfjL 

u/]sf] lstf g+= @!& sf] hUuf Ps csf{df x:tfGt/0f 

x'Fb} ;fljssf] :j?kdf g/xL pQm hUuf sf7df8f}+ 

lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ( ls= g+= 

%@ / #$ df lsQf ljeflht ePsf]df ls= g+= %@ 

klg k|:t't d'2f kl/;s] kl5 ls= g++ #%#, #%$, #%% 

/ #%^ sfod ePsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

cfb]zfg';f/ ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 

dufOPsf] btf{ ptf/sf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . 

d'2f kbf{kb}{sf] cj:yfdf ePsf xs x:tfGt/0fsf 

Jojxf/n] sfg"gL dfGotf gkfpg] tyf d"n ;|f]t g} 

sfod /xg g;s]kl5 ;f]xL ;|f]taf6 6'lqmP/ uPsf 

cGo hUufsf] 5'§} cl:tTj sfod /xg g;Sg] x'Fbf 

ls= g++ @!& af6 ljleGg ldltdf lsQfkmf]8 e} sfod 

ePsf cGo lsQfsf hUufx¿sf] kl/jlt{t :j?k 

sfod /xg ;Qm}g . o;k|sf/ /fhu'7Lsf] hUuf JolQm 

ljz]ifsf] gfddf s]xL u/L btf{ ePsf] /x]5 eg] klg 

To:tf] hUuf jf ;DklQnfO{ /fhu'7Lsf] ?kdf sfod 

/fVg ;Sg] clwsf/ u'7L ;+:Yffgsf] k|zf;snfO{ 

sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf]n] u'7L ;+:yfg P]g, @)## sf] 

bkmf #(-!_ sf] ;f]xL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;f] ;+:Yffgsf] 

k|zf;sn] k|ToyL{sf] gfdsf] /}s/ btf{ ab/ u/L 

k"j{jt\ u'7L sfod ug]{ u/]sf] @)%#.$.!$ sf] lg0f{odf 

s'g} sfg"gL jf tYout q'l6 /x] ePsf] b]lvg cfPg .

!@= ctM ljjflbt hUufsf] /}s/sf] nut 

s§f u/L hUufwgLdf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L 

sfod ug]{ ;d]t 7x/fO{ u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] 

ldlt @)%#.$.!$ df u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^@.%.!$ sf] 

km};nf dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/, sf/0fx¿af6 ldn]sf] 

gb]lvFbf ;f] km};nf pN6L e} u'7L ;+:yfgsf k|zf;sn] 

ljjflbt hUufsf] /}s/ btf{sf] nut s§f u/L 

hUufwgLdf kz'klt afFb/ k/]jf u'7L sfod ug]{ 

u/]sf] lg0f{o dgfl;j 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f 

u/L u'7L ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)%#.$.!$ sf] 

lg0f{oadf]lhd ug'{ egL ;DalGwt u'7L ;+:yfgdf 

n]vL k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . 


Gof=tkaxfb'/ du/ 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn d+l;/ !@ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\===== 

Ohnf; clws[t M–bLkss'df/ bfxfn 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$$ 

*%$$ 

*%$$– *%$$–k|f]jfof]6]s *%$$– k|f]jfof]6]s k|f]jfof]6]s OG8li6«h OG8li6«h k|f= k|f= ln= ln= lj?4 lj?4 lj?4 7"nf 7"nf s/bftf s/bftf sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ 

dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo 

@)^$ – WO – )&%^ 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.#.!&.% 

d'2fM pTk|]if0f;d]t . 

lgj]bsM k;f{ lhNnf jL/u~h pk=d=g=kf= j8f g+= 

!@ l:yt k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln=sf] 

tkm{af6 P] sf clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns P]=P]= 

a:g] hulbz cu|jfn 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no, xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/ 

;d]t 

145 

145 

g]kfn / ef/taLr ePsf] å}w s/wfg d'lQm 

tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf 

;d]t g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdu|L ef/t 

;d]tdf laqmL ljt/0f ubf{ ef/tdf /x]sf] 

sDkgLn] k|fKt ug]{ Sales Commission 

sf] /sd g]kfnaf6} e'QmfgL k7fPsf] 

cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] pQm e'QmfgL 

/sdsf] s/ g]kfnn] lng gkfpg] eGg] 

Joj:yf g/x]sf] / To:tf] /sddf g]kfndf 

s/ ltl/;s]kl5 ;f] j/fj/sf] /sd ef/tdf 

lghn] s/ 5"6 -qm]l86_ lng kfpg] g} /x]sf] 

x'Fbf bf]xf]/f] s/ ltg'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 

gb]lvg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=$_ 

g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] sDkgLn] cfkm\gf] 

pTkfbg ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ lgo'Qm 

ul/Psf] Agent nfO{ g]kfns} ;|f]taf6 

e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sddf cfos/ P]g, 

@)%* adf]lhd s/ s§f ug{ ldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=^_ 

lgj]bstkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ l;Gxf 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;/f]hk|;fb 

uf}td 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_, **-!_ 

cfb]z 

Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 


o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] 

;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M– 

lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln n] 

kz'k+IfLsf] nflu rflxg] cfxf/f bfgfdf ld;fpg] 

kbfy{x¿ pTkfbg u/L :yfgLo ahf/ tyf ljb]zL 

jhf/df laqmL ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;f]cg'¿k ef/t


j}zfv 

nufot ;fs{ If]qsf b]zx¿df cfkm\gf] pTkfbg 

laqmL ljt/0f ug{ ef/tsf] sf]nsQfl:yt cf]d]uf 

e]Gr;{ k|f=ln= nfO{ ;Demf}tf u/L lhDdf nufPsf] / 

lgh cf]d]ufn] ef/td} a;L laqmL ljt/0f u/L sfd 

u/]jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ef/tdf g} cf]d]ufn] kfpg] 

u/L lgj]bsn] e'QmfgL ul/cfPsf] 5 . o;/L e'QmfgL 

ePsf] /sd lgj]bssf] cfDbfgL ge} cf]d]ufsf] 

ljb]z ef/tdf ePsf] cfDbfgL xf] . k|rlnt g]kfn 

sfg"g tyf g]kfn / ef/taLr ePsf] @)$#.!@.!^ 

sf] å}w s/wfg d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w;DaGwL 

;Demf}tfadf]lhd g]kfndf s'g} :yfoL ;+:yfkg jf 

sfof{no gePsf] cf]d]ufn] g} sfg"gadf]lhd ef/td} 

s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj x'G5 . o:tf] u}/jfl;Gbf JolQmn] 

ljb]zdf kfPsf] e'QmfgLdf g]kfndf s/sf] bfloTj 

Joxf]g'{kg]{ Joj:yf cfos/ P]g, @)%* Pj+ lgod, 

@)%( nufot s'g} klg sfg"gdf 5}g . ;f]xL adf]lhd 

lgj]bsn] @)^).^! sf] gfkmf gf]S;fg jf;nft 

tof/ u/L cfo ljj/0f k]z u/]sf]df ljkIfL 7"nf 

s/bftf sfof{non] lgj]bssf] gfddf @)^$.^.^ 

df ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f ubf{ ;f] lgwf{/0f ;"rgfdf 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_7 sf] -!_/-@_ df 

ul/Psf] Joj:yf tyf ;f];+u ;DalGwt bkmf ^& 

-!_/-@_ sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd e'QmfgL ePsf] 

?=!,#^,!%,%!%.@) df clu|d s/ s§Ljfkt cfos/ 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** adf]lhd !% k|ltztn] x'g] 

?=@),$@,#@&.@* ;|f]tdf s/ s§L u/L /fhZj 

bflvnf ug'{kg]]{df ;f] u/]sf] gkfOPsf]n] pQm /sddf 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!( adf]lhd @)^$ 

ebf};Ddsf] Jofh ?=(,$$,%&^.#& / cGo ;|f]tdf 

s§L u/L l9nf] bflvnf u/] jfkt bkmf !!( 

adf]lhdsf] Jofh ?=$,*%(. ;d]t hDdf 

?=@(,(!,&^@.^% bflvnf ug{ x'g egL clu|d s/ 

dfu u/]sf]df lrQ ga'emL of] lgj]bg ug{ cfPsf] 

5' . 

ctM ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] ljb]z 

ef/tdf ;|f]t ePsf] cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] 

/sd cf]d]ufsf] cfodf ef/tdf s/ ltg'{kg]{ bfloTj 

lgj]bs sDkgLnfO{ jf]sfO{ ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ cfb]z 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #, $, %, ^, &#, ** 

146 

146 

/ ^&-^_-&_ ljk/Lt x'g'sf;fy} g]kfn tyf ef/t 

aLr ePsf] å}w s/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n 

lg/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] wf/f &, @!, @@, g]kfn 

;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ tyf >L ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntjf6 s/;DaGwL d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt 

;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} cgflwsf/ Pj+ u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] 

;f] sfo{af6 lgj]bssf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_-r_ wf/f !(, wf/f *( åf/f 

k|bQ xs clwsf/ cf3fltt, xgg\ Pj+ s'l07t ePsf] 

k|i6 x'Fbf ljkIfL cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu, 7"nf 

s/bftf sfof{nosf] cf]d]ufnfO{ ul/Psf] e'QmfgLdf 

lgj]bs sDkgL;Fu clu|d s/ dfu ug]{ xb;Ddsf] 

ldlt @)^$.%.@& sf] lg0f{o krf{, cGo sf/jfxLx¿ 

/ ldlt @)^$.^.^ sf] ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0fsf] 

;"rgfsf] k[i7 # / $ sf] tk;Ln v08sf] l;=g+= 

! nfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zaf6 ab/ u/L Gofo OG;fkm 

kfpFm eGg];d]t @)^$.!!.* sf] lgj]bgkq . 


dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] 

cfb]zk|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofbafx]s !% 

lbgleq lnlvt hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLx¿sf] 

gfddf Dofb ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf 

cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; 

cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.( sf] cfb]z . 

jL/u~hl:yt k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h k|f=ln= 

afl;Gbf JolQm ePsf] / g]kfnsf] pTkfbg ljb]zL 

ahf/df laqmL ljt/0f ug{ g]kfnaf6} ;f] pTkfbg 

k7fOg] / ;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'¥ofP jfktsf] ;]jf 

z'Ns klg g]kfnjf6} k7fOg] ePsf]n] ;f] ;]jf z'Ns 

g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] ;]jf z'Ns ePsf]n] To;sf] 

e'QmfgLdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** cg';f/ 

e'QmfgLdf s/ s§f ug'{kg]{ Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ df e'QmfgLsf] 

;|f]t g]kfn /x]sf] ljj/0f pNn]v 5 h;df v08 

-7_ sf] pkv08 -!_ df æg]kfndf axg ug'{kg]{ 

bfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ;Dawdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿Æ / 

pkv08 -@_ df æg]kfndf ;~rflnt lqmofsnfksf 

;DaGwdf ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿Æ pNn]v ePsf] 5 . 

cf]d]ufn] g]kfndf axg ug'{kg]{ bfloTj eg]sf]

*%$$– *%$$–k|f]jfof]6]s *%$$– k|f]jfof]6]s k|f]jfof]6]s OG8li6«h OG8li6«h k|f= k|f= ln= ln= lj?4 lj?4 7"nf 7"nf s/bftf s/bftf sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

k|f]jfof]6]ssf] pTkfbg ljb]zdf ;]N; P08 dfs]{l6Ë 

;le{; k'¥ofpg' xf] eg] ;f] bfloTj k|fKt ug]{ ;DaGwdf 

ul/Psf e'QmfgLx¿ eg]sf] ;f] ;]jf k'¥ofPjfkt 

g]kfnsf] k|f]jfof]6]saf6 cf]d]ufn] ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL 

k|fKt ug'{ xf] . ;f] jfktsf] e'QmfgL g]kfnaf6} 

k7fPsf]n] klg ;f] ;]jf z'Ns g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] 

;]jf z'Ns ePsf] :ki6 5 . t;y{ cfos/ P]g, 

@)%* sf] bkmf ** cg';f/ jfl;Gbf JolQm 

k|f]jfof]6]sn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] ;]jf z'Ns 

cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ubf{ e'QmfgLdf s/ s§f ug'{kg]{df 

s/ s§f gu/]sf]n] !% k|ltztn] x'g] s/ /sd / 

;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !!( adf]lhd nfUg] Aofh /sd 

bflvnf ug{ o; sfof{noaf6 lbOPsf] cfb]z 

sfg"g;Ddt 5 . 

g]kfn ef/taLr ePsf] å}w s/fwfg d'lQm 

tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] 

wf/f & Aofkf/ d'gfkmf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] ;f] 

wf/f ;]jf z'Nssf ;DaGwdf cfslif{t x'Fb}g . 

cf]d]ufn] k'¥ofPsf] ;]jfjfkt k|fKt sldzgsf] 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ** adf]lhd e'QmfgLdf 

s/ s§L x'g] / ;f] s§L /sd cf]d]ufn] ef/tdf s/ 

s§L -qm]l86_ lng kfpF5 . ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f 

ubf{ plNnlvt /sd lgj]bssf] vr{sf] ?kdf dfGotf 

lbOPsf]n] s/of]Uo cfodf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g / 

s/ lgwf{/0f klg ul/Psf] 5}g . cfos/ P]gsf] bkmf 

** df plNnlvt e'QmfgLdf s/ s§f ug'{kg]{ :ki6 

sfg"gL Joj:yf x'Fbfx'Fb} lgj]bsn] ;f]sf] kfngf 

gu/]jfkt l;lh{t bfloTjaf6 afFRg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 

gePsf] / cf]d]ufsf] cfodf cfk"mnfO{ s/ nufPsf] 

h:tf cfwf/xLg s'/f p7fPsf] b]lvbf l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Aoxf]/fsf] 7"nf s/bftf 

sfof{no nlntk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

xfdL lnlvt hjfkmstf{ ef/tLo 

sfg"gadf]lhd ef/tdf :yflkt eO{ ef/td} a;L 

;]jf k|bfg u/]jfkt ef/td} k|fKt u/]sf] /sddf 

g]kfnsf] cfos/ P]g, @)%* nfu" gx'g] s'/f P]= 

P]gsf] bkmf !-@_ n] k|i6 u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] k|fKt 

u/]sf] plNnlvt /sdsf] ef/tdf xfdLn] s/ ltg'{kg]{ 

/ lt/L;s]sf] x'Fbf g]kfn ef/tjLr ePsf] å}w s/wfg 

147 

147 

d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 

klg xfdLn] g]kfndf s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'Fb}g . xfdLn] 

g]kfndf s'g} sf/f]jf/ grnfPsf] / xfd|f] ;+ljwfsf/L 

b]z ef/t ePsf]n] ef/tdf dfq s/ ltg'{kg]{ x'G5 . 

o:tf] cj:yfdf cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefu 7"nf 

s/bftf sfof{noaf6 ePsf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z 

u}/sfg"gL ePsf] Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ;d]t 

cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln= sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 

lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf] 

/ s] s:tf] xsb}of cGtu{t l/6 u/]sf] xf] pNn]v 

gu/L ljgfcfwf/ ljkIfL agfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]hefuL 5 . cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf !!$ 

adf]lhd s/ clws[tn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]zpk/ 

k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg x'g;Sg] / k|zf;sLo 

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nflu cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefudf 

lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ePsf] lg0f{o jf cfb]zpk/ lrQ 

ga'em]df /fhZj Gofoflws/0fdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg 

;Sg] ;d]tsf] j}slNks sfg"gL pkrf/sf] Joj:yf 

x'Fbfx'Fb} ;f] k|lqmof / sfo{ljlwsf] cjnDjg gu/L 

;f]em} ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ 

cGtu{t lbPsf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 . o;sf] ;fy} 

cf]d]ufn] hxfF;'s} a;L h'g;'s} sfo{ u/]sf] eP klg 

ljkIfL lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]saf6 /sd e'QmfgL lnPsf] 

b]lvFbf cf]d]ufn] g]kfndf g} cfocfh{g u/]sf] x'Fbf 

To:tf] cfodf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd clu|d 

s/ s§f ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;+zf]lwt s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z 

sfg"g;Ddt g} ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg hf/L x'g] cj:yf 

5}g vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t g]kfn ;/sf/ 

k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt 

hjfkm . 

ljkIfL l/6 lgj]bs g]kfnsf] afl;Gbf 

sDkgL g} ePsf] / lghn] g]kfndf pTkfbg u/]sf] 

;fdfg ljb]zl:yt ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ 

g]kfnaf6 g} ;f] pTkflbt ;fdfg k7fpg] u/]sf] / 

;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'¥ofPjfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns ;d]t 

g]kfnaf6 g} k7fpg] u/]sf]n] To:tf] e'QmfgLnfO{ 

g]kfndf ;|f]t gePsf] egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf 

cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf ^&-^_ adf]lhdsf]


j}zfv 

e'QmfgL dfgL s/ k|zf;gn] o; ;DaGwdf u/]sf] 

cfb]z k"0f{tM sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t cy{ dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

l/6 lgj]bsn] s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] ldlt 

@)^$.^.^ sf] pQm s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z pk/ 

k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ kfpg] j}slNks 

pkrf/sf] af6f] /x]sf] cj:yfdf Pp6} cfb]zsf] 

Pp6f efudf sfg"gL pkrf/sf] af6f] cjnDag 

ug]{ / csf]{ efudf l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvFbf k|yd 

b[li6df g} vf/]hefuL 5 . ;fy} cf]d]ufsf] cfosf] 

s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] geO{ cfos/ P]g, @)%* sf] 

bkmf **-!_ adf]lhd lgj]bs afl;Gbf sDkgLn] 

cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0fsf] nflu 

dfs]{l6ª ;]jf k|bfg u/L lbPjfkt k|bfg ul/Psf] 

;]jf z'Nssf] e'QmfgL ubf{ clu|d s§f ug'{kg]{df s/ 

s§f gu/]sf]n] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ()-#_ adf]lhd 

clu|d s/ s§L ul/Psf] dfgL pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd 

bflvnf ug{ cfb]z lbOPsf] xf] . cf]d]ufsf] cfodf 

lgj]bs;Fu s/ dfu ul/Psf] xf]Og . lgj]bs sDkgLn] 

g]kfnd} pTkfbg u/L g]kfnaf6} pTkflbt ;fdfg 

k7fO{ ;f] sfo{df ;]jf k'¥ofP jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns 

klg g]kfnaf6} k7fOg] ePsf]n] ;f] e'QmfgLnfO{ 

g]kfnd} ;|f]t ePsf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf]df clu|d 

s/ s§f ug{ ldNg] g} x'G5 . cf]d]uf bf]xf]/f] s/ 

nufpg gldNg] egL l/6df cfPsf] xf]Og . t;y{ 

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

;d]t cfGtl/s /fhZj ljEffusf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z 

x'gcfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] . 

lgj]bstkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf clgns'df/ 

l;Gxfn] lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s k|f=ln= n] kz'k+lIfsf] bfgfdf 

ld;fOg] kf}li6s kbfy{x¿sf] pTkfbg u/L g]kfn / 

ljb]zdf ;d]t laqmL ub}{ cfPsf]df ljb]z ef/t / 

;fs{ If]qsf /fi6«x¿df cfkm\gf] pTkfbg laqmL ljt/0f 

ug{ ef/tsf] sf]nsQf l:yt cf]d]uf k|f=ln= nfO{ 

;Demf}tf u/L lhDdf nufPsf] / lgh cf]d]uf k|f=ln= 

n] ef/td} a;L laqmL ljt/0f u/L sfo{ u/]jfktsf] 

;]jf z'Ns ef/tdf g} cf]d]ufn] kfpg] u/L lgj]bs 

sDkgLn] e'QmfgL ub}{cfPsf] 5 . o;} cg'¿k e'QmfgL 

148 

148 

u/L cf=j= @)^).^! sf] jf;nft lgj]bsn] k]z 

u/]sf]df ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{non] Sales Agent 

nfO{ e'QmfgL u/]sf] Sales commission /sdsf] !% 

k|ltzt /sd / Jofh ;d]tsf] /sd bflvn ug'{xf]nf 

egL clu|d s/ dfu u/]sf]df pQm ;+zf]lwt s/ 

lgwf{/0f cfb]z cfos/ P]g, @)%*, g]kfn ef/taLr 

ePsf] å}w s/fwfg d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w 

;DaGwL ;Demf}tf, ;lGw P]g @)$&, ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntaf6 s/ ;DaGwL d'2fdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGt 

ljk/Lt e} lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xsdf cf3ft 

k'u]sf]n] pQm s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z ab/ ul/g' kb{5 

egL tyf ljkIfL ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf] tkm{af6 

pkl:yt ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf ;/f]hk|;fb uf}tdn] 

s/ clws[tsf] cfb]z pk/ cfGtl/s /fhZj ljefudf 

lgj]bs lgj]bg ug{ u};s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]xL ljifodf 

;DdfgLt cbfntdf l/6 If]qaf6 cfPsf] x'Fbf j}slNks 

pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf l/6 

hf/L ug{ ldNb}g . lgj]bsn] g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] 

;fdu|L laqmL u/L lbPjfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns klg g]kfnaf6} 

ljb]z e'QmfgL k7fOPsf] cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)%* 

sf] bkmf ^&-^_ adf]lhd To:tf] e'QmfgLdf clu|d s/ 

s§f ug{ ldNg] cj:yfdf To:tf] /sd l/6 lgj]bsn] 

bfv]n gu/]sf]n] bflvn ug{ elgPsf] sfo{ sfg"g;Ddt 

g} 5 . cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] ;]jf z'Nsdf g]kfndf 

clu|d s/ s§f e};s]kl5 ef/tdf p;n] Tolt /sd 

qm]l86 lngkfpg] g]kfn ef/taLrsf] å}ws/fwfg d'lQm 

tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfn] ldNg] g} 

x'Fbf s/ sfof{nosf] s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]zn] lgj]bsnfO{ 

s'g} c;/ kg]{ gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm egL 

ug'{ePsf] jx; ;d]t ;'lgof] . 

@= plNnlvt ljåfgx¿sf] jx; lhsL/ 

lnlvt jx;gf]6 ;d]tsf] cWoog u/L k|:t't d'2fdf 

lg0f{otkm{ larf/ ubf{ lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s k|f=ln= 

jL/u~h g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLn] 

cfk"mn] u/]sf] pTkfbgsf] ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0f 

ug{ Sales Agent sf] ?kdf ef/tsf] sf]nsQl:yt 

cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln= ;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] / ;f] 

;]jf u/]jfkt lgh cf]d]uf k|f=ln= n] k|fKt ug]{ 

Sales commission jfkt lgj]bsaf6 e'QmfgL

*%$$– *%$$–k|f]jfof]6]s *%$$– k|f]jfof]6]s OG8li6«h OG8li6«h k|f= k|f= ln= ln= lj?4 lj?4 7"nf 7"nf s/bftf s/bftf sfof{no sfof{no ;d]t 

;d]t 

ul/Psf] /sdsf] clu|d s/ s§f ug{ ldNg] gldNg] 

s] xf] eGg] tkm{ x]bf{ lgj]bs k|f]jfof]6]s O08li6«h 

k|f=ln= g]kfndf :yfkgf ePsf] / ;f] sDkgLn] g]kfndf 

pTkflbt ePsf] ;fdfgsf] ljb]zdf laqmL ljt/0f 

u/]jfktsf] ;]jf z'Ns lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfnaf6} 

cf]d]ufnfO{ e'QmfgL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/ 

P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf **-!_ df jfl;Gbf JolQmn] 

g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] Jofh, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, ef8f, 

/f]oN6L, ;]jf z'Ns e'QmfgL ubf{ s"n e'QmfgL /sdsf] 

!% k|ltztsf b/n] s/s§L ug'{kg]{ 5 eGg] Joj:yf 

ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf ^&-^_ df 

jfl;Gbf lgsfoaf6 lbOPsf] e'QmfgLnfO{ e'QmfgLsf] 

;|f]t g]kfndf /x]sf] dfg]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL P]gsf] 

bkmf @ cg';f/ lgj]bs sDkgL jfl;Gbf JolQmsf] 

kl/efiffleq ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . 

#= plNnlvt tYo / sfg"gL Joj:yf 

;d]taf6 lgj]bs sDkgLn] g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] 

pTkflbt ;fdu|L laqmL ljt/0f u/]jfktsf] ;]jf 

z'Ns klg g]kfns} ;|f]taf6 cf]d]uf k|f=ln= nfO{ 

e'QmfgL k7fPsf] /sddf s/ s§L ug{ kfpg] g} 

b]lvFbf ljkIfL 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nosf] pQm s/ 

;+zf]wg lg0f{o sfg"g cg's"ns} b]lvof] . 

$= g]kfn / ef/taLr ePsf] å}w s/wfg 

d'lQm tyf ljQLo 5n lg/f]w;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf 

;d]t g]kfndf pTkfbg ePsf] ;fdu|L ef/t ;d]tdf 

laqmL ljt/0f ubf{ ef/tdf /x]sf] sDkgLn] k|fKt 

ug]{ Sales commission sf] /sd g]kfnaf6} e'QmfgL 

k7fPsf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;|f]t ePsf] pQm e'QmfgL 

/sdsf] s/ g]kfnn] lng gkfpg] eGg] Joj:yf 

g/x]sf / To:tf] /sddf g]kfndf s/ ltl/;s]kl5 

;f] j/fj/sf] /sd ef/tdf lghn] s/ 5"6 -qm]l86_ 

lng kfpg] g} /x]sf] x'Fbf bf]xf]/f] s/ ltg'{kg]{ cj:yf 

;d]t /x]sf] b]lvb}g / lgj]bsn] ef/tdf g]kfndf 

lt/]sf] s/nfO{ dfGotf lbPsf] 5}g / cfk"mn] ltg{ 

k/]sf] 5 egL lhsL/ lng / k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] 

klg 5}g . b]zdf ljBdfg oxL s/ sfg"gcg'¿k 

lgj]bsnfO{ cl3Nnf] jif{ klg o;/L g} s/ lgwf{/0f 

ePsf] / ;f] lgoldt ;d]t e} /x]sf] kfOG5 . 

149 

149 

%= csf]{tkm{ lgj]bs sDkgLn] cf]d]ufnfO{ 

e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sddf s/ s§f u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 

eP cf]d]uf k|f=ln= n] ph"/ ug{'kg]{df ;f] k|f=ln= sf] 

ph"/ k/]sf] geO{ lgj]bssf] ph"/ k/]sf] b]lvPsf] 

/ lgj]bsn] e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] /sddf s/ nfu]sf] 

s'/fn] lgj]bssf] ;+ljwfg tyf sfg"gk|bQ 

;DklQ;DaGwL xs clwsf/df s'g} cf3ft k/]sf] 

b]lvPg . 

^= t;y{ 7"nf s/bftf sfof{no nlntk'/sf] 

s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]zpk/ k|zf;sLo k'g/fjnf]sg 

;d]tsf] sfg"gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|lqmofdf lgj]bs 

k|j]z u/L j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDjg 

u/]sf], g]kfndf :yflkt ePsf] lgj]bs sDkgLn] 

cfkm\gf] pTkfbg ef/tdf laqmL ljt/0f ug{ lgo'Qm 

ul/Psf] Agent nfO{ g]kfns} ;|f]taf6 e'QmfgL 

ul/Psf] /sddf cfos/ P]g, @)%* adf]lhd 

s/ s§f ug{ ldNg] g} b]lvPsf] / lgj]bs sDkgLn] 

Sales commission jfkt e'QmfgL ul/;s]sf] 

/sddf s/ s§f u/]sf]n] lgj]bsnfO{ To;af6 

k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] gb]lvPsf], k|ToIf c;/ kg]{ 

cj:yfsf] cf]d]uf e]Gr;{ k|f=ln= sf] ph"/L 

gb]lvPsf] / lgj]bsn] cfˆgf] oxL cfly{s jif{sf] 

cGo s/ e'QmfgL ;DaGwdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fdf 

k'g/fj]bg u/L To;} laifosf] Ps snddf l/6 

lgj]bg If]qaf6 lbPsf] lgj]bg lhsL/ ;d]t dfGo 

x'g] cj:yfsf] gx'Fbf pQm s/ ;+zf]wg cfb]z 

ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg dfubfjL adf]lhdsf] 

cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf / l:ylt gb]lvFbf k|:t't 

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{ bfo/Lsf] 

nut s§f u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n a'emfO{ lbg" . 


Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn c;f/ !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\ . 

Ohnf; clws[t M gf/fo0fk|;fb bfxfn

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$% 

*%$% 


j}zfv 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7 


;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] @)^#–CI-!!#%, @)^$ 

;fnsf] )^$–CI–)!#! 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.(.!@.@ 

d'2f M– ;fFjf Jofh / xhf{gf ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpF . 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, sf=d=g=kf=j8f 

g+=!! l;Fxb/jf/ Knfhfl:yt /fli6«o jfl0fHo 

a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sfg"g ljefusf] 

ljefuLo k|d'v dfwj/fh kGt ;d]t 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ jfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf, ;'gjn uf=lj=;=j8f 

g++=$ df l:yt Go" huqb]jL lgdf{0f ;]jfsf 

k|f]k|fO6/ P]=P]=a:g] s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{ 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM gjnk/f;L lhNnf, ;'gjn 

uf=lj=;=j8f g++=$ df l:yt Go" huqb]jL 

lgdf{0f ;]jfsf k|f]k|fO6/ P]=P]=a:g] s[i0fk|;fb 

sdf{rfo{ 

lj?4 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no 

;d]t 

z'? txdf km};nf ug]{ M 

df=Gof= >L zDe'axfb'/ sfsL{ 

k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{ M 

df=Gof= >L cln csj/ lds/fgL 

df=Gof= >L xl/k|;fb l3ld/] 

lnnfd ug]{n] sfg"gsf] /Lt k'¥ofpg 

g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 ;sf/jfnfn] ;sf/ 

150 

150 

u/]sf] lnnfd sfod /xg g;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf ;f]sf] sf/0faf6 ;sf/jfnfn] 

Joxf]g{' k/]sf] cfly{s kl/0ffdnfO{ cgb]vf 

ug{ sfg"g, Gofo / ljj]sn] ;d]t glbg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=#_ 

d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] !) 

g+= df xs 5f8L lbP lnPsf] ;b/ gePsf] 

cj:yfdf To:tf] lsl;dsf] /sd e/L kfpg] 

Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvPsf] / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] 

!) g+=s} cj:yfsf] d'2f k|:t't d'2f geP 

klg o; lsl;dsf] l:yltdf nufgLstf{sf] 

q'l6 lagf csf/0f cfly{s Iflt jf cGofo 

Joxf]g{ nufpg gldNg] x'gfn] Go"gtd\ vr{ 

/ Jofh e/fpg' kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g++=$_ 

tTsfnLg /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! 

sf] bkmf $& ;f] ;DaGwdf df}g /x]sf] 

cj:yfdf a}+ssf] cfGtl/s sfo{ 

;Dkfbgsf nflu k|rlnt lgb]{lzsfx¿df 

w/f}6L /sddf Jofh lbg gldNg] eGg] 

pNn]v x'Fb}df sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePsf] 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=sf] k|lts"n x'g] 

u/L kIfx¿sf] q'l6 lagf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] 

cfly{s Iflt jf gf]S;fgL e/fpg gldNg] 

cy{ u/L lgb]{lzsf g} cfslif{t x'G5 eGg 

gldNg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=%_ 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmfx¿ 

g/xl/ cfrfo{, lji0f'k|;fb s+8]n tyf 

afa'/fd vqL 

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf 

$&

*%$%– *%$%–afl0fHo *%$%– afl0fHo a}+s, a}+s, s] s] sf= sf= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 s[i0fk|;fb s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{ 

sdf{rfo{ 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= 

?=@,)),))).– 6x/f lgdf{0f ubf{ wf/f aQL 6]lnkmf]g 

km};nf 

Gof=sNof0f >]i7M k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.*.!!.@ df ePsf] km};nfpk/ 

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd o; 

cbfnt ;dIf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't 

d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M– 

gjnk/f;L lhNnf, ;'gjn cfbz{ 

uf=lj=;=j8f g+=!-s_ ls=g++=!@ sf] h=lj=!–%–!) 

hUuf lnnfd a9fa9af6 laqmL ul/g] egL ljkIfL 

zfvf sfof{no d}tLb]jLaf6 ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]n] 

;f] lnnfddf ;xefuL e} d lkm/fbLn] sjf]n u/]sf] 

cÍ a9L ePsf] sf/0f plNnlvt hUufdf lkm/fbLsf] 

gfddf ;sf/ u/fO{ lbg] egL ljkIfL s]Gb|Lo 

sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%).!@.@( sf] kq adf]lhd 

ljkIfL /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, d}tLb]jL zfvfsf] ldlt 

@)%!.!.!% sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L u/fPsf]n] lkm/fbLn] 

sjf]n u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ljkIfL a}+sdf a'emfO{ 

dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 ldlt @)%!.!.!^ 

df pQm hUuf bf=vf=u/L hUuf wgL k|df0f k"hf{ 

k|fKt u/L eljio ;Dd pkef]u ug{ kfpg] cfzfn] 

nfvf}+–nfv nufgL u/L hldg ;Dofpg], kvf{n 

nufpg], 6x/f lgdf{0f ug]{, wf/f ljh'nL 6]lnkmf]g 

h8fg ug]{ sfo{ u/L cfPsf]df pQm hUufsf] 

;flassf hUufwgL tyf C0fL uf]bfj/L ah|frfo{ 

tyf tf/fdfg ah|frfo{ ;d]tn] d lkm/fbLn] hUuf 

k|fKt u/]sf] lnnfd ;DaGwdf r'gf}tL lbO{ ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntdf pTk|]if0fsf] lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]df ldlt 

@)%$.@.& sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] cfb]zn] pQm 

h8fg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ?=@,)),))).– / ;fFjf 

/sdsf] x'g] Jofh tyf xhf{gf ?=@*,&@,^$*.() 

;d]t u/L hDdf ?=#(,#@,&$*.() tTsfnLg 

s/f/;DaGwL P]g, @)@# sf] bkmf !% tyf xfn 

jxfn /x]sf] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf &(-$_s, 

*# tyf *% ;d]tsf] clwgdf /xL ljkIfLx¿af6 

lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL . 

a}+s / ljkIfLaLr 8fFs a9fa9sf] sf/jfxL 

/ ;f]adf]lhd ljkIfLsf] gfddf bflvn vf/]h ug]{ 

Jojxf/ jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $&-s_, 

%, ^ adf]lhd ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf s/f/ P]g 

cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g . oL lkm/fbL / a}+ssf aLrdf 

s'g} klg ;Demf}tf, s/f/ gePsf] gx'Fbf ljkIfLn] 

;sf/ u/]sf] lnnfd ab/ ePs} sf/0fn] a}+ssf] 

cltl/Qm bfloTj l;h{gf x'g] xf]Og, ljkIfLn] lnnfddf 

sjf]n u/L bflvn u/]sf] /sd a}+sn] lkmtf{ lbg 

tof/ /x]sf] x'Fbf k|:t't lkm/fb vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|ltpQ/ 

kq . 

jfbLaf6 k]z ePsf aLn e/kfO{ b]vfpFbf 

b]+v]+ . oL jfbLn] a}+spk/ a9fO{ r9fO{ bfjL ug]{ 

lgotn] l;d]G6, O{+6f, ss{6kftf, jfn'jf, 9'+uf v/Lb 

u/]sf] egL hfn;fhLk"0f{ tj/n] pQm aLnx¿ 

agfPsf x'Fbf jfbLnfO{ g} ;hfo ul/kfpFm . ljh'nL 

/ 6]lnkmf]gsf] /l;bsf] xsdf ;2] xf]nf t/ k|:t't 

d'2fsf] bfjL;Fu pQm aLn /l;bsf] s'g} ;/f]sf/ 

gePsf] x'Fbf s]xL egL /xg' k/]g eGg] k|ltjfbLsf 

jf/]; dw';'bgk|;fb uf}tdn] u/]sf] aofg . 

lnnfd;DaGwL ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f]xL lg0f{osf] d}n] k]z u/]sf ;a} lanx¿ ;To ;fFrf] 

cfwf/df d lkm/fbLsf] gfpFdf ePsf] btf{ ;d]t xf] . d}n] s'g} hfn;fhL u/L sLt]{ aLn agfO{ k]z 

ab/ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf d}n] a}+sdf bflvnf u/]sf] xf]Og hxfF;Dd h'g aLn gePsf] s'/f 5 Tof] 

u/]sf] ;fFjf Jofh xhf{gf tyf Ifltk"lt{ ;d]t lkmtf{ 3/ 6x/f agfpFbf nfUg ;Sg] vr{ k|fljlwsaf6 

kfpFm egL dfu ubf{ cfZjf;g dfq kfO/x]sf] x'Fbf hfFr u/fO{ bfjLadf]lhdsf] ;fFjf Jofh Pj+ xhf{gf 

jfWo e} of] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ctM ljkIfL /sd ;d]t lbnfO{ kfpF eGg] jfbLsf jf/]; ;/f]h 

/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, zfvf sfof{no d}tLb]jLsf] yfkfn] u/]sf] k|ltpQ/ aofg . 

ldlt @)%!.!.!% sf] kqadf]lhd d}tLb]jLdf 

a'emfPsf] ;fFjf ?=$,^),!)).– hUuf ;DofpFbf nfu]sf] 

vr{ ?=!,)),))).– kvf{n nufpFbf nfu]sf] vr{ 

jfbLn] e/fO{ kfpFm egL bfjL lnPsf] 

/sddWo] jfbLn] lnnfd ;sf/ ubf{ a'emfPsf] /sd 

151 

151


j}zfv 

?=$,^),!)).– / sfuh ubf{ ;fdfg v/Lb ePsf] 

egL bfjL lnPsf] dWo] aLn e/kfO{af6 k'li6 x'g 

cfPsf] ?=#,#&,@)).– ;d]t hDdf ?=&,(&,#)).– 

k|ltjfbL a}+saf6 e/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x/ u/L ePsf] 

z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf . 

z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] 

km};ndf lrQ a'em]g . d'2f kbf{–kb}{sf] cj:yfdf 

ljkIfLn] hfgL a'emL agfPsf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] bfjL 

a}+sn] axg gug'{kg]{ x'Fbf z'?sf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm 

eGg] ;d]t /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 

bfjL u/]sf] jf:tljs xflg gf]S;fgL 

bfjLadf]lhd e/fO{ lbg' kg]{df ;f] gu/L cf+lzs 

dfq sfod u/L kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] ;f] xb;Dd z'? 

sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ab/ u/L lkm/fb 

bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 

o;df s] slt kvf{n nufPsf], s] s:tf] 

6x/f lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] ;f]sf] nflu s] slt /sd 

lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ nfUg ;Sg] xf] / ;f] sfo{x¿ d'2f 

kbf{–kb}{sf] cj:yfdf jf slxn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] xf] 

osLg g} gu/L /sd e/fO{ lbg] u/]sf] z'? sf7df8f}+ 

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg]{ b]lvFbf ljkIfL 

lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ u/L k]z ug'{ eGg] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] cfb]z . 

jfbL bfjLadf]lhd xhf{gf kfpg] sfg"gL 

Joj:yf b]lvFb}g . ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf 

pTk|]if0fsf] l/6 lgj]bg rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf 

jfbLn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf] hUufdf s]xL nufgL 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ jfbLn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf] 

hUuf ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ab/ e};s]sf] cj:yfdf 

jfbLn] lnnfd ;sf/ ubf{ k/]sf] y}nL / ;f]sf] 

P]gadf]lhdsf] Jofh / /lhi6«]zg b:t"/ e/L kfpg] 

7x5{ . z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^!.!).@^.# sf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf] x'Fbf 

s]xL pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gaf6 ldlt @)^#.*.!!.@ df ePsf] km};nf . 

152 

152 

k'g/fj]bs a}+ssf] zfvf sfof{no d}ltb]jLsf 

C0fL tf/fdfg ah|frfo{n] lnPsf] shf{sf] 

;'/If0fjfkt k~rtf/f Jof6«L O08li6«hsf] gfpFdf 

btf{ /x]sf] gjnk/f;L lhNnf ;'gjn cfbz{ 

uf=lj=;=j8f g++=!-s_ ls=g+=!@ sf] If]qkmn !–%–!) 

hUuf a}+ssf] gfpFdf lwtf] ;'/If0f /x]sf]df C0fLn] 

efvfleq a}+ssf] shf{ r'Qmf gu/]sf]n] a}+sn] shf{ 

c;"npk/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf lnnfdL sf/jfxL cl3 

a9fO{ k'g/fj]bs a}+ssf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no shf{ c;"nL 

ljefu -xfn shf{ c;"nL tyf k'gM;+/rgf ljefu_ 

sf] ldlt @)%)÷!@÷@( sf] kqadf]lhd ljkIfL 

Go" huqb]jL lgdf{0f ;]jfsf gfpFdf ?=$,^),!)).– 

df lnnfd ;b/ e} ldlt @)%!.!.!^ df ljkIfLsf 

gfpFdf bf=vf=e} uPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL cj:yfdf C0fL 

Pj+ lwtf]jfnf tf/fdfg ah|frfo{ / uf]bfj/L 

ah|frfo{n] pQm lwtf] lnnfd sfo{ nufot /fli6«o 

jfl0fHo a}+s c;"nL ljefusf] ldlt @)%).!@.@( 

sf] kq Pj+ lnnfd;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf 

l/6 bfo/ u/]sf]df ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ldlt 

@)%$.@.& df pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L e} ;f] 

cfb]zaf6 a}+ssf] lnnfd ab/ x'g u} pQm hUuf 

a}+ssf] lwtf] ;'/If0fsf] ?kdf lwtf]jfnfs} gfpFdf 

sfod x'g cfPsf] / ljkIfLn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]jfkt 

a}+sdf hDdf u/]sf] /sd w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf kl/0ft 

ePsf] 5 . o;/L pQm hUufdf ljkIfLsf] xs ef]u 

k|fKt x'g g;Sg] e} a}+ssf] ;flas lwtf] lnnfd 

laqmLsf] lgb]{lzsf, @)$@ sf] bkmf !%, ;flas 

shf{ c;"nL Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, @)%) sf] bkmf 

*=! / xfn sfod /x]sf] shf{ c;"nL tyf k'gM;+/rgf 

lgb]{lzsf, @)^! sf] bkmf !!=!!=! n] lnnfd ab/ 

ePsf] cj:yfdf af]nsjf]nbftfn] a}+sdf hDdf 

u/]sf] w/f}6L /sd;Dd lkmtf{ ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] / 

w/f}6L /sddf Jofh lbg' gkg]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 

/ w/f}6L /sddf Jofh lbg'kg]{ eGg] s'g} Joj:yf 

gx'Fbf Jofh e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ xf]Og . a}+s, ljz]if P]g 

cGtu{t ;+:yflkt ;+:yf ePsf]n] ;f] cGtu{tsf 

P]g, lgod, kl/kq Pj+ lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd x'g] e} 

cGo P]g, sfg"g cfslif{t x'g] xf]Og . ;jf]{Rr

*%$%– *%$%–afl0fHo *%$%– afl0fHo a}+s, a}+s, a}+s, s] s] sf= sf= ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 s[i0fk|;fb s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{ sdf{rfo{ 

sdf{rfo{ 

cbfntaf6 cfb]z hf/L x'Fbf a}+ssf] lwtf] lnnfd Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpF5 . :jfldTj g} sRrf 

laqmLsf] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfgL lnnfd ab/ ePsf] cj:yfdf a}+sn] d}n] lt/]sf] /sd dfq lkmtf{ 

ePsf] 5 . lnnfd ab/ ePdf Jofh;lxt lkmtf{ ubf{ d k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ePsf] gf]S;fgL tyf 3f6fsf] 

ug]{ egL ljkIfL;Fu a}+sn] s'g} lnlvt ;Demf}tf k"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . l/6 rNbf rNb}sf] cj:yfdf hUufdf 

u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf ljkIfLnfO{ Jofh ltg'{kg]{ nufgL u/]sf] eGg] lg0f{ofwf/ unt 5 . l/6 lgj]bgdf 

xf]Og . ctM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] cGt/sfnLg cfb]z klg hf/L ePsf] 5}g . ctM 

km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L a}+s pk/ OG;fkm a}+s :jo+n] /fv]sf] lnnfd k|:tfjadf]lhd d}n] a9L 

lbnfO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fli6«o d"No lt/L :jLs[lt u/]sf] tYoadf]lhd d}n] hUufdf 

jfl0fHo a}+s, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no sfg"g ljefu ;d]tsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] x'Fbf To:tf] k|:tfj Pj+ 

o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . :jLs[ltadf]lhd lnnfdaf6 k|fKt ;DklQ ef]u ug{ 

ljkIfL a}+sn] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf k|sfzg 

u/L ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /flvPsf] k|:tfjadf]lhd d 

k'g/fj]bs pQm lwtf] lnnfd a9fa9 sfo{df ;xefuL 

ePaf6 k|:t't ljifo s/f/Lo bfloTj cGtu{t e} 

s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf !) adf]lhdsf] s/f/ 

ePsf] :jtM k|i6 5 . o:tf] sfo{ s/f/leq gkg]{ 

egL ul/Psf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . d}n] lnnfdaf6 

k|fKt hUuf ;sf/ u/L cfk"mn] ljleGg ;+/rgf 

lgdf{0f ug]{, ef}lts ;/;fdfgx¿ h8fg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ 

ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] 5}g . s/f/sf] 

kl/kfngf ul/;s]kl5 ljkIfLsf] cfr/0f Pj+ 

kl/0ffdaf6 s/f/ e+u ePdf d}n] Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug{ 

gkfpg] eGg ldNb}g . a}+ssf] k|:tfjadf]lhd 

s/f/af6 l;lh{t ePsf] /sd a'emfpg] bfloTj 

;d]t ;DkGg u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g} a}+sn] ls=g+=!@ 

l/6 lgj]bg lbFb}df ef]u} gePsf] eGg gldNg] x'Fbf 

s/f/ P]gadf]lhd d}n] lkm/fb dfu bfjL adf]lhdsf] 

xhf{gf Ifltk"lt{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{df nfUb} gnfUg] 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+= nufO{ z'? sf7df8f}+ 

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L y}nL Jofh 

/ /lhi6«]zg b:t"/;Dd e/fO{ kfpg] 7x/fO{ ePsf] 

ldlt @)^#.*.!! sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] 

km};nf pN6L u/L z'? lkm/fb bfjLadf]lhd Gofo 

kfpFm eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{sf] 

o; cbfnt;dIf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq . 

jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg 

k/]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] k'g/fj]bg kqx¿ b'a} kIfnfO{ Ps 

cfk;df ;'gfO{ sfuh u/fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ 

eGg] ;d]tsf] o; cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.!).!(.! 

df ePsf] cfb]z . 

sf] !–%–) hUuf bf=vf= u/L d]/f] gfddf hUuf wgL 

k|df0f k"hf{ lbPsf] xf] . hUufdf ljleGg ef}lts 

;+/rgf lgdf{0f e} :j?k kl/jt{g ePaf6 hUufsf] 

d"Noa[l4 ePsf] xf] . nufgL Pj+ k|ltkmnaf6 jl~rt 

u/fpg] p2]Zon] l/6 cfb]zsf] cfwf/df bfjL jl~rt 

ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . ljkIfL / d aLrsf] sfo{df 

n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=nfu" x'g ;Sb}g . lnnfd 

sfo{ /lhi6«]zgaf6 k|fKt xs eGbf cnu lsl;dsf] 

;fDklts xs x:tfGt/0f xf] . a}+ssf] 

k|:tfjadf]lhdsf] lnnfd ePsf] sfo{df pQm sfg"g 

nfu" x'g} ;Sb}g . z'? cbfntaf6 d}n] hUufdf 

nufgL u/]sf] s'/fdf s]xL af]n] klg k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] km};nfdf To;tkm{ af]lnPsf] 5}g . s/f/ 

ab/ ePdf jf:tljs xflg gf]S;fgL dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] 

k'g/fj]bs s[i0fk|;fb sdf{rfo{n] o; 

cbfntaf6 tf]lskfPsf] ldlt @)^^.$.@^ b]lv tf/]v 

u'hf/L a;]sf] tf/]v krf{af6 b]lvPsf] . 

lgodadf]lhd d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L lg0f{ofy{ 

o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg 

clwjQmfx¿ qmdzM g/x/L cfrfo{, lji0f'k|;fb s+8]n 

tyf afa'/fd vqLn] k|ToyL{n] a}+ssf] ;"rgfadf]lhd 

lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf]df ljjfb 5}g . lnnfd ;sf/ 

ePkl5 ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 pQm lnnfd 

ab/ ePkl5 k|ToyL{ ljkIfLn] ;sf/ u/]sf] /sd 

jfkt a}+ssf] w/f}6L vftfdf /x]sf] pQm /sd w/f}6Lsf] 

xb;Dd k|fKt ug]{ xf] . w/f}6Lsf] /sddf Jofh tyf 

xhf{gf ;d]t lbg'kg]{ eGg] lhsL/ sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . 

153 

153


j}zfv 

/fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf;DaGwL 

P]g, @)^# h:tf] ljz]if P]gaf6 ;~rflnt x'g] Pj+ 

a}+ssf] cfGtl/s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf nflu lgld{t shf{ 

c;"nL tyf k'gM;+/rgf lgb]{lzsf, @)^!, shf{ c;"nL 

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, @)%) tyf ;+zf]wg, @)%^ ;d]tn] 

To:tf] w/f}6L /sddf Jofh jf xhf{gfsf] Joj:yf 

gu/]sf]df ;DdfgLt k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 

Jofh ;d]t e/fO{ lbg] 7x/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 

ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpF egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

pkl:yt ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; 

;d]t ;'gL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf 

ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ e} x]bf{, a}+ssf] 

lnnfd;DaGwL ;"rgf k|sfzg ePkl5 jfbL s[i0fk|;fb 

sdf{rfo{n] lhNnf gjnk/f;L ;'gjn cfb{z 

uf=lj=;=j8f g+=!-s_ ls=g+=!@ sf] !–%–!) hUuf 

?=$,^),!)).– df lnnfd a9fa9 u/L ;sf/ u/L 

lnO{ ;f]df kvf{n nufO{ 6x/f lgdf{0f u/L wf/f lah'nL 

6]lnkmf]g ;d]t h8fg u/L vr{ u/]sf] cj:yfdf 

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lnnfd ab/ ePaf6 lnnfd 

;sf/ ubf{sf] /sd ?=$,^),!)).– 6x/f kvf{n lgdf{0f 

ubf{ nfu]sf] ?=%,)),))).– ;d]t cGo xhf{gf Pj+ 

h8fg tyf dd{t vr{ egL ?=#(,#@,&$*.() sf] 

bfjL lnO{ lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]df z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 ;fFjf ?=$,^),!)).– / ;fdfg v/Lb 

ul/lnPsf] egL bfjL lnPsf] dWo]sf] ?=#,#&,@)).– 

;d]t hDdf ?=&,(&,#)).– jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/fO{ 

lng kfpg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] / ;f]xL km};nfpk/ 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf b'a} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L 

sf/jfxL x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 z'?sf] 

km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L lnnfd ;sf/ ubf{ k/]sf] y}nL 

/ ;f]sf] P]gadf]lhdsf] Jofh / /lhi6«]zg b:t"/ e/L 

kfpg] 7x/fO{ km};nf ePsf]df ;f]xL km};nfpk/ jfbL 

k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{ o; 

Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . 

a}+sn] u/]sf] lnnfd ljkIfL jfbLn] ;sf/ 

u/]sf] eP klg ;f] lnnfd ;b/ sfod /xg g;sL 

To;sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ljkIfL jfbLn] cfk"mn] ;sf/ 

u/]sf] ;DklQ lkmtf{ ug'{ k/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm k|lqmofdf 

ljkIfL jfl0fHo a}+ssf] q'l6n] ubf{ lnnfd ab/ 

ePsf] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf 

154 

154 

lnnfd ab/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfL jfbLn] s] 

kfpg] eGg] g} d'Vo k|Zg b]lvG5 . 

@= tTsfnLg /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! 

sf] bkmf $& adf]lhd lnnfd ePsf]df lnnfd 

;b/ sfod g/x]sf]df lnnfdaf6 xs kfpg]n] s] 

lkmtf{ kfpg] eGg] af/]df :ki6 Joj:yf b]lvGg . 

lnnfd ;sf/jfnfn] lnnfd ;sf/ ubf{ /sd bfv]nf 

ug]{ / ;f] l;nl;nfdf /lhi6«]zg ug'{kg]{ x'Fbfsf] 

cj:yfdf ;f] b:t"/ Joxf]g'{ kg]{ ;fy} ;sf/jfnfn] 

;sf/jfkt a'emfPsf] /sdx¿ :jfefljs vr{ 

;lxtsf vr{x¿ x'g] x'G5g\ . ;sf/jfnfn] a'emfPsf] 

/sdjfkt sfg"gn] kfpg] Jofh ;d]t e/L kfpg] 

x'Fbf lauf] -y}nL_, /lhi6«]zg ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ / 

sfg"gcg'¿ksf] Jofh ;d]t e/L kfpg] u/L 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . 

ljkIfL ;sf/jfnfsf] /sd k'g/fj]bs a}+ssf] 

clwgdf /x]sf]df ljjfb ePsf] 5}g . 

#= a}+ssf] vftfdf w/f}6Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 

eGg] jfl0fHo a}+ssf] egfO{ /x]af6 ;d]t pQm vftfdf 

/flvPsf] /sddf sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] Jofh 

kfpg] cj:yf /xg cfpF5 g} . ;f]xL dfGotfnfO{ 

cfwf/ lnO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 sfg"gn] 

tf]s]sf] Go"gtd\ Jofh e/fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvPsf]n] 

a9L Jofh e/fPsf] dfGg ldNg] cj:yf ;d]t 5}g . 

o;/L lnnfd ug]{n] sfg"gsf] /Lt k'¥ofpg g;s]sf] 

sf/0faf6 ;sf/jfnfn] ;sf/ u/]sf] lnnfd sfod 

/xg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf] sf/0faf6 ;sf/jfnfn] 

Joxf]g{ k/]sf] cfly{s kl/0ffdnfO{ cgb]vf ug{ sfg"g, 

Gofo / ljj]sn] ;d]t lbFb}g . 

$= d'n'sL P]g n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] dxnsf] 

!) g+=df xs 5f8L lbP lnPsf] ;b/ gePsf] 

cj:yfdf To:tf] lsl;dsf] /sd e/L kfpg] Joj:yf 

ePsf] b]lvPsf] / n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=s} 

cj:yfsf] d'2f k|:t't d'2f geP klg o; lsl;dsf] 

l:yltdf nufgLstf{sf] q'l6 lagf csf/0f cfly{s 

Iflt jf cGofo Joxf]g{ nufpg gldNg] x'gfn] Go"gtd\ 

vr{ / Jofh e/fpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvG5 . 

%= k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL /fli6«o jfl0fHo 

a}+ssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/df w/f}6L /fv]sf] /sdsf

*%$^– *%$^– *%$^–1fgaxfb'/ *%$^– 1fgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL lj?4 lj?4 df]xgaxfb'/ df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL ;d]t 

;d]t 

xsdf Jofh jf xhf{gfsf ;DaGwdf a}+ssf] 

lgb]{lzsfn] w/f}6L /sddf Jofh lbgkg]{ Joj:yf 

gu/]sf]n] Jofh jf xhf{gf lbg ldNg] xf]Og egL 

lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 t/ tTsfnLg /fli6«o jfl0fHo 

a}+s P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $& ;f] ;DaGwdf df}g 

/x]sf] cj:yfdf a}+ssf] cfGtl/s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf 

nflu k|rlnt lgb]{lzsfx¿df w/f}6L /sddf Jofh 

lbg gldNg] eGg] pNn]v x'Fb}df sfg"gdf Joj:yf 

ePsf] n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] !) g+=sf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L 

kIfx¿sf] q'l6 lagf Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] cfly{s Iflt jf 

gf]S;fgL e/fpg gldNg] cy{ u/L lgb]{zsf g} 

cfslif{t x'G5 eGg] a}+stkm{sf ljåfg sfg"g 

Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . 

^= To:t} k'g/fj]bs jfbL s[i0fk|;fb 

sdf{rfo{n] lkm/fb bfjLdf pNn]v ePcg'¿ksf] 

y}nLsf cltl/Qm lgdf{0f sfo{df nfu]sf] vr{ / e/L 

e/fp x'Fbfsf ;Ddsf] Jofh ;d]t osLg u/L Ifltk"lt{ 

bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oL kIfx¿sf aLrdf ePsf] 

pQm lnnfd ;sf/ u/L /lhi6«]zg bf=vf= ug]{ sfo{ 

ul/;s]kZrft\ /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ssf] sfo{af6 pQm 

lnnfd ab/ e} jfbLsf] xs u'd]sf] cj:yf l;h{gf 

ePsf] ;d]t gb]lvFbf /fli6«o jfl0fHo a}+ss} sfo{af6 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ lghn] bfjL u/] h:tf] cfly{s 

xflg gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] eGg] cy{ ;d]t ug{ 

dgfl;j b]lvPg . 

&= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ sf/0fx¿af6 

;d]t xhf{gfsf] xsdf bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] / cGosf 

xsdf jfbLn] lnnfd ;sf/ u/]sf avtsf] y}nL / 

;f]sf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] Jofh / /lhi6«]zg b:t"/ 

e/L kfpg] 7x/fO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 

ePsf] ldlt @)^#.*.!!.@ sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf 

;b/ x'G5 . jfbL k|ltjfbL b'a} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg 

lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut 

s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" . 


df=Gof=k|f=8f=>L e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn k'; !@ ut] /f]h @ z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M lji0f'k|;fb uf}td 

 

155 

155 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$^ 

*%$^ 




;+jt\ @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 lgj]bg g+= –)$!* 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.*.@^.! 

ljifo M– pTk|]if0fo'Qm k|ltif]w ;d]t . 

lgj]bsM lhNnf df]/Ë lj/f6gu/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf 

j8f g+=# z+s/k'/ a:g] 1fgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sL ;d]t 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM P]=P]= j8f g+= ^ j:g] kbds'df/L a'9fyf]sLsf] 

d'=;=ug]{ df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL ;d]t 

cfˆgf] cfdfn] lbPsf] xs sfod d'2f lghn] 

;sf/ u/]sf] / ;f] d'2fdf o; cbfntn] 

k'g/fj]lbsf ;d]tsf] ck'tfnL efu sfod 

x'g] u/L % efusf] ! efu kfpg] egL 

km};nf u/]af6 Ps efu ck'tfnL xs 

lghsf] 5f]/fn] kfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

d'2f sf/jfxLsf] qmddf sfg"gadf]lhd 

d[tssf] tkm{af6 d'2f ;sf/ u/L d[tssf] 

xsdf ePsf] km};nfkZrft\ To:tf] km};nf 

sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf s'g} tflTjs kl/jt{g 

gcfPsf] cj:yfdf km};nfdf plNnlvt 

:ki6 / ;f]emf] cy{ cfpg] u/L To;sf] 

sfof{Gjog ul/g' kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm 

sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ d'2f c+z d'2f klg ge} 

ck'tfnL xs sfod gfd;f/L ePsf]n] ;f] 

d'2fsf] jfbLsf] d[To'kl5 lghsf] xs klxnf


j}zfv 

g} 5'§L leGg ePsf c+lzof/x¿df hfg 

g;Sg] . 

ck'tfnL xs c+z xs h:tf] ;a} hLljt 

c+lzof/df ;g{ ;Sg] klg xf]Og . To:tf] 

xs lghsf] ck'tfnL vfg] xsbf/df g} 

hfg] x'G5 . oxL g} ck'tfnL;DaGwL sfg"gL 

Joj:yf ePsf]n] 5f]/f ePsf] gftfn] ;f] 

xs kfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L s'd'bs'df/ 

e6[/fO{ 

ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L ab|Lk|;fb kf7s 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

cfb]z 

Gof=tflx/ cnL cG;f/LM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 


o; cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg 

;lxt d'2fsf] 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M– 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/n] ldlt 

@)%#.!).@) ut] @)%! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= !(#( sf] 

c+z d'2f km};nf ubf{ Jojxf/ k|df0fn] jfbL 

k|ltjfbLx¿ cl3 g} 5'§L leGg ePsf] eGg] k'li6 

x'G5 egL jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿sf] ;+o'Qm gfpFdf /x]sf] 

ca08f hUufx¿sf] btf{ km'6fO{ cf–cfˆgf] gfpFdf 

hUuf btf{ ug{ jfbL k|ltjfbLnfO{ sfg"gn] xs 

k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf To;tkm{ s]xL af]nL /xg' k/]g . 

afa' bfgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLsf] c+z efudf k/]sf] 

lghsf] gfd btf{sf] hUuf afa'sf] z]ifkl5 ck'tfnLsf] 

/f]xaf6 jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿n] sfg"gcg';f/ cf–cfˆgf] 

xs sfod u/fpg ;Sg] x'Fbf To; ;DaGwdf klg 

lg0f{o u/L /xg' k/]g egL ePsf] km};nf g} clGtd 

eP/ /x]sf] 5 . 

pQm km};nfadf]lhd lktf bfgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sLsf gfpF btf{sf] hUuf gfd;f/L ug{ pQm 

d'2fsf] xfdL jfbL k|ltjfbLn] sf/jfxL rnfpFbf 

156 

156 

k|ToyL{ kbds'df/L a'9fyf]sL / df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL 

;d]tn] gfd;f/Ldf bfjL u/]sf] x'Fbf dfnkf]t 

sfof{no df]/Ën] ldlt @)%^.@.@# df cfˆgf] xs 

sfod u/L Nofpg' egL lg0f{o u/]adf]lhd k|ToyL{ 

kb\ds'df/L a'9fyf]sL, df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL / 

lgj]bs gy'axfb'/ a'9fyf]sLsf] xs sfoddf df]/Ë 

lhNnf cbfntdf 5'§f–5'§} lkm/fb bfo/ ePsf]df 

tx tx xF'b} k|ToyL{ kbds'df/L a'9fyf]sLn] ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg kq bfo/ ug'{ ePsf]df 

pQm d'2f rNbfrNb}sf] cj:yfdf kb\ds'df/L 

a'9fyf]sLsf] d[To' eof] . pQm ;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] 

b]=k'=g+= *$@@ / *$@# sf] d'2f o; ;DdfgLt 

cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.!).& ut] km};nf x'Fbf 

5'l§leGg e} a;]sf hLljt ;a} c+lzof/x¿ xsbf/ 

/x]sf] dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf hLljt xsbf/ 

;a}sf] gfpFdf gfd;f/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ctM afa' 

nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQdf hLljt jfbL k|ltjfbL nufotsf 

xsbf/n] cf–cfkm" jfbL k|ltjfbL e} bfo/ ePsf 

nufpsf] d'2faf6 kfpg]df k|:t't d'2faf6 klg bf]xf]/f] 

gkfpg] u/L a/fa/sf] b/n] vfg kfpg] cj:yfdf 

hLljt xsbf/ aLr % efusf] ! efu kfpg] eGg] 

a'Fbf pNn]v u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] 

ldlt @)%(.!@.@) sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] pQm km};nf g} clGtd eP/ 

/x]sf] 5 . 

tTkZrft\ ;f]xL km};nfadf]lhd df]/Ë 

lhNnf cbfntdf k|ToyL{ df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLn] ! 

efu ;d]t @ efu kfpF egL lgj]bg bfo/ ug'{ 

ePsf]df xfdLn] pQm lgj]bgnfO{ k|ltjfb u/L hjfkm 

btf{ u/fO{ cfˆgf] xsdf km};nfadf]lhd hLljt $ 

c+lzof/ dfq ePsf]n] $ efu nufO{ kfpF egL 

lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf]df pQm lgj]bg Ohnf;;dIf 

k]z x'Fbf d'2f km};nf x'g'k"j{ kb\ds'df/Lsf] d[To' 

ePkl5 hLljt xsjfnf $ hgf dfq sfod /x]sf] 

b]lvG5 . bfgaxfb'/sf] ;DklQ kb\ds'df/Lsf gfpFdf 

bf=vf= gfd;f/L eO{ cfO{ g;s]sf], kbds'df/Lsf] 

gfddf ;DklQ bf=vf= gfd;f/L gx'Fb} lghsf] d[To' 

ePsf] x'Fbf cj ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfcg';f/ 

xsbf/n] bf]xf]/f] gkfpg] u/L lhljtnfO{ dfq xsbf/

*%$^– *%$^– *%$^–1fgaxfb'/ *%$^– 1fgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL lj?4 lj?4 df]xgaxfb'/ df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL ;d]t 

;d]t 

dfGg' kg]{ x'g cfof] . km};nfn] klg afa' nf]Ug]sf] 

;DklQdf jfbL k|ltjfbL nufotsf xsbf/n] bf]xf]/f] 

gkfpg] u/L a/fa/sf b/n] vfg kfpg] egL JofVof 

eO{ /x]sf] ;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bs df]xgaxfb'/sf 

dfuadf]lhd % efu dWo] d[ts cfdf kbds'df/Lsf] 

efu ;d]t cfkm"n] kfpg'kg]{ bfjL km};nf cg's"n 

b]lvPg . ctM lgj]bsx¿ $ hgf xsbf/ x'Fbf $ 

efusf] ! efu gfd;f/L u/L lbg'kg]{ b]lvFbf 

;f]xLcg';f/ ug'{ egL ldlt @)^^.@.@@ df df]/Ë 

lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] cfb]zpk/ k|ToyL{ 

df]xgaxfb'/sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/df 

d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhd k/]sf] lgj]bgpk/df 

k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/n] ;DdfgLt 

;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 xs sfod gfd;f/L btf{ rng 

d'2fdf ldlt @)^#.!).& df ePsf] km};nfaf6 % 

efusf] ! efu oL lgj]bssL cfdf kb\ds'df/Ln] 

ck'tfnL xs sfod kfpg] b]lvPsf] / ;f] d'2f rNbf 

rNb} kb\ds'df/Lsf] d[To' eO{ log} lgj]bsn] d'2f 

;sf/ u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFbf ;f] km};nfadf]lhd % 

efu nufO{ jfbL kbds'df/Lsf] xs ;d]t @ efu 

oL lgj]bssf] gfpFdf btf{ u/L lbg'kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] 

xb;Dd ToxfFaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.@.@@ sf] cfb]z 

a]l/tsf] x'Fbf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . cj ;jf]{Rr 

cbfntsf] pQm clGtd km};nfadf]lhd km};nf 

sfof{Gjog ug'{ egL k|ToyL{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

lj/f6gu/n] ldlt @)^^.^.#) ut] cfb]z u/]sf] 

cfwf/df k|ToyL{ df]/Ë lhNnf cbfnt / tx;Ln 

zfvfn] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] sf/jfxL cl3 a9fO{ 

d lgj]bs ;d]tnfO{ tf/]vdf /fv]sf] 5 . 

:j=bfgaxfb'/sf] gfpFdf btf{sf] hUufsf] 

ldlt @)%(.!@.@) sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

km};nfdf :ki6;Fu hLljt jfbL k|ltjfbL nufotsf 

c+lzof/n] bf]xf]/f] gkfpg] u/L l;4fGttM a/fa/sf 

b/n] vfg kfpg] egL km};nf ePsf] / ;f]xL d'2fdf 

;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ldlt @)^#.!).& ut] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] 

x'Fbf bfgaxfb'/ gfpF btf{sf] hUufdf lglj{jfb ?kdf 

hLljt c+lzof/x¿n] a/fa/ kfpg] xf] . k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/n] km};nf ubf{ % c+lzof/ hLljt 

157 157 

157 

/x]sf]n] hLljt % efu nufPsf] xf] . hLljt % 

c+lzof/ xsbf/ dWo] kb\ds'df/Lsf] ldlt @)^#.!.@& 

ut] d[To' eof] . lghsf] d[To' x'Fbf ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf 

d'2f rln/x]sf] lyof] . lghsf] xs kSsf geO{ d[To' 

ePsf] cj:yf 5 . bfjLsf] ;Dk"0f{ hUufx¿ lktf 

:j= bfgaxfb'/sf] k}t[s ;DklQ xf] ;a} hUufx¿ 

cfh;Dd lktfs} gfpF btf{ ;|]:tfdf 5 . 

k|:t't ljjfb c+z xssf] geO{ ck'tfnL 

xssf] ;DaGwdf xf] . ck'tfnL xs bf]xf]/f] k|fKt x'g 

;Sb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] d'n'sL P]g c=j+= !& 

g+= sf] k|ToyL{sf] lgj]bgpk/ ldlt @)^^.^.#) df 

cfb]z ubf{ ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^#.!).& sf] km};nfsf] ;+s'lrt cy{ nufO{ JofVof 

u/]sf] 5 . xfdL ;dfg xsbf/ ePsf]df k|ToyL{n] @ 

efu d lgj]bsn] ! efu kfpg] u/L ePsf] pQm 

cfb]z ;dGoflos 5}g . 

al: hLljt $ hgf 5f]/fx¿sf] ck'tfnL xs 

sfod x'g'kg]{df d[tssf] ;d]t xs nfUg] egL % 

efu nufO{ @ efu k|ToyL{sf] gfddf ug]{ egL 

ePsf] pk/f]Qm cfb]z tyf sfdsf/jfxLaf6 

lgj]bssf] plNnlvt xsx¿sf] cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] 

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_, !( d'n'sL 

P]g, ck'tfnLsf] @, ^ ;d]tåf/f k|bQ xsdf afwf 

cj/f]w pTkGg u/]sf] / o;/L afwf cj/f]w pTkGg 

u/L k|ToyL{x¿af6 eP ul/Psf cfb]z nufotsf 

sfdsf/jfxLx¿ ab/ u/L cfˆgf] xssf] ;+/If0f 

/ k|rng u/L kfpg cGo j}slNks sfg"gL 

pkrf/sf] af6f] ;d]t g/x]sf]n] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d 

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ cGtu{t ;DdfgLt 

cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]qflwsf/ k|of]u tyf P]= 

wf/f !)@-$_ adf]lhd JofVof ;d]t u/fO{ dfUg 

cfPsf] 5' . k|ToyL{ df]xgaxfb'/sf] c=j+= !& g+=sf] 

lgj]bg pk/df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 

ldlt @)^^.^.#) df ePsf] cfb]z, ;f] cfb]zsf 

cfwf/df k|ToyL{ df]/Ë lhNnf cbfnt tyf 

tx;Lnbf/af6 eP u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& 

adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L 

k|ToyL{x¿sf] gfpFdf k|ltif]wsf] cfb]z cf1f cfb]z


j}zfv 

hf/L u/L k"0f{ Gofo kfpFm . ;fy} lgj]bgsf] clGtd d]/L cfdf kbds'df/L a'9fyf]sLsf gfddf 

6'Ëf] gnfu];Dd cGtl/d cfb]z;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm btf{ sfod x'g]df cfdfsf] :juf{/f]x0f ePsf]n] lgh 

eGg] lgj]bg dfu bfjL . 

cfdf tkm{sf] Psdfq Psf;uf]nsf] 5f]/f d lgj]bs 


dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L ug'{ gkg]{ xf] < of] 

cfb]zk|fKt ePsf] ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% 

lbgleq ;DalGwt ldl;n ;fy /fvL ljkIfL g+=!,@,# 

df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLsf] gfddf btf{ >]itf u/L 

kfpg dfnkf]t sfof{no lj/f6gu/nfO{ n]vL kfpF 

egL df]xg a'9fyf]sLn] ldlt @)^%.^.!) df lgj]bg 

lbPsf] kfOof] . 

nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{ dxfGofoflwaQmfsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] km};nfcg';f/ xsbf/n] 

sfof{nodf k7fO lbg' . lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] bf]xf]/f] gkfpg] u/L hLljtnfO{ dfq xsbf/ dfGg'kg]{ 

cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt x'g cfof], km};nfn] klg afa' nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQdf 

ePsf ldltn] af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq jfbL k|ltjfbL nufotsf xsbf/n] bf]xf]/f] gkfpg] 

lnlvt hjfkm lnO{ cfkm} jf cfˆgf] k|ltlglwåf/f u/L a/fa/sf b/n] vfg kfpg] egL JofVof eO/x]sf] 

pkl:Yft x'g' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt gSsn ;fy} ;d]t x'Fbf lgj]bs df]xgaxfb'/sf] dfuadf]lhd % 

/fvL ljkIfL g+=$ nfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf efu dWo] d[ts cfdf kbds'df/Lsf] efu ;d]t 

cbfntdfkm{t\ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 cfkm"n] kfpg'kg]{ bfjL km};nfcg'¿k b]lvPg . 

jf cjlw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt lgj]bsx¿ rf/ hgf xsbf/ x'Fbf rf/ efusf] Ps 

PsGofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^^.*.!) df efusf b/n] :juL{o bfgaxfb'/sf] ;DklQ gfd;f/L 

ePsf] cfb]z . 

ul/lbg' kg]{ b]lvFbf ;f]xL cg';f/ ug'{ egL ldlt 

df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.@.@@ 

sf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL d'=;=ug]{ df]xgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sLn] o; cbfntdf c=j+= !& g+= adf]lhdsf] 

lgj]bg u/L df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntaf6 s}lkmot 

k|ltj]bg k|fKt e} o; cbfntsf] ;+o'Qm Ohnf;;dIf 

k]z x'Fbf ;DdfgLt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;+jt\ @)^) 

;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *$@@ sf] xs sfod gfd;f/L btf{ 

rng d'2fdf ldlt @)^#.!).& df ePsf] km};nfaf6 

% efusf] ! efu oL lgj]bssL cfdf kb\ds'df/Ln] 

@)^^.@.@@ df o; cbfntaf6 cfb]z ePsf]df 

o; cbfntsf] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm egL d'=;= ug]{ 

df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLn] lgj]bg lbPsf]df % efu 

nufO{ jfbL kbds'df/Lsf] xs ;d]t @ efu oL 

lgj]bssf] gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] 

xb;Dd ldlt @)^^.@.@@ sf] cfb]z a]l/tsf] x'Fbf 

ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 egL ldlt @)^^.^.#) df k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 cfb]z eO{ o; cbfntsf] 

cfb]z ab/ ePsf] kfO{of] . 

ck'tfnL xs kfpg] b]lvPsf] / ;f] d'2f rNbf rNb} o; cbfntaf6 ePsf ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf/jfxL 

jfbL kb\ds'df/Lsf] d[To' e} log} lgj]bsn] d'2f sfg"gcg'¿k g} eP ul/Psf] / km};nf sfof{Gjog 

;sf/ u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvFbf ;f] km};nfadf]lhd % ug]{ sfd ;d]t sfg"gadf]lhd g} x'g] x'Fbf km};nf 

efu nufO{ jfbL kb\ds'df/Lsf] xs ;d]t @ efu sfof{Gjog sfg"g ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] lgj]bssf] 

oL lgj]bssf] gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{df ;f] gu/]sf] bfjL vf/]h ul/kfpg ;fb/ cg'/f]w ul/G5 eGg] 

xb;Dd ToxfFaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^^.@.@@ sf] cfb]z df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf 

j]l/tsf] x'Fbf ab/ u/L lbPsf] 5 . ca ;jf]{Rr k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

cbfntsf] pQm clGtd km};nfadf]lhd sfof{Gjog 

ug'{xf]nf eGg] ldlt @)^^.^.#).^ ut]df cfb]z 

ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf k/]sf] 

lnlvt hjfkm . 

158 

158 

cÍ / cIf/df :ki6 efiffdf n]lvPsf] 

km};nf g} cbfntsf] efj xf] . cÍ / cIf/df 

n]lvPsf], tYodf ljj]rgf ePsf] eGbf ljkIfLnfO{ 

cg's"n ldNg] csf]{ efj cfpF5 egL cg'dfg ug{ 

JofVof ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGt, g]kfn sfg"g

*%$^– *%$^–1fgaxfb'/ *%$^– 1fgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL lj?4 lj?4 df]xgaxfb'/ df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL a'9fyf]sL ;d]t 

;d]t 

JofVof;DaGwL P]g, @)!) tyf o;} ;DdfgLt 

cbfntaf6 ljleGg ;dodf ePsf km};nfx¿ 

;d]taf6 ldNg] cj:yf /xFb}g . 

o;} ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 d}n] c=j+= ^@ 

-#_,&) g+= adf]lhd d'2f ;sf/ u/L km};nf ;d]t 

e} clGtd ePsf] cj:yfdf cj cfP/ c=j+= ^@ 

-#_,&) g+= ljk/Lt sfo{ eof] eGg] cfzoo'Qm 

ljkIfLx¿sf] syg Gofo / sfg"gsf] w/ftn eGbf 

aflx/ /x]sf] 5 . 

ljkIfLx¿ :j= bfgaxfb'/;+u 5'l§ leGg 

eO;s]sf] tYo ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf 

;d]tn] k|i6 ePs} 5 . ck'tfnL xs kfpg] xf]Og 

egL st} s'g} sfuhdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5}g . c+z 

/ ck'tfnL km/s s'/f x'g . 

d]/L cfdf :j= kbds'df/Lsf] :juf{/f]x0f 

kZrft\ d}n] d'2f ;sf/ ul/;s]kl5 ldlt @)^#.!).& 

ut] o;} ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 km};nf ug]{ qmddf 

olb kbds'df/Lsf] ck'tfnL xs sfod gx'g] km};nfsf] 

cfzo /x]sf] eP lghsf] d[To' eO{;s]sf] x'Fbf s]xL 

af]Ng' k/]g egL $ efu nfUg] s'/f km};nfdf cjZo 

pNn]v x'g] lyof] . t/ o;} cbfntaf6 k|i6;+u % 

efusf] !÷! efu kfpg] egL n]lvPsf] s'/fnfO{ 

w'ldn ug{ ldNb}g . nufpsf] d'2faf6 kfpg]df o;af6 

klg bf]xf]/f] gkfpg] eg]sf] cy{ kbds'df/Lsf] ck'tfnL 

efu lx:;f gkfpg] eg]sf] xf]Og . kbds'df/Ln] %M! 

kfpg] xf] / ToxL kbds'df/Lsf] efu s]jn d]/f 

gfddf gfd;f/L ug{ dfu ul/Psf] xf] . x/]s d'2faf6 

x/]sn] gkfpg] eGg'sf] cy{ Ps efu kbds'df/Lsf] 

cfˆg} d'2faf6 nfUb}g egL unt cy{ lgsfNg ldNb}g . 

olb km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf kIf cfkm} 

hLljt /xg' kb{5 egL JofVof ul/g] xf] eg] ljkIfLn] 

pNn]v ug'{ eP dWo]sf gy'axfb'/ / nf]saxfb'/ 

xfn hLljt x'g'x'Gg . pxfFx¿sf] efu lx:;f lghs} 

xsjfnfn] ;sf/ ug{ kfPsf 5g\ eg] kbds'df/Lsf] 

efu lx:;f d 5f]/f df]xgaxfb'/n] gkfpg] k|Zg 

p7\g ;Sb}g . 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ldlt 

@)^^.^.#) ut] ePsf] cfb]z d'n'sL P]g ck'tfnLsf] 

159 

159 

@, ^ g+= tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] 

wf/f !#-!_, !( sf] k|lts"n s] s;/L x'g uof] . ;f] 

s'/f ljkIfLu:x¿n] pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . 

wf/f !# -!_ df plNnlvt ;dfgtfsf] xs wf/f 

!( df plNnlvt ;DklQsf] xsaf6 ljkIfLx¿ 

pQm cfb]zsf sf/0f jl~rt gePsf], ck'tfnLsf] 

@ g+= n] d ;xf]b/ 5f]/f g} k|yd xsbf/ ePsf], ^ 

g+= adf]lhd Psf;uf]nsL ;xf]b/ cfdf d;+u g} 

/xL a;L cfPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLx¿nfO{ s;/L 

sfg"gL cf3ft kg{ uof] eGg] s'/f cfwf/ gePsf]n] 

e|fds Pj+ sfNklgs dfubfjL vf/]hefuL 5 . 

pk/f]Qm adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 

ldlt @)^^.^.#) ut] ePsf] cfb]z Goflos sfg"g 

;Da4 tyf o;} ;DdfgLt cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^#.!).& ut]sf] km};nf d'tflas ePsf] x'Fbf ;f] 

cfb]z ;b/ sfod u/L ljkIfLx¿sf] l/6 lgj]bg 

vf/]h u/L ljkIfLsf] dfubfjLaf6 km';{b kfpF 

eGg] df]xgaxb'/ a'9fyf]sLsf] tkm{af6 o; 

cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm . 

lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf r9L 

k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] 

ldl;n cWoog u/L lgj]bssf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf 

ljåfg clwjQmf >L s'd'bs'df/ e§/fO{n] 

kbds'df/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] / lghsf] 5f]/fn] d'2f 

;sf/ u/]klg ;dfg k':tf s} ePsf]n] hLljt $ 

c+lzof/ dfq eO{ $ efu nfUg' kg]{ xf] . km};nf 

sfof{Gjogsf cj:yfdf hLljt JolQmn] dfq cfˆgf] 

efu kfpF5 . kbds'df/L Pp6} x}l;otsf] JolQm 

ePsf]n] lghsf] d[To'kl5 df]xgaxfb'/n] dfq gkfO{ 

;a} rf/ hgfdf ;DklQ a/fa/Lsf] lx;fan] hfG5 . 

t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] cfb]z ab/ 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

ljkIfL df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLsf tkm{af6 

/xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf >L ab|Lk|;fb kf7sn] 

ljkIfLsf] l/6 lgj]bg km};nf clGtdtfsf] 

l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . kbds'df/Lsf] 

d'=;=df]xgaxfb'/n] ubf{ ljkIfLaf6 ph"/ jfh'/ 

s]xL ePsf] 5}g . k|:t't ljjfb ck'tfnL xs 

sfodaf6 p7]sf] xf] . o;df c+zsf] h:tf] cj:yf


j}zfv 

xf]Og . ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 kbds'df/Lsf] ;d]t 

efu 5'6\ofO{ % efu ug]{ km};nf x'Fbf kbds'df/Lsf] 

d[To' e};s]sf] lyof] . xfn cfP/ cGoyf ug{ 

ldNb}g . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

plNnlvt sfg"g Joj;foLx¿sf] ax; 

lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL l/6 lgj]bssf] dfu bfjL 

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og < eGg] 

;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . 

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, ljkIfL 

df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL ;d]t;+usf] xs sfod 

d'2fdf a/fa/sf] b/n] vfg kfpg] u/L hLljt 

xsbf/aLr % efusf] ! efu kfpg] eGg] a'Fbf 

pNn]v u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/af6 ePsf] 

km};nf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t ;b/ eO{ clGtd 

eP/ /x]sf] 5 . ;f] km};nfadf]lhd ug{ egL df]/Ë 

lhNnf cbfntdf ljkIfLaf6 lgj]bg lbPsf]df 

kbds'df/Lsf] km};nf x'g'k"j{ g} d[To' e};s]sf]n] 

hLljt $ c+lzof/aLr dfq $ efusf] ! efu ug]{ 

u/L df]/Ë lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^^.@.@@ df 

ePsf] cfb]z ab/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

lj/f6gu/af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 ePsf] 

km};nfadf]lhd g} % efusf] @ efu lgj]bssf 

gfpFdf btf{ ug]{u/L ePsf] ldlt @)^^.^.#) sf] 

cfb]z q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f] cfb]z ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

l/6 lgj]bg dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] . 

#= :ki6 ?kdf % efusf] !÷! efu kfpg] 

egL ePsf] clGtd km};nfsf] cy{nfO{ cGoyf ug{ 

ldNb}g . kbds'df/Lsf] ck'tfnL xs sfod gx'g] 

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clGtd km};nfsf] cfzo /x]sf] 

x'GYof] eg] lghsf] d[To' eO;s]sf] x'Fbf s]xL af]Ng' 

k/]g egL pNn]v x'g] lyof] . clGtd km};nfadf]lhd 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t ljkIfL dWo]sf df]xgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sLsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

$= ldl;n ;+nUg log} ljkIfL df]xgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL ;d]t eO{ rn]sf] 

xs sfod gfd;f/L btf{ rng d'2fdf o; 

cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^#.!).& df km};nf x'Fbfsf 

160 

160 

avt hLljt xsbf/aLr % efusf] ! efu bfjLsf] 

hUufdf jfbLsf] xs sfod eO{ gfd;f/L btf{ 

u/fpg] / rng rnfpg] 7x¥ofPsf] k'g/fj]bg 

km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . o; 

cbfntaf6 pQm ldltdf km};nf x'g'eGbf klxn] g} 

kbds'df/Lsf] d[To' eO;sL lghsf] xsdf lghsf] 

5f]/f df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sLn] d'2f ;sf/ u/L 

;s]sf] ;f]xL km};nfsf] k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvg cfpF5 . 

lgh kbds'df/L klg pQm xs sfod d'2fdf 

jfbL ePsLn] pQm d'2fsf] sf/jfxLdf ;f]xL 

x}l;otn] ;xefuL eO{ o; cbfntdf lgh} 

kbds'df/Ln] cfˆgf] ck'tfnL xs lx:;f ;'lglZrt 

u/fpgsf nflu k'g/fj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; 

cbfntdf pQm xssfod d'2f rNbf rNb} lgh 

kbds'df/Lsf] d[To' eO{ lghsf] tkm{af6 lghsf] 

5f]/f df]xgaxfb'/n] kbds'df/Lsf] xs ;sf/ 

u/]sf]df ljkIfLx¿n] To;pk/ ph"/ gu/L 

To;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 . 

%= o; cbfntaf6 lgh kbds'df/L 

;d]tsf] Ps efu ck'tfnL xs x'g] u/L % efu 

sfodug]{ u/L km};nf ePsf] b]lvG5 . oxfF dxTjk"0f{ 

ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] pQm xs sfod d'2f 

jfbL k|ltjfbLx¿sf] c+z xs sfod ug]{ k|of]hgsf 

nflu k/]sf] geO{ d"n k'?if bfg jxfb'/sf] c+zxssf] 

;DklQ lghsf] d/0ff]k/fGt ck'tfnL xs;DaGwL 

clwsf/ Right to succession sf nflu k/]sf] 

lyof] . ;fy} of] s'/f klg ljrf/0fLo 5 ls pQm xs 

sfod d'2fsL jfbL kbds'df/L d[ts bfgaxfb'/ 

a'9fyf]sLsL >LdtL / bfgaxfb'/sf rf/ >LdtLx¿ 

dWo] kbds'df/L a'9fyf]sL tkm{sf 5f]/f x'g ljkIfL 

dWo]sf df]xgaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL . cfˆgf] cfdfn] lbPsf] 

xs sfod d'2f lghn] ;sf/ u/]sf] / ;f] d'2fdf 

o; cbfntn] k'g/fj]lbsf kbds'df/L ;d]tsf] 

ck'tfnL efu sfod x'g] u/L % efusf] ! efu 

kfpg] egL km};nf u/]af6 lgh kbds'df/Lsf] Ps 

efu ck'tfnL xs lghsf] 5f]/f df]xgaxfb'/n] kfpg] 

g} x'G5 . 

^= d'2f sf/jfxLsf] qmddf sfg"gadf]lhd 

d[tssf] tkm{af6 d'2f ;sf/ u/L d[tssf] xsdf

ePsf] km};nfkZrft\ To:tf] km};nf sfof{Gjogsf] 

r/0fdf s'g} tflTjs kl/jt{g cfPsf] cj:yf 

b]lvFb}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf km};nfdf plNnlvt :ki6 

/ ;f]emf] cy{ cfpg] u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjog ul/g' 

kb{5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ d'2f 

c+z d'2f klg ge} ck'tfnL xs sfod gfd;f/L 

ePsf]n] ;f] d'2fsf] jfbLsf] d[To'kl5 lghsf] xs 

klxnf g} 5'§L leGg ePsf c+lzof/x¿df hfg 

;Sb}g . c+z xs h:tf] ;a} hLljt c+lzof/df 

;g{ ;Sg] klg xf]Og . To:tf] xs lghsf] ck'tfnL 

vfg] xsbf/df g} hfg] x'G5 . oxL g} 

ck'tfnL;DaGwL sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]n] 

kbds'df/Lsf] 5f]/f ePsf] gftfn] klg 

df]xgaxfb'/n] kbds'df/Lsf] ;f] xs kfpg] g} 

x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf plNnlvt xs sfod 

d'2faf6 ljjflbt ;DklQdf % efu nfUg] u/L 

ePsf]] km};nfadf]lhd oL lgj]bsx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ 

;DklQsf] efudf cGoyf ePsf] klg gb]lvPsf]n] 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf] wf/f !(-!_ 

åf/f k|bQ ;DklQsf] xsaf6 oL lgj]bsx¿ jl~rt 

ePsf] cj:yf b]lvg cfPg . 

&= t;y{, plNnlvt cfwf/ / sf/0faf6 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lj/f6gu/sf] ldlt @)^^.^.#) 

sf] cfb]z / ;f]xL cfwf/df ePsf cGo 

sfdsf/jfxL cglws[t jf q'l6k"0f{ gb]lvPsf] / 

To;af6 oL lgj]bsx¿sf] sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs 

xs xgg\ ePsf] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvFbf 

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ cj:yf /x]g . 

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] 

nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" . 



Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn d+l;/ @^ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M r'/fdg v8\sf 

 

*%$&– *%$&–g]kfn *%$&– g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/ ;/sf/ lj?4 lj?4 uf]s0f{ uf]s0f{ vs'/]n 

vs'/]n 

161 161 

161 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$& 

*%$& 




k'g/fj]bg g+= )^%–CR–)@@( 

km};nf ldltM @)^&.*.@*.# 

d'2f M j}b]lzs /f]huf/ . 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM ;Gtaxfb'/ ;d]tsf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn 

;/sf/ 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM lhNnf wflbË 5q] uf=lj=;= j8f g+ 

( 3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8f}F 

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+ @( ;fdfv';L a:g] 

uf]s0f{ vs'/]n 

z'? k}m;nf ug]{ M– 

df=lh=Gof >L s]bf/k|;fb rfln;] 

k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{M 

df=Gof= >L cnL csj/ lds/fgL 

df=Gof=>L xl/k|;fb l3ld/] 

cbfntn] tf]s]sf] tfl/vdf pkl:yt x'g 

g;s]sf] ;Gtf]ifk|b sf/0f ;lxtsf] lgj]bg 

k/]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sL P]g, 

cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !@$ g+= sf] Joj:yf 

cfslif{t x'g] g} b]lvof] . pQm sfg"gL 

Joj:yfn] w/f}6L hkmt ug]{ ;DaGwdf 

thjLhL clwsf/ lbPsf] gb]lvFbf pQm 

sfg"gL Joj:yf afWofTds -Mandatory_ 

?kdf kfngf ug'kg]{ . 

/fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd k"/} hkmt ug'{ gkg]{ 

s'g} dgfl;j cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v gu/]sf]


j}zfv 

cj:yfdf d'2f k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf w/f}6 d}n] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo ;~rfng 

/fvL cbfntn] tf]s]sf] tfl/v u'hf/L ug]{ Ohfht lnPsf] 5}g . d]/f] eflgh pQd ;]9fO 

Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ a]jf:tf / c;xof]u dsfp ;]So'/L6L uf8{sf] ?kdf sfd ub]{ u/]sf] / 

u/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L lghn] OUgf] kmfd]{;L gfds sDkgLdf $ hgf 

/sd k"/} hkmt ug'{kg]{ . 

rflxPsf] 5, cfkmGt dflg;sf] sfuhft k7fO{ 

-k|s/0f g+=$_ lbg'xf];\ kl5 le;f k7fO{ lbG5' egL eg]sf] x'Fbf d}n] 

eg]sf] x'F . /f]huf/Lsf] nflu dsfpdf k7fpg 

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg pkGofoflwjQmf 

>L z+s/axfb'/ /fO{ 

hfx]/jfnfaf6 ¿=#,!%,))). / !),))).– kl5 lng] 

zt{df sfuh d}n] cfk}mFn] u/]sf] x'F eGg] k|ltjfbL 

uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] cg'';Gwfg clws[t;dIf u/L lbPsf] 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M 

jofg sfuh . 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]n;Fu /sd 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf #, 

@$-@_, $@-@_ 

d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= !@$-s_ g+= 

¿=$,*&,%)). gub} jf ;f] a/fa/sf] hfo h]yf 

w/f}6 dfu ug]{ u/L cg';Gwfg clws[tn] @)^!.!.!& 

df v8f u/]sf] lg0f{o krf{ . 

dfuadf]lhd w/f}6 tTsfn /fVg ;lSbg, 

;s]df kl5 /fVg]5' egL k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] 

u/]sf] sfuh . 

km};nf 

k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] j}b]lzs /f]uhf/ 

Gof=df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nfM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf @$-s_ adf]lhd hfx]/jfnf;Fu 

@)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd lnPsf] /sd / ;f]sf] %) k|ltztn] x'g] xhf{gfjfktsf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.&.!^ sf] /sd ;d]t lbnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] dfu bfjL lnO{ d'2f 

k}m;nfpk/ bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] k|:t't rnfpg] u/L lhNnf ;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no 

d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M– 

xfdLx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]uhf/sf] nflu 

klxn] xªsË k7fpg] eg]sf / kl5 xËsË k7fpg 

g;s]kl5 tkfO{x¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] nflu 

dsfp k7fO{ lbG5', Ps hgf a/fa/ ¿=#,%),))). 

nfU5 eg]sfn] P8efG; :j?k ¿=#,%),))).– 

sfuh} gu/L ^ hgfn] pQm /sd lbof} . ldlt 

@)^!.!@.!% df yk /sd ¿=#,@%,))). u/L hDdf 

¿=^,&%,))). lnO{ k6s–k6s em"7f] cfZjf;g 

lbO{ e'mSofO{ /x]sf]n] kl5 ldlt @)^!.&.!) ut] 

8«fug d}gkfj/ P08 ;]So'l/6L ;le{;sf] sfof{nodf 

hfFbf tfnf aGbL u/L efu]sf] eGg] ;f]wk'5af6 

yfxf eof] . o;/L ljkIfL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] 7uL 

u/]sf] pQm /sd lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpFm egL /fhf/fd 

9sfn ;d]t * hgfn] ldlt @)^!.!.!! df lbPsf] 

hfx]/L b/vf:t . 

162 

162 

sf7df8f}Faf6 ldlt @)^!.@.!# df ePsf] lg0f{o 

k|ltlnlk . 

k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ 

Joj;fo Ohfht ug]{ Ohfht ;d]t lnPsf] 

gb]lvPsf] cfwf/ k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/nn] 

hfx]/jfnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dsfp k7fO{ 

lbG5' egL k6s–k6s u/L gub ¿=^,&%,))). a'emL 

lnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ gk7fO{ /sd;d]t lkmtf{ gu/L 

7uL u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfpF5 . lgh k|ltjfbLn] j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf # / @$-@_ sf] jlv{nfk 

s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] 

bkmf @$-=@_ adf]lhd xb};Dd ;hfo u/L 

hfx]/jfnfx¿ /fhf/fd 9sfn;d]t * hgf;Fu 

lnPsf] ¿=^,&%,))). ;f]sf] %) k|ltzt k|ltjfbL 

uf]s0f{ vs'/]naf6 hfx]/jfnfx¿ nfO{ lbnfO{ e/fO{ 

kfpmF eGg] cleof]u bfjL .

d]/f] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;DaGwL s'g} kmd{ 

5}g / s'g}af6 j}b]lzs /f]huf/ lbnfO{ lbg] cfZjf;g 

lbPsf] 5}g . d df]6/ ;fOsn Jofkf/L x'F . dnfO{ 

df]6f] ckf @%) l;=l;=sf] df]6/ ;fOsn rLgsf] 

;+3fOaf6 dufO{ lbg] egL /fhf/fdn] dnfO{ 

¿=#,@%,))). ?k}ofF lbg' ePsf] lyof] . pxfFn] 

eg]cg';f/sf] df]6/ ;fOsn d}n] df}sfdf pknAw 

u/fpg g;s]af6 cfˆgf] ;'/Iffsf] nflu oL /fhf/fdn] 

of] k]z eO{ /fv]sf] sfuh agfO{ NofPsf / d}n] 

/fhLv';Laf6} of] sfuh u/L lbPsf] x'F . of] sfuhnfO{ 

n]gb]gsf] sfuh xf] eg]sfn] ;xL u/L lbPsf lyPF . 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ k7fpg :jLsf/ u/L lnPsf] /sd 

xF'b} xf]Og . d}n] /fhf/fd;Fu lnPsf] ¿=#,#),))). 

lghnfO{ a'emfO{ ;f] e/kfO{ o;} ;fy k]z u/]sf] 5' 

egL k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] cbfntdf u/]sf] 

jofg . 

;DalGwt sfof{nodfkm{t\ hfx]/jfnfx¿nfO{ 

pkl:yt u/fpg' eGg] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 cfb]z eP klg hfx]/jfnfx¿nfO{ 

pkl:yt u/fO{ jskq u/fPsf] gb]lvPsf] . 

k|ltjfbLn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfng ug]{ 

:jLs[lt lnPsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf / k|ltjfbLn] 

hfx]/jfnfx¿sf] /sd lnPsf] b]lvFbf 

hfx]/jfnfx¿af6 ¿=# nfv @% xhf/ ?k}ofF lnO{ 

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf # / @$-@_ 

cGtu{tsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!@.* 

sf] k}m;nf . 

z'? k}m;nfdf lrQ a'e]mg . bfjLcg';f/sf] 

¿=#,%),))).– ;DaGwdf cbfnt df}g /x]sf] / 

k|ltjfbLn] ¿=%),))). w/f}6L /fv]sf]df k"/} hkmt 

ug'{kg]{df ¿=@%,))). dfq hkmt u/]sf] z'? k}m;nf 

q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L cleof]u dfu bfjL cg';f/ 

ul/kfpFm eGg] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf]] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq . 

k|ltjfbLn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;~rfng ug{ 

:jLs[t lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] / lnvtaf6 j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/df k7fO{ lbgsf nflu lnPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 

*%$&– *%$&–g]kfn *%$&– *%$&– g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/ lj?4 lj?4 uf]s0f{ uf]s0f{ vs'/]n 

vs'/]n 

163 

163 

;d]taf6 lnvtadf]lhdsf] ¿=#,@%,))).– ;Dd 

cleof]u bfjLcg';f/ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ ;d]t b]lvof] . 

bfjL cg';f/sf] k"/} ¿=^,&%,))). sf] ljuf] sfod 

u/L ;hfo x'g'kg]{ / w/f}6L hkmt x'g'kg]{ eGg] 

k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ eP klg ;f] afFsL ¿=#,%),))). 

sf] lnvt k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] / cGo k|df0f 

;d]taf6 ;f] /sd lnPsf] k'li6 x'g ;s]sf] gb]lvFbf 

;f] ;d]tsf] bfjL lnPsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/;Fu ;xdt 

x'g ;lsPg . ctM sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 

ldlt @)^!.!@.* df ePsf] k}m;nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf 

;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 

ldlt @)^#.&.!^ df ePsf] k}m;nf . 

/fhf/fd 9sfn ;d]tsf hfx]/jfnfn] 

cfk"mx¿nfO{ k|ltjfbLn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu 

dsfpdf k7fpg] egL @)^) ;fn kmfu'g dlxgf 

cl3 ?=#,%),))). lnPsf] / kl5 ldlt @)^).!@.!% 

df xjfO{ l6s6 vr{ egL ¿=#,@%,))). lnPsf] 

egL ls6fgL hfx]/L lbPsf]df ;f] /sddWo] xjfO{ 

l6s6 vr{ egL hfx]/jfnfx¿af6 lnPsf] /sd 

dfq 7x/ u/L ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . k|ltjfbLn] 

cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd ¿=%),))). w/f}6L /fvL 

tfl/vdf a;]sf]df lghn] cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] 

tfl/v 5f8L a;]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L 

/sd k"/} hkmt ug'{kg]{df ;f] w/f}6Laf6 lghnfO{ 

nfu]sf] h/Ljfgf s§f u/L afFsL ¿=@%,))). dfq 

hkmt u/]sf] c=a+= !@$ g+= sf] q'l6 ePsf] 5 . 

plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0faf6 z'? k}m;nf ;b/ u/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] k}m;nfdf c=a+= !@$ / 

!(@ g+= ;d]tsf] sfg"gL q'l6 ePsfn] k|:t't d'2f 

bf]xf]¥ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg eO{ pQm k}m;nf ab/ u/L 

k|ltjfbLnfO{ cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd ljuf];d]t sfod 

u/L k"/} /sd hkmt ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbL 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] @)^$.!.@& df o; cbfntdf 

btf{ ePsf] lgj]bg . 

o;df k|ltjfbLn] cbfntsf] cfb]zadf]lhd 

?=%),))). w/f}6L /fvL tf/]vdf a;]sf]df lghn] 

cbfntaf6 tf]lsPsf] tfl/v 5f8L a;]sf] cj:yfdf 

lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L k"/} hkmt ug'{kg]{df ;f] w/f}6L 

/sdaf6 lghnfO{ nfu]sf] h/Ljfgf s§f u/L afFsL


j}zfv 

¿=@%,))).– dfq hkmt u/]sf] z'? cbfntsf] k}m;nf bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ¿=@%,))). x'g]df 

;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] k}m;nfdf ;f] h/Ljfgf lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L ¿=%),))). af6 

d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !@$ g+ sf] s§f u/L afFsL w/f}6L ¿=@%,))). lghn] tf/]v 

JofVofTds q'l6 ljBdfg ePsf] b]lvFbf Gofo k|zf;g u'hf/]sfn] hkmt x'g] egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvPsf]df 

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_-s_ adf]lhd bf]xf]¥ofpg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;f]xL k}m;nf ;b/ u/] pk/ 

lg:;f k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ d'2f bfxf]¥ofO{ kfpFm egL k/]sf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.&.!% sf] lgj]bgdf o; cbfntaf6 w/f}6L /sd k"/} hkmt 

cfb]z . 

ug'{kg]{df ;f] w/f}6Laf6 nfu]sf] h/Ljfgf s§f u/L 


Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] 

ldl;n;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L 

afFsL ¿=@%,))).– dfq hkmt u/]sfn] pQm k}m;nfdf 

c=a+= !@$ g+ sf] q'l6 ePsf] egL d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ 

lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . 

k'g/fj]bs tk{maf6 pkl:yt x'g'ePsf ljåfg #= k|:t't d'2fdf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ z'? 

pkGofoflwjQmf z+s/axfb'/ /fO{n] w/f}6 /fvL lhNnf cbfntn] @)^! ;fn ;fpg $ ut] xflh/ 

tfl/vdf /x]sf] kIfn] tfl/v u'hf/]df /fv]sf] k"/} x'g cfpg] u/L tf]lsPsf] tfl/vdf lgh k|ltjfbL 

w/f}6L hkmt x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df ;f] xflh/ geO{ tfl/v u'hf/L a;L sfg"gadf]lhd ;f] 

w/f}6af6 h/Ljfgf s§f ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg u'h|]sf] tfl/v ydfPsf] ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / lgh 

cbfntsf] k}m;nf ldn]sf] 5}g egL ug'{ ePsf] k|ltjfbLsf] z'? km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] ;d]t 

jx; ;'lgof] . 

gb]lvPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7x/fO{ 

@= pk/f]Qm jx; lhsL/ tyf ldl;naf6 

b]lvPsf] tYo ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L OG;fkmtk{m 

ljrf/ ubf{ k|ltjfbLn] j]b}lzs /f]huf/ Joj;fo 

;~rfng ug]{ Ohfht ;d]t lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] 

cfwf/ / k|df0fx¿af6 k|ltjfbL uf]s0f{ vs'/]nn] 

hfx]/jfnfx¿nfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df dsfp k7fO{ 

lbG5' egL k6s–k6s u/L /sd ¿=^,&%,))). 

a'emL lnO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/df gk7fO{ /sd;d]t 

lkmtf{ gu/L 7uL u/]sf] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] eGb} lgh 

k|ltjfbLsf] pQm sfo{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ 

sf] bkmf # / @$-@_ sf] alv{nfk s;"/ ck/fw 

ePsf] egL lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf 

@$-@_ adf]lhd xb};Ddsf] ;hfo u/L hfx]/jfnfx¿ 

* hgf;Fu lnPsf] ¿=^,&%,))). / ;f]sf] krf; 

k|ltztn] x'g cfpg] xhf{gfjfktsf] ¿=#,#&, %)).– 

;d]t hDdf ¿=!),!@,%)).– hfx]/jfnfx¿nfO{ 

lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] cleof]u bfjL b]lvG5 . z'? 

lhNnf cbfntn] k|ltjfbLn] j}b]lzs /f]uhf/ 

;~rfng ug]{ :jLs[t lnPsf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf j}b]lzs 

/f]huf/ P]g, @)$@ sf] bkmf # / @$-@_ cGtu{tsf] 

s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/fO{ tk;Ln v08df ;f]xL P]gsf] 

164 

164 

ePsf] z'? cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;DaGwdf k|:t't 

k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xdf cGoyf elg/xg' k/]g . z'? 

k}m;nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nfpk/ 

jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljuf] sd sfod u/]sf] xsdf 

/ k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfu]sf] h/Ljfgf lghn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L 

/sdaf6 s§f ug]{ u/]sf]df ;f] w/f}6L k"/} hkmt 

x'g'kg]{ egL d'Votof b'O{ k|Zgdf s]lGb|t /xL d'2f 

bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ cg'dltsf] nflu lgj]bg k/]sf]df o; 

cbfntaf6 w/f}6L /sdaf6 h/Ljfgfsf] /sd s§f 

u/L afFsL /sddfq hkmt u/]sf] xsdf c=a+= !@$ 

g+= sf] JofVofTds q'l6 /x]sf] egL d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ 

x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf Gofo k|zf;g 

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !# cg'¿k ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf 

!@ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ePsf] 

cfwf/ / ;Da2 ljifodf ;Lldt /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ 

b]lvof] . h;cg';f/ ljuf]sf] /sd 36L sfod u/] 

gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf d'2f bf]xf]¥ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg 

gePsf] x'Fbf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL{n] z'? cbfntdf d'2f 

k'k{Ifsf] nflu /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sdaf6 lghnfO{ 

nfu]sf] h/Ljfgfsf] /sd s§f ug{ ldNg] xf], xf]Og

eGg] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ 

b[li6ut ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . 

$= d'n'sL P]g, cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] !@$ 

g+= df æc•faf6 tf]lsPsf] ;do / :yfgdf pkl:yt 

x'g'kg]{ JolQm tf]lsP adf]lhd pkl:yt gePdf 

tt\;DaGwdf /fv]sf] w/f}6 hkmt x'g]5 / hdfgt 

lbPsf] eP o;} dxnsf] !@$-s_ gDa/adf]lhd 

u/fOPsf] sfuhcg';f/ hdfgtsf] /sd c;"n 

ug'{k5{ . t/ To:tf] JolQmn] cfk"m pkl:yt x'g 

g;s]sf] s'g} dgfl;j sf/0f b]vfPdf c•fn] 

;f]adf]lhd gug{ klg ;Sg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf] 

kfOof] . k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'2f k'k{Ifsf] ;Gbe{df 

z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.@.!$.% sf] 

cfb]zadf]lhd ¿=%),))).– w/f}6L dfu ul/Psf]df 

k|ltjfbLn] ;f]xLadf]lhd gub w/f}6L /fvL tf]lsPsf] 

tfl/vdf ?h' xflh/ x'g] / tfl/v u'hf/L a;]df 

sfg"gadf]lhd w/f}6L hkmt ePdf d~h"/ eO{ ldlt 

@)^!.@.!$ df sfuh u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvof] . k|ltjfbL 

z'? cbfntn] tf]s]sf] @)^!.$.$ sf] tfl/vb]lv 

xflh/ geO{ tfl/v u'hf/L a;]sf] cj:yf 5 . 

cbfntn] tf]s]sf] tfl/vdf cfk"m of] o; sf/0fn] 

pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] egL dgfl;j dflkmssf] 

sf/0f;lxt lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf ;d]t ldl;naf6 

b]lvPg . k|ltjfbLnfO{ cbfntn] tf]s]sf] tfl/vdf 

pkl:yt x'g g;s]sf] ;Gtf]ifk|b sf/0f ;lxtsf] 

lghsf] lgj]bg k/]sf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sL 

P]g, cbfntL aGbf]a:tsf] !@$ g+= sf] Joj:yf 

cfslif{t x'g] g} b]lvof] . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] 

w/f}6L hkmt ug]{ ;DaGwdf thjLhL clwsf/ lbPsf] 

gb]lvFbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf afWofTds 

-Mandatory_ ?kdf kfngf ug'kg]{ b]lvG5 . 

plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Iodf z'? lhNnf 

cbfntn] k|ltjfbLn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sd k"/} hkmt 

ug'{ gkg]{ s'g} dgfl;j cfwf/ / sf/0f pNn]v 

u/]sf] ;d]t b]lvPg . o; cj:yfdf k|ltjfbLn] 

d'2f k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf w/f}6 /fvL cbfntn] 

tf]s]sf] tfl/v u'hf/L Goflos k|lqmofnfO{ a]jf:tf 

/ c;xof]u u/L a;]sf] cj:yfdf lghn] /fv]sf] 

w/f}6L /sd k"/} hkmt ug'{kg]{df lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ 

*%$&– *%$&–g]kfn *%$&– g]kfn ;/sf/ ;/sf/ lj?4 lj?4 uf]s0f{ uf]s0f{ vs'/]n 

vs'/]n 

165 

165 

nfu]sf] h/Ljfgfsf] /sd ;f] w/f}6L /sdaf6 s§f 

u/L afFsL /x]sf] w/f}6L /sddfq hkmt u/]sf] z'? 

lhNnf cbfntsf] k}m;nfnfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] b]lvg cfPg . 

%= ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Padf]lhd k|ToyL{ 

k|ltjfbLn] cleof]u bfjLadf]lhd s;"/ u/]sf] 7x/fO{ 

lghnfO{ nfu]sf] h/Ljfgf ¿=@%,))). d'2f k'k{Ifsf] 

l;nl;nfdf lgh k|ltjfbLn] /fv]sf] w/f}6L /sdaf6 

s§f u/L afFsL w/f}6L hkmt ug]{ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8f}F 

lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.!@.* sf] k}m;nf ;b/ 

u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^#.&.!^ 

sf] k}m;nf ;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm k}m;nf 

s]xL pN6L eO{ k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLn] z'? lhNnf 

cbfntdf d'2f k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] w/f}6L 

/sd k"/} hkmt x'g] 7x5{ . c? tk;Ln adf]lhd 

ug"{ . 

tk;Ln 

dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd z'? 

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf s]xL pN6L e} k|ToyL{ 

k|ltjfbLn] d'2f k'k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] w/f}6L 

/sd k"/} hkmt x'g] 7x/ ePsfn] z'? km};nfsf] 

tk;Lnsf] cGo k|s/0fx¿df pNn]v eP adf]lhd 

g} ug]{ u/L k|s/0f ! sf] xsdf k|ltjfbLn] /fv]sf] 

w/f}6L /sd k"/} hkmt u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ nfu]sf] 

h/Ljfgf ¿=@%,))).– nut s;L c;"npk/ ug"{ 

egL z'? lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fpg" =======! 

k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L 

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg"======================@ 



Olt ;+jt\ @)^& d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%$* 

*%$* 




k'g/fj]bg g+=)^%–CI–)@(&,)#@^,)***, 

)*(! 

km};nf ldltM @)^&.*.@*.# 

d'2fM btf{ ab/ btf{ . 


j}zfv 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfdsf] 

tkm{af6 dfnkf]t clws[t g]qk|;fb zdf{ 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ jfbLM Onfd lhNnf dfj'=uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * 

a:g] la/] ef]6] eGg] kf;fË bfjf z]kf{ 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/, e"ld;'wf/ tyf 

Joj:yfkg ljefu, aa/dxn sf7df8f}F 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ jfbLM Onfd lhNnf dfj' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * 

a:g] la/] ef]6] eGg] kf;fË bfjf z]kf{ 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM Onfd lhNnf dfj' uf=lj=;= j8f 

g+= * a:g] lj/] ef]6] eGg] kf;fË bfjf z]kf{ 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfd ;d]t 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM g]kfn ;/sf/, e"ld;'wf/ tyf 

Joj:yf dGqfno 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ jfbLM aL/] ef]6] eGg] kf;fË bfjf z]kf{ 

z'? km};nf ug]{ M 

df=lh=Gof=>L n]vgfy l3ld/] 

166 

166 

k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M– 

df=sf=d'=d'=Gof= >L k'?iff]Qd k/fh'nL 

df=Gof=>L k'?iff]Qd e08f/L 

s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;/f]sf/ / ;DaGw 

b]lvPsf] crn ;DklQ ;DaGwdf k|lts"n 

lg0f{o -Adverse Decision_ ug'{k/]sf] 

v08df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf 

k|rlnt sfg"gn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;DklQsf] 

clwsf/nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ plrt ;'g'jfO{sf] 

cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

gfkLsf] ;dodf s'g} lsQf hUuf of] o;sf] 

egL n]vfPs} e/df Tof] g} xsef]usf] 

lg/k]If cfwf/ / k|df0f x'g ;Sb}g . gfkLdf 

;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L klt{ hUuf, eL/ 

kfvf] jf jgh+un JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf 

gfkL u/fPs} e/df ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] 

cl:tTj ;dfKt x'g ;Sg] klg xf]Og . gfkL 

ePsf] hUufsf] bfjL ubf{ bfjLcg'¿ksf] 

;dly{t lgZrofTds k|df0f h;sf] gfddf 

gfkL ePsf] 5, lghn] k]z bflvn ug'{kg]{ . 

hUufsf] d"n ;|f]tdf g} If]qkmn pNn]v 

ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] bfjL 

u/]s} e/df lagfcfwf/ k|df0f ;f]xL 

bfjLadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ d'gfl;j x'Fb}g . 

gfkL gePsf] hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] / To;af6 

jf:tljs If]qkmn gv'n]sf] cj:yfdf 

/fhLgfdfsf] lsNnfleq /xL v/Lbstf{n] 

u/]sf] ef]urng / a;f]jf;nfO{ cfwf/ 

dfgL If]qkmn sfod ug'{ Gofo;+ut x'g 

cfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

lghL jg /fv]sf] eGg] cfwf/xLg bfjLnfO{ 

;dly{t k|df0fsf] cefjdf ljZjf; ug{ 

g;lsg] . 

-k|s/0f g+=&_

*%$*– *%$*–dfnkf]t *%$*– dfnkf]t sfof{no sfof{no Onfd Onfd ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 aL/] aL/] ef]6] ef]6] eGg] eGg] kf;f· kf;f· bfjf bfjf z]kf{ 

z]kf{ 

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L cfkm"dfq ePsf] . pQm hUufx¿ ;lxt cGo hUuf 

wd{k|;fb pk|]tL 

;d]tsf] wgLk"hf{ kfpg egL @)$(.^.@* df ;e]{ 

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{af6Mljåfg gfoj 

dxfGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{ / ljåfg 

pkGofoflwjQmf >L of]u/fh j/fn 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

gfkL ljefudf / @)%@ ;fn k'; @$ ut] df= kf]= 

sf= ;dIf lgj]bg k]z u/]sf]df df= kf]= sf= Onfdn] 

@)%^.%.@ df /fo a'‰g egL lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ 

kqfrf/ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . pQm hUuf;d]t >L % sf] 

;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] ;'Ggdf 

cfO{ ldlt @)^!.$.@% df hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{sf] 

dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-#_ gSsn ;f/L x]bf{ dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfdn] ldlt 

@)%!.#.!% df pQm hUuf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf 

km};nf 

Gof=df]xgk|;fb l;6f}nfM Gofo k|zf;g P]g, 

@)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ -u_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^%.%.*.! sf] km};nfpk/ 

k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 

7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5 M– 

tLg 9'+ufb]lv pQ/, ;Ldfgf kfgL 9nf]b]lv 

blIf0f, >LdfO{ vf]nf zL/ k"j{, sfnf kf]v/Lsf] l5kl5k] 

vf]N;f klZrdsf] dfj' uf=k+= j8f g+= * df ePsf] 

ljv] e~Hofª eg]sf] kmf]s6] / u'/fF;] hUuf y}nL ?= 

@^)).– df y=g/l;+xaxfb'/ y]j]af6 @)@* ;fn 

d+l;/ ^ ut] lktf 5]t/ z]kf{n] df=kf]=sf= Onfdsf] 

/=g+= $*& af6 /fhLgfdf kfl/t u/L ef]urng ub}{ 

cfpFbf ;f] rf/lsNnf leqsf] s]xL hUufsf] lt/f] 

bfh' ldªdf z]kf{n], s]xL hUufsf] lt/f] a'af 5]t/ 

z]kf{ ;d]tn] a'emfpg' ePsf] lyof] . bfh' ldªdfn] 

lt/f] a'emfPsf] hUuf gfkLdf dfj' *s= ls= g+= @ 

h= /f] ^#–!#–# / a'afn] lt/f] a'emfPsf] hUufsf] 

ls= g+= !(, h= /f]= !#&–!@–)–# / ls= g++ @@, h= 

/f]= *$–!–#–@ sfod eO{ gfkL 6f]nLaf6 pQm 

/;LbnfO{ kL7aGbL u/L k|dfl0ft u/L lbPsf] 5 . 

pQm rf/ lsNnf leqsf] s]xL hUuf ls= g++ ^, h= /f]= 

#!–!#–)–) / ls= g+= & sf] h= /f]= @(–!#–#–@ sf] 

kL7aGbL / lkmN8a's sfod x'g ;s]g . pQm hUufsf] 

tTsfn k"hf{ glbOPsfn] 5"6 btf{ ePsf] . h]7f 

bfh' ldªdfsf] @)#^ ;fndf d[To' eO{ efph' kf]Onf 

uPsL, lghx¿sf] 5f]/f geO{ 5f]/Lx¿sf] ljjfx 

eO{ u};s]sf, a'af 5]t/sf] @)%@ ;fndf / cfdfsf] 

@)#$ ;fndf d[To' eO{ lghx¿sf] xs vfg] glhssf] 

btf{ u/L lbPsf] yfxf kfPsf]n]] pQm ls= g+= !(, @@, 

@, ^ / & sf] hUufsf] >L % sf] ;/sf/sf gfdsf] 

btf{ ab/ u/L lkm/fbLsf]] gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] aL/] ef]6] eGg] kf;fË bfjf z]kf{n] 

ldlt @)^!.$.@& df btf{ u/]sf] lkm/fbkq . 

lkm/fb bfjL sfg"gL cfwf/af6 v08gLo 

5 . @)@*.@)@( ;fnsf] ;j]{ gfkL x'Fbfsf] ;dodf 

gfk gS;f tof/ x'Fbf bfjLsf] hUufx¿ lkmN8j'sdf 

( g+= pNn]v e} h+un n]lvP/ JolQm ljz]ifsf] 

gfddf btf{ ;|]:tf tof/ gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm 

ls=g+= @, ^, &, !( / @@ sf hUufx¿ dfnkf]t P]g, 

@)#$ sf] bkmf @ -v@_ sf] ;/sf/L hUufsf] 

kl/efiffleq kg]{ ePsf]n] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] 

bkmf @$-#_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L hUufsf] ?kdf btf{ 

sfod ug]{ u/L o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%!.#.!% 

df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ sfod eO{ ;|]:tf 

tof/ ePsf] kfOG5 . k|rlnt sfg"gsf] kl/lwleq 

/xL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ u/L ;|]:tf sfod 

ePsf] k|:t't ljjfbdf lkm/fbLsf] lkm/fb bfjLaf6 

cnu km";{b kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t 

sfof{no Onfdsf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @-v=@_ tyf 

-v=#_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;f]xL 

P]gsf] bkmf @$ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf 

btf{ x'g] sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . lkm/fbLn] bfjL lnPsf] 

plNnlvt hUufx¿ e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! adf]lhd 

@ g+=, & g+= cg';"rL ;d]taf6 cfˆgf] eGg ;s]sf] 

b]lvFb}g . dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfdaf6 g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] sfg"gadf]lhd x'Fbf 

167 

167


j}zfv 

lkm/fb vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] e"ld;'wf/ ljZn]if0f ;/sf/L h+un egL lgsfn]sf] lgisif{ 

tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf] tyf ;f]xL Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ljjflbt hUuf /fhLgfdf leqsf] xf]Og 

e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] k|ltpQ/kq . eg] /fhLgfdfsf] hUuf s'g xf] / sxfF 5 < 

ljkIfLn] o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] 

sfdsf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/ 

xgg\ ePsf] xf] < ;f] s'/fsf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ 

lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ k|ltjfbL 

agfO{ lbPsf] lkm/fb bfjL vf/]hefuL 5 . ljkIfLn] 

lng' ePsf] lkm/fb bfjL ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt 

lgsfox¿af6 k|ltpQ/kq k|:t't x'g] g} 5 eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] 

sfof{nosf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ ljjflbt 

hUufsf] If]qLo lstfj ptf/ gfkL zfvf Onfdaf6, 

hUufwgL btf{ ;|:tf dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfdaf6 

dufOPsf] tyf jfbLsf ;fIfL kf;fË t]Djf z]kf{sf] 

jskq ;DkGg eO{ ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] . 

o;df jfbLn] bfjL u/]adf]lhd ljjflbt 

hUuf @)@*.*.^ sf] /fhLgfdf leqsf] /x] eP 

xsjfnfn] e"ld;'wf/sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu & g+= 

kmfF6jf/Ldf b]vfpg' kg]{df ;f] u/]sf] gkfOPsf] 

tyf df}s}df gfkLpk/ sf/jfxL rnfO{ btf{ u/fpg 

g;s]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L jfbL bfjLsf] 

hUuf jg, a'§]g, eL/, h+un /xL ;/sf/L k|s[ltsf] 

hUufsf] kl/efiffleq kf/L @)%!.#.!% df g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] -;fljs >L % sf] ;/sf/_ gfddf btf{ 

u/L k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t tof/ u/]sf] dfnkf]t sfof{no 

Onfdsf] sfo{nfO{ cGoyf eGg ldn]g . hUufsf] 

k|s[ltsf] lx;fjn] cGo cfjfbL hUuf;/x jfbLsf] 

;fljs ;|]:tfsf] cfwf/df JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ 

k|s[ltsf] ;d]t /x] ePsf] gkfOFbf ls=g+= @, !(, @@, 

^ / & ;d]t % lsQf hUufsf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] 

ljkIfLx¿n] b]vfpg ;Sg'kb{5 . hUufsf] cfjfbL 

ef]urng xf] . wgLk"hf{ kfpg lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL 

rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] sf/jfxLnfO{ lsgf/f gnufO{ 

ljkIfLx¿n] pQm hUuf btf{ u/]sf x'Fbf To:tf] 

u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/jfxLnfO{ dfGotf lbg ldNb}g . 

kfl/t /fhLgfdf, /;Lb, lkmN8j's nufotsf d]/f 

k|df0fnfO{ ljZn]if0f / d"NofÍg gu/L ePsf] Onfd 

lhNnf cbfntsf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ u/L lkm/fb 

bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfddf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgkq 

ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b k|df0fx¿sf] ;d"lrt 

d"NofÍg gu/L u/]sf] z'?sf] OG;fkm km/s kg{ 

;Sg] eO{ ljrf/0fLo x'Fbf 5nkmnsf nflu k'g/fj]bg 

;/sf/L jsLn sfof{no OnfdnfO{ k];Lsf] ;"rgf 

lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

ldlt @)^$.@.#) sf] cfb]z . 

b]=k'=g+= @@.!#%, @#.!#^ / @$.!#& sf] 

d'2fsf] jfbL bfjLsf lsQfx¿sf] /fhLgfdfsf] ;fljs 

rf/ lsNnf b]lvg] u/L ;f] ljjfbsf hUufx¿df 

uf]7, cfjfbL, jgh+un, eL/, kx/f ;d]t s] s] 5g\ 

< s'g s'g lsQfsf slt hUufdf jfbLsf] ef]u 5 < 

cfjfbL u/]sf] hUuf, 3/ uf]7 ;d]tsf] :ki6 If]qkmn 

;d]t v'Ng] u/L cbfnt, gfkL zfvf Onfdsf 

cldgaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{no OnfdnfO{ /f]xj/ ;d]t 

/fvL c=a+=!&! g+= adf]lhd tLgj6} d'2fsf] Pp6} 

gS;f u/L p7fpg' egL Onfd lhNnf cbfntdf 

n]vL k7fO{ k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^$.!!.@^ ut]sf] cfb]zfg';f/ ldlt @)^%.!.@* 

ut] eO{ cfPsf] gS;f d'r'Nsf ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf] . 

gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f] gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm P]gsf xbDofbleq} lkm/fb lnO{ cfPsf] 

eGg] jfbL bfjL k'Ug ;Qm}g . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cj:yfdf ls=g+= @, ^, &, !(, @@ sf hUuf dWo]af6 

gfdsf] btf{ oyfjt /xg] 7x5{ eGg] Onfd lhNnf xsef]u rngdf /x]sf] hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L 7x/ 

cbfntaf6 ePsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@! sf] km};nf . u/L lbg' kg]{df ef]urngdf /x]sf] hUuf tyf 3/jf; 

k'g/fj]bssf] afa' / bfh'n] df}sfdf wgLk"hf{ 

k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f hUufdf lghx¿sf] xs 

;dfKt x'g] xf]Og . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] lagf s'g} 

168 

168 

;d]tdf bfjL gk'Ug] u/L ePsf] z'? Onfd lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf] b]lvFbf s]xL 

pN6L x'g] 7x5{ . ls=g+= @@ sf] g=g+= $! / $@ sf

*%$*– *%$*–dfnkf]t *%$*– dfnkf]t sfof{no sfof{no Onfd Onfd ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 aL/] aL/] ef]6] ef]6] eGg] eGg] kf;f· kf;f· bfjf bfjf z]kf{ 

z]kf{ 

hUuf jfbLsf] $ lsNnfleq k/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / 

ef]urng /x]sf] cj:yf ;d]t gb]lvPsf] / ls=g+= 

& sf] g=g+= #@, ##, #$ hUuf eL/ h+un;d]t 

b]lvPaf6 ;f]tkm{ ;d]t k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg 

lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] 

ldlt @)^%.%.*.! sf] km};nf . 

@)@*.*.^ sf] /fhLgfdfsf cfwf/df gfkL 

6f]nLdf bfjL lnO{ xs sfod ug]{ tkm{ nfUg' kg]{df 

;f]pk/ gnfUbf pQm /fhLgfdf lnvtsf] cf}lrTo 

;dfKt e};s]sf] 5 . Onfd lhNnf cbfntaf6 ePsf] 

gS;f s]jn ljjflbt hUufsf] :yn :j?k b]vfpg] 

cfs[lt dfq xf] . ;Dk"0f{ tYox¿ pk/ 5fgaLg 

tyf ljrf/} gu/L, bf]xf]/f] k|df0f ga'emL, dfnkf]t 

sfof{nonfO{ s]jn gS;f /f]xj/df ;fIfL /fvL ;f] 

gS;f ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] egfO{ k]z 

ug]{ df}sf g} glbO{ gS;fs} cfwf/df ul/Psf] km};nf 

k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . @)@*.*.^ 

sf] /fhLgfdfcg';f/ rf/ lsNnfleq jg h+un;d]t 

b]lvP tfklg s]xL hUufdf 3/ uf]7 eO{ s]xL ef]u 

u/]sf] egL bf]xf]/f] dfkb08 k|of]u u/L ul/Psf] 

km};nf dgf]ut wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t 5 . jfbLn] ;dod} 

hUuf btf{ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] egL km};nfn] p7fPsf] 

ts{ lg0f{ofwf/ k|df0f;Fut 5}g . ljjflbt hUufdf 

ko{6g;DaGwL ultljlw a9\g yfn]kZrft @)%$ 

;fnb]lv ljkIfL jfbLn] 3/uf]7 lgdf{0f u/L sAhf 

ug{ yfn]sf] /fli6«o ;Dkbf xf] . ljkIfLn] lgdf{0f 

u/]sf 3/uf]7 bzuhf If]qleq k/]sf] / ;Ldf :tDe 

eTsfO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgf ldrL 

sAhf ul/Psf] /fli6«o ;Dkbf JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf 

btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] 

km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L Onfd lhNnf 

cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] dfnkf]t 

sfof{no Onfdsf] o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] 

k'g/fj]bgkq . 


6f]nLdf bfjL lnO{ xs sfod ug]{tkm{ nfUg' kg]{df 




169 

169 






k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt 5 . @)@*.*.^ 

sf] /fhLgfdf cg';f/ rf/ lsNnfleq jg h+un;d]t 






ko{6g;DaGwL k|ltlglw a9\g yfn] kZrft @)%$ 

;fnb]lv ljkIfL jfbLn] 3/ uf]7 lgdf{0f u/L sAhf 


u/]sf 3/ uf]7 bzuhf If]qleq k/]sf] / ;Ldf 

:tDe eTsfO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgf 

ldrL sAhf ul/Psf] /fli6«o ;Dkbf JolQm ljz]ifsf] 

gfddf btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

Onfdsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L Onfd 

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] 

g]kfn ;/sf/, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yfkg ljefusf] 

o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]bgkq . 

ls=g+= @@ sf g=g+= $!, $@, $# sf hUufx¿ 

@)@* ;fnsf] /fhLgfdfsf] rf/ lsNnfdWo] k"j{ 

l;dfgf æsfnf kf]v/L l5kl5k] vf]N;fÆ eGg] 

cbfntaf6 e} cfPsf] gS;fdf plNnlvt g=g+= 

$% xf] . gS;f s}lkmotn] ;d]t ;f]xL pNn]v u/]sf] 

5 . ls=g+= @@ sf g=g+= $!, $@, $# ;f] g=g+= $% 

sf] sfnf kf]v/L l5kl5k] vf]N;f klZrdtkm{ 

/fhLgfdfsf rf/ lsNnfleq kb{5g\ . g=g+= $# 

af6f] ePsf] k'g/fj]bssf] bfjL g/xg ;S5 . g=g+= 

$! /fhLgfdf lnPb]lv g} kz'kfngsf nflu h+un 

/fv]sf] xf] . cfkm}n] ;+/If0f u/L kz'r/g ub}{ pkef]u 

ub}{ cfPsf] g=g+= $@ gS;fdf g} ef]u b]vfOPsf] 

5 . g=g+= #@ sf] hUuf ls=g+= & leqsf] geP/ g=g+= 

^ df /x]sf] h+unIf]q xf] . ;f] h+un;d]t jfbLn] 

nufO{ ;+/If0f u/L kz'kfngdf pkef]u u/L /x]sf] 

hUuf xf] . g=g+= ## sf] hUuf eL/ kfvf] eP klg


j}zfv 

k'g/fj]bsn] e]8f afv|f r/fpg] sfddf pkef]u 

u/L cfPsf] /fhLgfdfleqsf] rf/ lsNnfleqsf] hUuf 

xf] . ls=g+= @@ sf g=g+= $!,$@, / ls=g+= & sf g=g+= 

#@ / ## sf hUuf btf{ ab/ u/L btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] xb;Ddsf] km};nf 

q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L u/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] km};nf ;b/ /fvL g=g+= 

$!, $@, #@ / ## df k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g 

eGg] ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ hUufsf g]kfn ;/sf/sf 

gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L k'g/fj]bssf gfddf btf{ 

ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL jL/] ef]6] eGg] 

kf;fË bfjf z]kf{sf] o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] 

k'g/fj]bgkq . 


6f]nLdf bfjL lnO{ xs sfod ug]{tkm{ nfUg' kg]{df 









k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGtljk/Lt 5 . @)@*.*.^ 

sf] /fhLgfdfcg';f/ rf/ lsNnfleq jg h+un;d]t 






ko{6g;DaGwL k|ltlglw a9\g yfn] kZrft @)%$ 

;fnb]lv ljkIfL jfbLn] 3/ uf]7 lgdf{0f u/L sAhf 


u/]sf 3/ uf]7 bzuhf If]qleq k/]sf] / ;Ldf 

:tDe eTsfO{ lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgf 

ldrL sAhf ul/Psf] /fli6«o ;Dkbf JolQm ljz]ifsf] 

gfddf btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

Onfdsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n] ab/ u/L Onfd 

lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] 

170 

170 

g]kfn ;/sf/, e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfnosf] 

o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k'g/fj]]bgkq . 

o;df jfbL k|ltjfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] 

b]lvFbf k'g/fj]bgsf] hfgsf/L b'j} kIfnfO{ u/fO{ 

lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt 

@)^^.*.&.! sf] cfb]z . 


Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n ;+nUg 

;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx¿ cWoog u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] 

tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg clwjQmf wd{k|;fb pk|]tLn] 

ljjflbt hUuf @)@* ;fndf g/l;+xaxfb'/ y]j]af6 

/fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf hUuf x'g\, n]ssf] hUuf 

ePsfn] yf]/}df v]tL ul/g] / w]/} hUuf e]8f, afv|f, 

rf}/L r/fpg 5fl8Psf] xf], /fhLgfdfsf] rf/ 

lsNnfnfO{ cbfntaf6 ePsf] gS;fn] ;dfPsf] 5, 

;a} hUuf jfbLsf ef]usf hUuf ePsf / 7fpFcg';f/ 

3/, uf]7, v]tL / 3fF; bfp/fsf nflu /flvPsf] xf], 

xbaGbLsf] k|Zg btf{sf cj:yfdf cfpg] x'Fbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] cf+lzs bfjL g7x/fPsf] xb;Dd 

pN6L x'g'k5{ egL tyf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf tkm{af6 

gfojdxfGofoflwjQmf k|]d/fh sfsL{ tyf 

pkGofoflwjQmf of]u/fh a/fnn] ljjflbt hUuf 

@)#) ;fndf gfkL ePsf]df @)^! ;fndf lkm/fb 

k/]af6 jfbLnfO{ hUuf gfk hfFr P]gsf] bkmf *-@_ 

n] d2t ug{ ;Qm}g, hUufsf] ;|]:tf /fVg] c8\8fn] 

@)%! ;fndf lgoldt ?kdf ;|]:tf sfod u/]sf] 

dfq xf], plrt ;dodf jfbLn] sf/jfxL rnfPsf] 

cj:yf gb]lvFbf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$- 

#_ n] klg jfbLsf] bfjL ;dly{t 5}g, s]xL ef}lts 

;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df hUufdf ef]u 5 eGg ldNb}g, 

z'? lhNnf cbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf Gofok"0f{ x'Fbf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L x'g'kb{5 egL 

ug'{ ePsf] jx; ;'lgof] . 

b'j} kIfsf tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf] jx; 

Pjd\ ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYo ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut 

u/L OG;fkmtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, tLg 9'+u]b]lv pQ/, 

;Ldfgf kfgL 9nf]b]vL blIf0f, >LdfO{ vf]nf zL/ 

k"j{, sfnf kf]v/L l5kl5k] vf]N;f klZrdsf] dfj' 

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= * df ePsf] ljv] e~Hofª eg]sf]

*%$*– *%$*–dfnkf]t *%$*– dfnkf]t sfof{no sfof{no sfof{no Onfd Onfd ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 aL/] aL/] ef]6] ef]6] eGg] eGg] kf;f· kf;f· bfjf bfjf z]kf{ 

z]kf{ 

kmf]s6] / u'/fF;] hUuf y}nL ?=@^)).– df y= g/l;+x u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf b'j} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/nfO{ 

y]j]af6 ldlt @)@*.*.^ df lktf 5]t/ z]kf{n] b[li6ut u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . 

/fhLgfdf kfl/t u/fO{ a;f]jf; ef]u rng u/L 

cfPsf], ;e]{ gfkLdf s]xL hUufsf] lt/f] lkm/fbLn], 

s]xL hUufsf] bfh' ªfª lkm~h' z]kf{n], s]xL hUufsf] 

bfh' ldªdf bf]h]{ z]kf{n] / s]xL hUufsf] a'af 5]t/ 

z]kf{n] a'emfPsf], bfh' ldªdf z]kf{n] a'emfPsf] 

/;Lbsf] ls=g+= @ / a'af 5]t/ z]kf{n] a'emfPsf] 

/;Lb cGtu{tsf] ls=g=+ !( / @@ sfod ePsf], ls= 

g++ ^, / ls= g+= & sf] kL7aGbL / lkmN8a's sfod 

x'g g;s]sf] / tTsfn hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ 

glbOPsfn] 5"6 btf{ ePsf], pQm hUufx¿ ;d]t 

cGo lsQfx¿sf] k"hf{ kfpg d lkm/fbLn] @)$(.^.@* 

df ;e]{gfkL ljefudf / ldlt @)%@.(.@$ df 

dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfddf lgj]bg u/]sf]df 

ljkIfLx¿n] hUufjfnfnfO{ s]xL yfxf kQf] glbO{ 

pQm hUufx¿ ;d]t @)%!.#.!% df >L % sf] 

;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] s'/f @)^!.$.@% df 

hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{sf] gSsn ;f/L lnFbf 

yfxf ePsf] lkm/fbLsf] lktf / cfdf tyf h]7f 

bfh'sf] d[To' e} efph" kf]Onf u};s]sL / lghx¿sf] 

5f]/fx¿ geO{ 5f]/Lx¿ ljjfx u/L u};s]sfn] a'af 

/ bfh' ldªdfsf] ;DklQ vfg] glhssf] xsbf/ 

lkm/fbL ePsf]n] ls=g+= !(, @@, @, ^, & hUufsf] 

btf{ ab/ u/L lkm/fbLsf] gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] 

lkm/fb bfjL b]lvof] . z'? lhNnf cbfntn] hUufsf] 

k|s[ltsf] lx;fjn] cGo cfjfbL hUuf;/x btf{ ug]{ 

k|s[ltsf] gb]lvPsf] egL jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf]df 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] z'? km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L 

ls=g+= @, ^, !( hUuf dWo]af6 xs ef]u rngdf 

/x]sf] b]lvPsf h= /f]= #$–&–)–) hUufsf] g]kfn 

;/sf/sf] gfdsf] btf{ ab/ u/L jfbLsf] gfddf 

btf{ ug]{ 7x/fPsf] b]lvof] . 

@= ljjflbt hUufx¿sf] lkmN8j's ptf/sf] 

ldl;n;+nUg k|dfl0ft 5fFofk|lt x]bf{ ls=g+= @ sf] 

hUuf /f]kgL ^#–!#–)–#, hUufwgLdf ldªdf bf]h]{ 

z]kf{, hf]tfxfdf h+un, k|df0f ;+s]tdf /}= g+= !#^v_, 

;'= /Tgaxfb'/ tyf s}lkmotdf h+un hlgPsf]Ù 

ls=g+= ^ sf] hUuf /f]kgL #!–!#–)–), hUufjfnf 

vfnL, ls;fgsf] gfd y/df eL/ pNn]v ePsf]Ù 

ls= g+= & df hUuf /f]kgL @(–!#–#–@, hUufwgL 

vfnL tyf ls;fgsf] gfd y/df eL/ / s}lkmotdf 

cfjfb a]nfos eGg] hlgPsf]Ù ls=g+= !( sf] hUuf 

/f]kgL !#&–!@–)–#, hUufwgL 5]t/ z]kf{ / hf]tfxfdf 

h+un, k|df0f ;+s]tdf /+}=g+= !&^, lt/f] @.&%,;'= 

/Tgaxfb'/, tyf s}lkmotdf h+un pNn]v ePsf]Ù 

ls=g+= @@ sf] hUuf /f]kgL *$–!–#–#, hUufwgL 

5]t/ z]kf{ / hf]tfxfdf h+un, k|df0f ;+s]tdf /+} g+= 

!&^, lt/f] @.&%,;'= /Tgaxfb'/ tyf s}lkmotdf h+un 

hlgPsf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt ;a} hUufx¿ ;d]t 

tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf ldlt 

@)%!.#.!%df btf{ e} ;s]sf] eGg] b]lvPsf] / 

hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk;d]t ldl;n 

;fd]n /x]sf] kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] cfˆgf] 

xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf cl3 ;f/]sf] Onfd dfn 

c8\8faf6 @)@*.*.^.@ df kf; ePsf] wgL 5]Q/ 

z]kf{ / C0fL w=g/l;+axfb'/ y]j] ePsf] ldlt 

@)@*.*.# df n]lvPsf] lnvtsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no 

Onfdaf6 k|fKt k|dfl0ft gSsnaf6 ?=@,^)).– df 

tLg 9'+u]b]lv pQ/, ;Ldfgf kfgL 9nf]b]lv blIf0f, 

>LdfO{ vf]nf zL/ k"j{ / sfnfkf]v/Lsf] l5kl5k] 

vf]N;f klZrd lsNnfleqsf] c+=@) xn ePsf] ljv] 

e~Hofª eg]sf] kmf]s6] / u'/fF;] /}s/ hUuf kmf;]{ 

/fhLgfdf ul/lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . pQm /fhLgfdf 

k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] lnvt xfn;Dd cGoyf ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf] 5}g . 

7x/fPsf] xb;Ddsf hUufx¿sf] ;DaGwdf 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] lrQ ga'emfPsf] cj:yf Psftkm{ 

/x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ k|ltjfbLx¿ dfnkf]t sfof{no 

;d]tn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] bfjL k'Ug] 7x/fPsf] 

xb;Ddsf] km};nfpk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k'g/fj]bg 

#= sfg"gadf]lhd ;/sf/L sfof{noaf6 

kfl/t ePsf] /fhLgfdf lnvtsf ;DaGwdf ljjfb 

k/]sf] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;f] /fhLgfdf lnvtnfO{ 

cGoyf eGg] cj:yf cfpFb}g . o;sf] ;fy} ljjflbt 

hUuf;d]t ;e]{ gfkLs} cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bs jfbL 

171 171 

171


j}zfv 

tyf lghsf afa' / bfh'x¿sf] gfddf hUufwgL PskIfLo9+un] ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

pNn]v eO{ gfkL ePsf] cj:yfn] klg ljjflbt oBlk jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf hUufx¿ dWo] s]xL hUuf 

hUufsf] ;DaGwdf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] ;/f]sf/ eL/ tyf h+un;d]t /x]sf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt 

b]vfpFb5 . cfˆgf afa'n] @)@* ;fndf /fhLgfdf hUufx¿ dWo] bfjLstf{sf] ef]uflwsf/ tyf a;f]jf; 

u/L NofPsf] / ;fnj;fnL ;/sf/L /sd a'emfPsf] eP gePsf], eP s] slt If]qdf a;f]jf; Pjd\ 

cGbfhL @)) /f]kgL If]qkmn ePsf] gfkLn] e"n u/L ef]urng ePsf], j;f]jf; tyf ef]urng ePsf 

k|dfl0ft gu/]sf] afFemf] klt{ hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm hUufx¿ jfbLsf lktfn] @)@* ;fndf v/Lb u/L 

egL k'g/fj]bsn] @)$(.^.@* df ;e]{ gfkL ljefu lnPsf] rf/ lsNnfcGtu{t /x] g/x]sf] eGg] nufot 

s]Gb|df lgj]bg lbPsf] / pQm lgj]bg gfkL ljefudf ofjt k|df0fx¿sf] 5fgaLg u/]/ jfbLn] lbPsf] 

@)$(.&.@$ btf{ ePsf] ;DalGwt k|df0fsf] lgj]bg ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ k|ltjfbL 

ldl;naf6 b]lvG5 . cfGtl/s sf/jfO{sf] l;nl;nfdf dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] bfloTjcGtu{t kg]{ ljifo xf] . 

pQm lgj]bg dfnkf]t ljefu hUuf k|zf;g zfvfsf] ljjflbt hUufsf] lkmN8a'sdf h+un eGg] b]lvPsf] 

ldlt @)$(.*.% r=g+= @%%! sf] kq;fy cfjZos eGg] lg/k]If cfwf/ bzf{pFb} ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ 

sf/jfxLsf] nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfddf k7fPsf] ul/Psf] eGg] k|ltpQ/ lhsL/ ;txL b]lvg cfpF5 . 

/ pQm dfnkf]t sfof{nodf b=g+= !)^*, ldlt 

@)$(.*.!$ df btf{ ePsf] b]lvof] . To;}u/L 

@)%@.(.@$ df ls=g+= !, @, &, ^, %, #, !&, @@, !( 

sf hUufsf] wgLk"hf{ gkfPsf] x'Fbf btf{ u/L k"hf{ 

;d]t kfpFm egL 5"6 hUuf btf{ ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t 

sfof{no Onfddf lgj]bg lbPsf] ;d]t b]lvG5 . 

pQm lgj]bgaf6 s]xL k|lqmof cufl8 a9]sf] ;d]t 

b]lvP tfklg @)%&.#.#) df hUuf btf{sf] Dofb 

;dfKt ePsf] x'Fbf k'gM v'n]kl5 sf/jfxL ug]{ u/L 

tfd]nLdf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 . csf]{tkm{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] 

bfjL u/]sf hUufx¿ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf 

@$-#_ adf]lhd ;/sf/L hUufsf] ?kdf btf{ sfod 

ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfdn] @)%!.#.!% df 

>L % sf] ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] eGg] pQm 

sfof{nosf] k|ltpQ/kqaf6 ;d]t b]lvG5 . 

%= cbfntaf6 ldlt @)^%.!.@* df 

e}cfPsf] :ynut gS;faf6 ljjflbt hUufdWo] s]xL 

hUufx¿df kSsL tyf sRrL 3/ agfO{ ef]urng 

u/]sf] eGg] ;d]t b]lvPsf] 5 . jfbLsf] j;f]jf; 

tyf ef]urngnfO{ cj/f]w k'¥ofPsf] cj:yf 

ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] 5}g . bfjLsf hUufx¿ jg 

;Ldfgfleq kg]{ jf gkg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf dfnkf]t 

sfof{no Onfdn] @)%^.%.@ df r=g+= !$@ sf] 

kqaf6 lhNnf jg sfof{no OnfdnfO{ ;f]wgL 

ul/Psf] eP klg To; ;DaGwdf s'g} hjfkmk|fKt 

ePsf] k|df0fsf] ldl;naf6 gb]lvg'sf ;fy} jfbLsf] 

ef]urng / j;f]jf; ePsf 3/ hUufx¿ /fli6«o 

jg ;Ldfleq k/]sf] eGg] ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] ;d]t 

5}g . jfbLsf] ef]urng / j;f]jf; ePsf] If]q jg 

;Ldfgfleq k/]sf] egL jg ljefu÷jg sfof{non] 

$= ljjflbt hUufsf] btf{ ;DaGwdf jfbLn] df}sfdf sf/jfxL u/]sf] / jfbLsf] ef]u j;f]jf; 

lbPsf] lgj]bg cfjZos sf/jfxLsf] nflu dfnkf]t p7fPsf] cj:yf ;d]t b]lvFb}g . pQm hUufx¿sf] 

ljefuaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{no Onfddf @)$(.*.!$ lt/f] lt/fg ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvPsf], ljjflbt hUuf 

df k|fKt e};s]sf] cj:yfn] ;f] tYosf] hfgsf/L v/Lb u/L lnPsf] @)@* ;fnsf] kfl/t lnvtdf 

e};s]sf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . o;/L Pp6} cGoyf ePsf] eGg] gb]lvPsf], @)#) ;fnsf] gfkLdf 

hUufsf] btf{ ;DaGwdf lgj]bg kl//x]sf] / pQm JolQm ljz]if cyf{t jfbLsf lktf tyf bfh'sf] gfddf 

hUufsf] lkmN8j'ssf] hUufwgL dxndf jfbLsf hUufwgL pNn]v e} lkmN8j's tof/ ePsf] b]lvPsf] 

lktf / bfh'sf] gfd pNn]v e}/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg tyf ljjflbt hUuf 5"6 hUuf btf{ u/L kfpg 

pQm lgj]bg k/]sf] tYonfO{ s'g} dtnj g/fvL lgj]bg df}s}df k/L ;DalGwt ljkIfLx¿nfO{ klg 

lkmN8j'saf6 b]lvPsf hUufwgLnfO{ tyf hUufsf] hfgsf/L e};s]sf] cj:yfdf klg lkmN8j'saf6 

jf:tljs ef}lts cj:yf / k|s[ltnfO{ a'‰b} ga'emL 

172 

172 

hUufwgL b]lvPsf JolQmnfO{ ga'emL ljjflbt hUuf

*%$*– *%$*–dfnkf]t *%$*– dfnkf]t sfof{no sfof{no Onfd Onfd ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 aL/] aL/] ef]6] ef]6] eGg] eGg] eGg] kf;f· kf;f· bfjf bfjf z]kf{ 

z]kf{ 

;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ u/]sf] sfo{ Gofo;+ut / 

sfg"g;+ut b]lvg cfpFb}g . s'g} klg JolQmsf] 

;/f]sf/ / ;DaGw b]lvPsf] crn ;DklQ ;DaGwdf 

k|lts"n lg0f{o -Adverse decision_ ug'{k/]sf] 

v08df To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;+ljwfg tyf k|rlnt 

sfg"gn] pknAw u/fPsf] ;DklQsf] clwsf/nfO{ 

b[li6ut ub}{ plrt ;'g'jfO{sf] cj;/ k|bfg ug'{kg]{ 

st{Jo / bfloTj k|ltjfbLx¿sf] x'g cfpF5 . 

^= oBlk jfbLn] k|:t't u/]sf] @)@* ;fnsf] 

/fhLgfdf lnvtaf6 s] slt If]qkmnsf] hUuf 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf lktfn] v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] b]lvg 

cfpFb}g . pQm /fhLgfdfaf6 c+= @) xnsf] ljv] 

e~Hofª eg]sf] kmf]s6] / u'/fF;] /}s/ hUuf eGg];Dd 

pNn]v ePsf] cj:yf eP klg lghL jg ;d]t 

v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFb}g . jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf] 

hUufdWo] afa' / bfh' ldªdfsf] xsef]u e} cfˆgf] 

xs x'g cfPsf] egL hUuf /f]kgL #$^–!@–^–!! 

hUufsf] bfjL u/]sf] b]lvg cfpF5 . lghn] @)$( 

;fndf gfkL ljefudf lbPsf] æafFemf] klt{ hUuf 

btf{ ul/kfpFmÆ eGg] lgj]bgdf cGbfhL @)) /f]kgL 

hUuf egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . jfbLn] km/s 

lgsfodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf / k|:t't d'2fdf bfjL 

ubf{ km/s If]qkmn pNn]v u/]sf] eP klg ljjflbt 

hUufsf] of] olt If]qkmnsf] hUuf lktfn] @)@* 

;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] egL cflwsfl/s / ljZjf;gLo 

k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] ldl;naf6 b]lvg cfPg . 

gfkL btf{ gePsf] hUufsf] /fhLgfdf lnvtdf 

If]qkmn gv'nfO{ cGbfhL egL 7"nf] If]qkmn ;d]6\g] 

lsNnf pNn]v u/L /lhi6«]zg kfl/t u/fPs} cfwf/df 

of] olt If]qkmnsf] hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf] 

egL osLg ug{ sl7g x'G5 . gfkLsf] ;dodf s'g} 

lsQf hUuf of] o;sf] egL n]vfPs} e/df Tof] g} 

xsef]usf] lg/k]If cfwf/ / k|df0f x'g ;Sb}g . 

gfkLdf ;fj{hlgs jf ;/sf/L klt{ hUuf, eL/ 

kfvf] jf jgh+un JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf gfkL 

u/fPs} e/df ;fj{hlgs hUufsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt 

x'g ;Sg] klg xf]Og . gfkL ePsf] hUufsf] bfjL 

ubf{ bfjLcg'¿ksf] ;dly{t lgZrofTds k|df0f 

h;sf] gfddf gfkL ePsf] 5, lghn] k]z bflvn 

ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . t/ k'g/fj]bsn] gfkL ePsf] ;a} 

173 

173 

hUufnfO{ ;dy{g ug]{ lgZrofTds / j:t'lgi7 

k|df0f k]z u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . hUufsf] d"n ;|f]tdf 

g} If]qkmn pNn]v ePsf] gb]lvPsf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] 

bfjL u/]s} e/df lagfcfwf/ k|df0f ;f]xL 

bfjLadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ d'gfl;j x'Fb}g . gfkL gePsf] 

hUuf v/Lb u/]sf] / To;af6 jf:tljs If]qkmn 

gv'n]sf] cj:yfdf /fhLgfdfsf] lsNnfleq /xL 

v/Lbstf{n] u/]sf] ef]urng / a;f]jf;nfO{ cfwf/ 

dfgL If]qkmn sfod ug'{ Gofo;+ut x'g cfpF5 . 

&= jfbLn] k|:t't d'2fdf #$^ /f]kgL !@ 

cfgf ^ k};f !! bfd hUuf @)@* ;fnsf] /fhLgfdf 

lnvt leq}sf] hUuf egL bfjL u/]sf] cj:yf eP 

klg pQm hUufdWo] 7"nf] efu h+un tyf eL/;d]t 

/x]sf] :ynut gS;faf6 b]lvPsf] 5 . h+unnfO{ 

jfbLn] kz'kfngsf] nflu tyf 3fF;kft ;d]tsf] 

b[li6n] lghL jgsf] ?kdf /fv]sf] eGg] bfjL lhsL/ 

u/]sf] cj:yf eP klg lghL jg ;d]t lghsf 

lktfn] @)@* ;fndf v/Lb u/]sf] eGg] gb]lvg'sf] 

;fy} lghL jg /fv]sf] eGg] b]lvg] s'g} k|df0f k]z 

bflvn ePsf] ;d]t kfOPg . lghL jg /fv]sf] 

eGg] cfwf/xLg bfjLnfO{ ;dly{t k|df0fsf] cefjdf 

ljZjf; ug{ ;lsg] x'Fb}g . o; cj:yfdf cbfntsf] 

cfb]zfg';f/ gfkL zfvfsf cldg ;d]tsf] ;xof]udf 

ePsf] ldlt @)^%.!.@* sf] gS;f d'r'Nsfaf6 

k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] ef]urng / a;f]jf; b]lvPsf] 

cj:yfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lg0f{o ug'{ d'gfl;j g} 

b]lvFbf ;f]xLadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdaf6 

ul/Psf] OG;fkm cGoyf eGg] b]lvg cfPg . 

*= ctM dfly ljj]rgf / ljZn]if0f 

ul/Padf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] cfb]zfg';f/ 

ldlt @)^%.!.@* df ePsf] gS;faf6 ls=g+= @ 

cGtu{t kg]{ g=g+= !), !!, !#, !$, !%, !^, !&, !*, 

!( sf hUufx¿Ù ls=g+= ^ dWo] g=g+= @&, @*, @(, 

#), #! sf hUufx¿ tyf ls=g+= !( sf] hUufdWo] 

g=g+= $&, $*, $(, %^, %&, %*, %( ;d]tsf] 

hUuf /f]kgL #$–&–)–) df jfbLsf] j;f]jf; tyf 

ef]urng b]lvPsf] x'Fbf jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] 

z'? Onfd lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.*.@! sf] 

km};nf s]xL pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] j;f]jf;


j}zfv 

tyf ef]urng b]lvPsf plNnlvt hUufsf] xs;Dd 

g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^%.%.* sf] 

km};nf d'gfl;j b]lvFbf pQm km};nf ;b/ x'G5 . 

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tyf k|ltjfbL b'j} kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg 

lhsL/ k'Ug ;Qm}g . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n 

lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" . 



Olt ;+jt\ @)^& d+l;/ @* ut] /f]h # z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t M–bLkss'df/ bfxfn 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= g+= *%$( 

*%$( 

 


dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{ 


;+jt\ @)^^–W0–)!(& 

cfb]z ldltM @)^&.!!.^.^ 

d'2f M– pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z . 

lgj]bsM wflbË lhNnf, r}gk'/ uf=lj=; j8f g+= ( 

3/ eO{ xfn sf7df8f}+ lhNnf dR5]ufpF 

uf=lj=;=j8f g++ ^ a:g] s[i0faxfb'/ >]i7 

;d]t 

lj?4 

ljkIfLM g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg k|wfg sfof{no 

;d]t 

;]jf ljlwzf:q -Service 

Jurisprudence_ df sd{rf/Lsf] kIfdf 

174 

174 

pbf/ JofVof ck]lIft 5 . sfg"gn] g} :ki6 

zAbdf gkfpg] egL lgif]w g} u/]sf] ;'ljwf 

lbg ldNb}g . t/ ;'ljwf glbg] g} p2]Zo 

/fvL ul/g] JofVofnfO{ ckJofVof dfGg'kg]{ . 

:j]lR5s cjsfz lng ;"rgf lbg] sd{rf/L 

sfo{/t\ g} 5g\ eg] cGo sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] 

tna j[l¢ ;d]tsf ;'ljwf glbg] eGg] ts{ 

;+ljwfg ;+/lIft ;dfgtfsf] l;¢fGt cg's"n 

x'G5 g t hlxn] klg ;'ljwf lbg] ;DaGwdf 

sfg"gn] k|ToIf?kd} lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf 

afx]s sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf sfg"gsf] JofVof 

ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;]jf ljlwzf:qsf] cfwf/e"t 

l;¢fGt cg's"n g} x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=%_ 

gLltut ?kdf lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} sd{rf/Ln] 

;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]xL x}l;otsf a9 

tna lbg] lg0f{o nfu" ePkl5 cjsfz 

lnPsf oL lgj]bsx¿n] k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] 

egL cy{ ul/g' x'Fb}g . ;dfgx¿sf aLr 

;dfgtf sfod ug]{ qmddf sfg"gsf] k|of]u 

ubf{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/g' x'Fb}g . o;f] 

ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg] To;nfO{ Gofo;+ut 

dfGg plrt gx'g] . 

-k|s/0f g+=^_ 

lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljåfgåo clwjQmf >L xl/ pk]|tL 

/ >L g/]Gb| kf7s 

ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 ljåfg clwjQmf >L /d]z 

a:g]t 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 


!#-!_ 

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf 

zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% ljlgod %& s- 

@_ -#_, ((, !)!, !!$, !!%s, !!^

*%$(– *%$(–s[i0faxfb'/ *%$(– s[i0faxfb'/ >]i7 >]i7 ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 g]kfn g]kfn 6]lnlehg 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg ;+:yfg k|= k|= sf= sf= ;d]t 

;d]t 

cfb]z 

lx;fa ug]{ u/L k'/fgf] tnadfgcg';f/sf] /sd 

Gof=k|sfz j:tLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, 

@)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf !)& adf]lhd k/]sf] k|:t't 

l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5 M– 

xfdL lgj]bsx¿ g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgdf 

@) jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf sd{rf/Lx¿ xfF}+ . 

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ 

ljlgodfjnL, @)%% ldlt @)^%.#.^ df ePsf] 

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 

:j]lR5s cjsfz;DaGwL gofF Joj:yf u/]sf] / 

ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod !!%s-!_ adf]lhd ;+:yfgn] 

ldlt @)^%.$.!% df Ps dlxgfsf] cjlw tf]sL 

:j]lR5s cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]cg'¿k xfdL 

leGg–leGg sd{rf/Ln] ljleGg ldltdf cfj]bg 

lbPkl5 ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.%.#) sf] 

lg0f{oaf6 @)^%.&.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :j]lR5s 

cjsfz lnPsf 5f}+ . :j]lR5s cjsfz lng'eGbf 

cufl8 @)^% cflZjg dlxgfdf a9 ePsf] 

tnadfgcg';f/sf] /sd e'QmfgL kfpg' kg]{df 

;fljs ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.&.$ sf] 

lg0f{oljk/Lt :j]lR5s cjsfz lng'eGbf cl3 a9 

ePsf] tna ¿=@))).– / ;f]cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf 

glbg] u/L xfnsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] ldlt 

@)^%.(.@) / @)^^.%.( df u/]sf] lg0f{o ab/efuL 

5 egL lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ . 

:j]lR5s cjsfz k|fKt ug'{ cufl8 xfdL 

lgj]bsx¿ Ps txdfly a9'jf eO{ @)^% cflZjg 

d;fGt;Dd sfof{nodf sfo{/t\ /x]s} cj:yfdf g} 

lghfdtL sd{rf/L nufot cGo /fi6« ;]jssf] 

tnadfgdf ?=@))).–a[l¢ ug]{ u/L g]kfn 

;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^%.^.!( df lg0f{o ePsf] lyof] . 

;f] a[l¢ ePsf] tnadfgnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL a9 tna 

lbgsf] nflu u7g ePsf] gofF tnadfg 

Joj:yfkgsf] l;kmfl/zsf cfwf/df pQm a9 tna 

ldlt @)^%.^.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lbg] egL – 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.&.$ sf] **( cf}+ 

a}7saf6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] cjsfz ldlt 

@)^%.&.! af6 nfu" ePsf] / cjsfz x'g'eGbf 

cufl8 sfod ePsf] tnadfg cg';f/sf] ;'ljwfkl5 

lnPsf xf}+ . pQm a9 tnadfg cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf 

kfpmF egL k6s–k6s lgj]bg u/]sf]df xfn;Dd 

e'QmfgL lbOPsf] 5}g . cjsfz ldlt @)^%.&.! 

eGbf cufl8 ldlt @)^%.^.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L a9 

ePsf] tnadfg cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf glbPsf]n] ldlt 

@)^%.(.@) sf] lg0f{o k'glj{rf/ ul/kfpFm egL ldlt 

@)^%.(.@& df lgj]bg lbPsf]df ;f] lgj]bgpk/ 

s'g} ;'g'jfO{ gu/]sf]n] k'gM ldlt @)^^.$.@( df 

lgj]bg lbPsf]df k"j{ lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ;RrfO/xg gkg]{ 

egL ldlt @)^^.%.( df ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 lg0f{o 

ePsf] egL ldlt @)^^.%.!& df hfgsf/L u/fPaf6 

sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt x'g' 

k/]sf] / j}slNks pkrf/sf] dfu{ gx'Fbf c;fwf/0f 

clwsf/If]qcGtu{t lgj]bg u/]sf 5f}+ . 

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg sd{rf/L ;]jf 

zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% sf] ljlgod !!^ n] ;]jfaf6 

cjsfz x'Fbf cflv/L dlxgfsf] tna pkbfgafkt 

k|fKt x'g] egL :ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm 

sfg"gL Joj:yfcg';f/ @)^% cflZjg dlxgfsf] 

d;fGtdf sfod /x]sf] tnadfg cg';f/sf] tna, 

pkbfg, cf}iflw pkrf/nufot cGo ;'ljwf kfpg] 

xfd|f] sfg"gL clwsf/ xf] . ;f] sfg"gL clwsf/sf] 

ljk/Lt x'g] u/L sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] 

k|lts"n lg0f{o ug{ ldNb}g . xfdL ;/xsf sd{rf/Ln] 

;f]xL cjlwsf] a9 tna kfpg], t/ xfdLnfO{ gkfpg] 

u/L ePsf lg0f{oaf6 ;dfgdf ;dfg sfg"gsf] 

k|of]u gu/L c;dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltn] sd{rf/Lsf] ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ sd{rf/Lsf] 

;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnLdf plNnlvt sfg"gL 

k|fjwfgx¿ cIf/zM kfngf ug'{kg]{df gu/L 

;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ u/L lg0f{o ug'{ sfg"gsf] 

unt k|of]u xf] . 

ctM xfdL lgj]bsx¿n] ;+:yfgdf nfdf] 

;]jf u/L :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPsf]df cjsfz 

kZrft\ sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt 

x'g] u/L ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;~rfns ;ldltn] 

ldlt @)^%.(.@) / @)^^.%.( df u/]sf] lg0f{on] 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-#_- 

175 175 

175


j}zfv 

r_ !#-!_ !( åf/f k|bQ xs tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg 

;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% 

sf] ljlgod %& s-@_-#_, ((, !)!, !!$, !!%s / 

!!^ n] k|bfg u/]sf] sfg"gL xs xgg\ x'g uPsf]n] 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / 

!)&-@_ adf]lhd c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q u|x0f u/L 

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^%.(.@) / 

ldlt @)^^.%.( sf] lg0f{onufot ;f]sf] cl3 kl5 

xfdL lgj]bsx¿nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L 

ljkIfLx¿af6 eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L xfdL lgj]bsx¿n] ldlt 

@)^%.^.#! ;Dd sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] a9 tna 

¿=@))).– vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna:s]ndf hf]8L 

;f]cg';f/ kfpg] cGo cf}iflw pkrf/ 

pkbfgnufotsf cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf] yk /sd 

;d]tsf cfwf/n] xfdL :j]lR5s cjsfz x'Fbf sfod 

ul/Psf] gf]s/Lsf] cjlwsf] cfwf/df gk'u /sd;d]t 

e'QmfgL lbg' lbnfpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]znufot 

cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] ;+o'Qm l/6 lgj]bg . 

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf], lgj]bssf] 

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf], of] 

cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofbafx]s !% 

lbgleq cfkm} jf sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwåf/f 

lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL l/6 lgj]bgsf] ! k|lt 

gSsn ;fy} /fvL ljkIfLx¿nfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt 

hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodadf]lhd 

k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^^.%.@% sf] 

cfb]z . 

lgj]bsx¿n] :j]lR5s cjsfz lnFbf 

lgodfg';f/ o; ;+:yfgaf6 kfpg] ;Dk"0f{ /sd 

lnO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] 

ldlt @)^%.&.$ df a;]sf] a}7sn] a[l¢ ePsf] 

tna nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 

xsdf dfq lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . cjsfz kfPsf 

sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf xf]Og . ldlt @)^%.&.$ sf] lg0f{sf 

cfwf/df a9 tna lbg gldNg] egL ldlt 

@)^%.(.@) / @)^^.%.( df lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . 

o;/L @)^%.&.$ sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em]sf] eP 

176 

176 

;dodf g} sfg"gL pkrf/sf] dfu{ cjnDag 

ug'{kg]{df ! jif{kl5 bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg 

ljnDasf] l;¢fGtsf] cfwf/df vf/]hefuL 5 . g]kfn 

6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, 

@)%% sf] ;+zf]wg;lxtdf ePsf sfg"gL 

Joj:yfadf]lhd lgj]bsx¿nfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfz 

lbg] qmddf Ps tx a9'jf ul/Psf] / a9'jf ePsf] 

Ps dlxgf;Dd sfd ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfcg'¿k xflh/ 

u/fOPsf] dfq xf] . pQm Joj:yf ;+:yfgsf] nflu 

geP/ :j]lR5s cjsfz lng] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 

;'ljwfsf] nflu lbOPsf] dfq xf] . To; ;dosf] 

tna lbg] egL lgj]bsx¿nfO{ s'g} lnlvt / df}lvs 

cfZjf;g;d]t lbPsf] 5}g . g]kfn 6]lnlehg 

;+:yfgaf6 ldlt @)^%.&.$, @)^%.(.@) / 

@)^^.%.( df ePsf] lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsx¿sf] s'g} 

klg sfg"gL tyf ;+j}wflgs xs clwsf/sf] xgg\ 

gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg;d]tsf] 


lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 

lgj]bgdf lgj]bs tkm{af6 ljåfgåo clwjQmf >L 

xl/ pk]|tL / >L g/]Gb| kf7s / ljkIfLx¿sf] tkm{af6 

ljåfg clwjQmf >L /d]z a:g]tn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 

ax; ;d]t ;'gL ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ lgj]bg 

dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og ;f]xL 

ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] . 

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfn 6]lnlehg 

;+:yfgdf @) jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf u/]sf] cj:yf 

g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ 

ljlgodfjnL, @)%% ldlt @)^%.#.^ df ePsf] 

kfFrf}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 

:j]lR5s cjsfz;DaGwL gofF Joj:yf u/]sf] / 

ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod !!%s-!_ adf]lhd ;+:yfgn] 

ldlt @)^%.$.!% df Ps dlxgfsf] cjlw tf]sL 

:j]lR5s cjsfzsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]cg'¿k xfdL 

sd{rf/Lx¿n] ljleGg ldltdf cfj]bg lbPkl5 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.%.#) sf] lg0f{oaf6 

@)^%.&.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :j]lR5s cjsfz 

lnPsf 5fF}+ . :j]lR5s cjsfz lng'eGbf cufl8

*%$(– *%$(–s[i0faxfb'/ *%$(– s[i0faxfb'/ >]i7 >]i7 ;d]t ;d]t lj?4 lj?4 g]kfn g]kfn 6]lnlehg 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg ;+:yfg k|= k|= sf= sf= ;d]t 

;d]t 

@)^% cflZjg dlxgfdf a9 ePsf] tnadfg 

cg';f/sf] /sd e'QmfgL kfpg' kg]{df ;fljs 

;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.&.$ sf] lg0f{o 

ljk/Lt :j]lR5s cjsfz lng'eGbf cl3 a9 ePsf] 

tna ¿=@))).– / ;f]cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf glbg] u/L 

xfnsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] ldlt @)^%.(.@) / 

@)^^.%.( df u/]sf] lg0f{oaf6 cjsfzkZrft\ 

sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt x'g' 

k/]sf] / sfg"gL xs tyf ;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft 

k'u]sf]n] g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgsf] ldlt @)^%.(.@) 

/ ldlt @)^^.%.( sf] lg0f{onufot ;f]sf] cl3 kl5 

xfdL lgj]bsx¿nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L 

ljkIfLx¿af6 eP u/]sf sfdsf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]zåf/f ab/ u/L xfdL lgj]bsx¿n] ldlt 

@)^%.^.#! ;Dd sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] a9 tna 

¿=@))).– vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna:s]ndf hf]8L 

;f]cg';f/ kfpg] cGo cf}iflwpkrf/ pkbfgnufotsf 

cGo ;'ljwf jfktsf] yk /sd;d]tsf cfwf/n] 

xfdL :j]lR5s cjsfz x'Fbf sfod ul/Psf] gf]s/Lsf] 

cjlwsf] cfwf/df gk'u /sd;d]t e'QmfgL lbg' 

lbnfpg' eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpmF 

eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf]df ;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns 

;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.&.$ df a;]sf] a}7sn] a[l¢ 

ePsf] tna nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{/t\ 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf dfq lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . cjsfz 

kfPsf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf xf]Og . g]kfn 6]lnlehg 

;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% 

sf] ;+zf]wg;lxtdf ePsf sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd 

lgj]bsx¿nfO{ :j]lR5s cjsfz lbg] qmddf Ps 

tx a9'jf ul/Psf] / a9'jf ePsf] Ps dlxgf;Dd 

sfd ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfcg'¿k xflh/ u/fOPsf] / 

pQm Joj:yf ;+:yfgsf] nflu geP/ :j]lR5s 

cjsfz lng] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu lbOPsf] 

dfq x'Fbf To; ;dosf] a9 tna / ;f]cg';f/sf] 

cGo ;'ljwf lbg gkg]{ eGg] g]kfn 6]lnlehg 

;+:yfg;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 

#= lgj]bsx¿ g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfgdf 

@) jif{eGbf cufl8 b]lv ;]jf k|j]z u/L clws[t 

5}6f}+ txb]lv gfoa dxfk|aGws clws[t P3f/f}+ 

177 

177 

tx;Ddsf sd{rf/Lsf] ?kdf sfo{/t\ /x]sf] tYodf 

ljjfb ePg . g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L 

;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% df ePsf] kfFrf}+ 

;+zf]wgn] ljlgoddf !!%s yk u/L cjsfz;DaGwL 

gofF Aoj:yf u/]cg'¿k ;+:yfgn] @)^%.$.!% df 

k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] cjlwleq :j]lR5s 

cjsfzsf] nflu lgj]bsx¿n] lgj]bg lbPsf]df 

;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.%.#) 

sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ hf] h'g sd{rf/L h'g kbdf lyP 

;f]eGbf dfly Ps tx a9'jf u/L ldlt @)^%.&.! 

b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L /fhLgfdf :jLs[t eO{ lgj]bsx¿ 

;f] ldlt @)^%.&.! af6 ;]jflgj[Q ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

@)^%.&.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :j]lR5s cjsfz 

lnPsf]df :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPsf] ldlt @)^%.&.! 

eGbf cufl8 @)^%.^.! df nfu" ePsf] goFf tnadfg 

cg';f/sf] a9 tna / ;f] adf]lhdsf] cGo ;'ljwfx¿ 

pkbfgnufot cf}iflwpkrf/ vr{ kfpg' kg]{ eGg] 

lgj]bg bfjL / a9 ePsf] tna cjsfz lnPsf 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf geO{ sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 

nflu dfq xf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm /xL ;f] ljifodf 

ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvG5 . @)^%.&.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L 

:j]lR5s cjsfz lnPsf] cj:yfdf :j]lR5s cjsfz 

lng'eGbf cufl8sf] ldlt @)^%.^.! b]lv nfu" x'g] 

u/L sfod ePsf] gofF tnadfg cg';f/sf] a9 

tna / ;f]cg';f/sf] cGo ;'ljwf oL lgj]bsx¿n] 

kfpg] x'g\ jf xf]Ogg, ;]jf/t\ /xFbfsf cj:yfdf 

a9 ePsf] tna k|bfg gu/L sfg"gsf] k|of]udf 

;dfgx¿ aLr c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] xf] xf]Og 

log} ljjflbt ljifosf] lg/f]k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . 

$= g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf 

zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% df ePsf] kfFrf} ;+zf]wgn] 

a9'jf;DaGwL ljz]if Joj:yf / cjsfz;DaGwL 

gofF Joj:yf yk u/]kl5 ;+:yfgn] tf]s]sf] cjlwleq 

oL lgj]bsx¿n] :j]lR5s cjsfzsf] nflu lgj]bg 

lbO{ ldlt @)^%.&.! af6 ;]jflgj[t ePsf] b]lvG5 . 

;+:yfgn] :j]lR5s cjsfz :jLs[t ubf{ sd{rf/L 

;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% sf] ljlgod %& s- 

@_ -#_ sf cfwf/df u/]sf] 5 . sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ 

ljlgodfjnL, @)%% sf] ljlgod %& s-@_ df,


j}zfv 

æ;+:yfgsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t\ tx !) ;Ddsf 

sd{rf/Ln] ljlgod !!$ adf]lhd clgjfo{ cjsfz 

jf ljlgod !!%s adf]lhd :j]lR5s cjsfz kfpg] 

ePdf cjsfz kfpg] ldlteGbf Ps dlxgf cl3b]lv 

lghnfO{ Ps tx dfly a9'jf ul/g]5Æ eGg] sfg"gL 

Joj:yfadf]lhd ldlt @)^%.%.#) sf] lg0f{on] 

sd{rf/Lx¿ h'g kbdf sfo{/t\ 5g ;f]eGbf Ps 

txdfly a9'jf ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L a9'jf eO{ cjsfz 

x'g] sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf %* jif{ pd]/ ggfWg] u/L 

a9Ldf # jif{ ;]jf cjlw yk u/L ;]jf cjlw sfod 

u/L cjsfz lng] sd{rf/Ln] yk ;]jf cjlwsf] k"/f 

tna Pa+ cGo ;'ljwf;d]t kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf 

sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ljlgodfjnL, @)%% sf] ljlgod 

!!%s-!_ n] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;]jflgj[Q x'g] 

sd{rf/LnfO{ pQm Joj:yfadf]lhd k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwf 

s'l07t ug]{ clek|fon] s'g} klg tl/sfaf6 sfg"gn] 

glbPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt 

ul/G5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ sfg"gljk/Ltsf] sfo{ x'g 

hfG5 . 

%= k|To]s sd{rf/Ln] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] 

tnadf ldlt @)^%.^.! af6 nfu" x'g] u/L ?=@))).– 

yk ug]{ eGg] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^%.^.!( 

df lg0f{o ePadf]lhd gofF tnadfg sfod ug{ 

;+:yfgsf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^%.&.$ df 

a;]sf] **( cf}+ a}7sn] a[l¢ ePsf] tna ldlt 

@)^%.^.! af6 nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] 

lg0f{o ubf{ sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf nfu" u/]sf] 

xf] eGg] ;+:yfgsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] 5 . oL 

lgj]bsx¿ ;]jf lgj[Q ePsf] ldlt @)^%.&.! kl5 

a9 tna nfu" ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] geO{ sfo{/t\ 

/x]sf] cjlw @)^%.^.! b]lv nfu" ePsf] cj:yf 

xf] . h'g ldlt;Dd sd{rf/L cfkm\gf] kbdf axfn 

/xG5g tL sd{rf/L sfo{/t\ sd{rf/L x'g ;]jflgj[Q 

sd{rf/L xf]Ogg\ . oL lgj]bsx¿ ldlt @)^%.^.#! 

;Dd kbdf axfn /x]sf] b]lvFbf ;f] ldlt;Dddf 

sfg"gadf]lhd k|fKt ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 

lgj]bsx¿sf] sfg"gL Pj+ ;+j}wflgs xs ;'lglZrt 

5 . o:tf] xsdf cÍ'z nufO{ k|fKt ;'ljwf s6f}tL 

ug{ jf lbgaf6 OGsf/ ug{ x'Fb}g u/]df sfg"g Pj+ 

178 

178 

;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] xsdf s'7f/f3ft x'g 

k'Ub5 . sfd nufpFbfsf avt h] h:tf] tna eQf 

;'ljwf sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] xf] Tof] sfddf ;+nUg 

sd{rf/Ln] kfpg' g} kg]{ x'G5 . ;]jf ljlwzf:q - 

Service Jurisprudence _ df sd{rf/Lsf] kIfdf 

pbf/ JofVof ck]lIft 5 . sfg"gn] g} :ki6 zAbdf 

gkfpg] egL lgif]w g} u/]sf] ;'ljwf lbg ldNb}g . 

t/ ;'ljwf glbg] g} p2]Zo /fvL ul/g] JofVofnfO{ 

ckJofVof dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 . :j]lR5s cjsfz lng 

;"rgf lbg] sd{rf/L sfo{/t\ g} 5g\ eg] cGo 

sd{rf/Ln] kfpg] tna j[l¢ ;d]tsf ;'ljwf lognfO{ 

glbg] eGg] ts{ g ;+ljwfg ;+/lIft ;dfgtfsf] 

l;¢fGt cg's"n x'G5 g t hlxn] klg ;'ljwf lbg] 

;DaGwdf sfg"gn] k|ToIf?kd} lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf 

afx]s sd{rf/Lsf] lxtdf sfg"gsf] JofVof ul/g' 

kb{5 eGg] ;]jf ljlwzf:qsf] cfwf/e"t l;¢fGt 

cg's"n g} x'G5 . 

^= ldlt @)^%.&.! af6 cjsfz lnPsf oL 

lgj]bsx¿n] k|fKt ug]{ a9 tna nufotsf ;'ljwf 

lbg OGsf/ ul/Psf] 5 . cjsfz nfu" x'g] ldlteGbf 

cl3sf] ldltaf6 gofF tnadfg sfod ePsf] / 

;fljsadf]lhd sfddf nufO{ /fv]sf] To:tf] cjlwdf 

a9 ePsf] tna / ;f] tnacg';f/ g} cjsfz x'g] 

sd{rf/Ln] k|fKt ug]{ ;'ljwf lbg OGsf/ ug'{ Gofof]lrt 

xf]Og . ;+:yfgn] cfkm"n] sfd nufPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ 

kfl/>lds:j?k a9 ePsf] tna lbg OGsf/ u/]sf] 

tyf ;]jflgj[t nfu" x'g] ldlteGbf cufl8 sfod 

ePsf] ;'ljwf k|bfg gu/L k'/fg} tnadfg cg';f/dfq 

lbPsf] To:tf] sfo{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg tyf 

;+:yfgsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;'ljwf ljlgodfjnL, 

@)%% ljk/Lt 5 . gLltut ?kdf lg0f{o ubf{ s'g} 

sd{rf/Ln] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{ / ;f]xL x}l;otsf a9 

tna lbg] lg0f{o nfu" ePkl5 cjsfz lnPsf oL 

lgj]bsx¿n] k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] egL cy{ ul/g' x'Fb}g . 

;dfgx¿sf aLr ;dfgtf sfod ug]{ qmddf sfg"gsf] 

k|of]u ubf{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/g' x'Fb}g . o;f] ul/Psf] 

b]lvG5 eg] To;nfO{ Gofo;+ut dfGg plrt x'Fb}g . 

;f] ;+:yfgdf sfo{/t\ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] nflu agfOPsf] 

ljlgodfjnLn] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'Fbf k|fKt x'g]

;'ljwfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] cj:yf ;]jfaf6 cjsfz 

x'g] ldlt @)^%.&.! eGbf k"j{sf] ldltdf @)^%.^.! 

df g} tna a9 eO;s]sf] l:yltdf kl5 a9 ePsf] 

tnacg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg gu/L k"j{ tnadfg 

cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ sfg"gsf] c;dfg k|of]u 

x'g' xf] . 

&= ctM @)^%.&.! b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L :j]lR5s 

cjsfz lnPsf]df :j]lR5s cjsfz lnPsf] ldlt 

@)^%.&.! nfu" x'g'eGbf cufl8 @)^%.^.! df nfu" 

ePsf] gof+F tnadfgcg';f/sf] a9 tna / 

;f]adf]lhdsf] cGo ;'ljwfx¿ pkbfgnufot 

cf}iflwpkrf/ vr{ k|bfg ug'{kg]{df @)^%.^.! eGbf 

k"j{ sfod /x]sf] k'/fgf] tna:s]n cg';f/dfqsf] 

;'ljwf lbg] tyf a9 tna ;d]t glbg] egL g]kfn 

6]lnlehg ;+:yfg ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ldlt 

@)^%.(.@) / ldlt @)^^.%.( df ePsf lg0f{ox¿ 

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_ 

tyf g]kfn 6]lnlehg ;+:yfg, sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ 

ljlgodfjnL, @)%% sf] ljlgod %& s-@_ ((, 

!)!, !!%s / !!^ ljk/Lt b]lvPsf]n] pQm ldlt 

@)^%.(.@) / @)^^.%.( sf lg0f{ox¿ pTk|]if0fsf] 

cfb]z¢f/f ab/ x'G5 . lgj]bsx¿n] ldlt @)^%.^.#! 

;Dd sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] a9 tna ¿=@,))).– 

vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] tna:s]ndf hf]8L ;f]cg';f/ kfpg] 

cGo cf}iflwpkrf/ pkbfgnufotsf hf] h] k|fKt 

x'g] cGo ;'ljwfjfktsf]] yk /sd;d]tsf cfwf/n] 

:j]lR5s cjsfz x'Fbf sfod ul/Psf] gf]s/Lsf] 

cjlwsf] cfwf/df gk'u /sd;d]t e'QmfgL lbg' 

lbnfpg' egL ljkIfLx¿sf] gfpFdf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z 

hf/L x'g] 7x5{ . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L ljkIfLx¿nfO{ 

lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ 

a'emfO{ lbg" . 


Gof=;'zLnf sfsL{ 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& kmfu'g ^ ut] /f]h ^ z'ed\ 

Ohnf; clws[t -pk;lrj_M bLks 9sfn 

*%%)–s[lif *%%)–s[lif ljefu ljefu lj?4 lj?4 cdfTo cdfTo lgdf{0f lgdf{0f ;]jf, ;]jf, nlntk'/ 

nlntk'/ 

 

179 

179 

lg0f{o lg0f{o g+= g+= *%%) 

*%%) 




;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=–()#$ 

km};nf ldltM @)^&.!).$.# 

d'2f– gf]S;fgL lauf] . 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM s[lif ljefusf] tk{maf6 P]=sf 

dxflgb]{zs bLkaxfb'/ :jfF/ 

lj?4 

k|ToyL{ jfbLM nlntk'/ lhNnf, nlntk''/ 

pkdxfgu/kflnsf=j8f g+=!* ufaxfn 

l:yt cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jfsf] tk{maf6 

k|f]=cd[t cdfTo 

;Demf}tfsf lglZrt zt{x¿, lglZrt 

k|of]hg / lglZrt sfo{ ;DkGg ;do;Ldf 

cfk;L ;xdltsf cfwf/df to x'g] / 

To;/L to ul/Psf cfk;L dfkb08sf 

cfwf/x¿ b'a} kIfnfO{ aGwgsf/L x'G5g\ . 

;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt aGwgsf/L zt{x¿ 

s'g} kIfn] k"/f gu/]df ;f]af6 l;lh{t x'g 

k'u]sf] bfloTj zt{ k"/f gug]{ kIfn] Joxf]g'{ 

kg]{ . 

-k|s/0f g++=$_ 

!) k|ltzteGbf 36L jf a9Lsf] d"No cfly{s 

k|zf;gsf] lgodfg';f/ lng lbg d~h"/ 

5' egL sa'lnot ul/;s]kl5 ;f] lgsfon] 

sfod u/]sf] b/efp / cfly{s 

k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)$@ sf] 

cwLgdf /xL bfjL ug'{kg]{df a9 ePsf] 

d"Nosf] sfo{tflnsf cfkm\gf] dgf]dfgL 9+un] 

PQmkmL{?kdf k]z u/L c;Lldt?kdf


j}zfv 

d"Noj[l¢sf] dfu ul/Psf] bfjL pQm 

;Demf}tf ljk/Lt x'g] . 

-k|s/0f g++=%_ 

sfof{b]zcg';f/sf] ;do;Ldfdf sfo{ 

;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] d'gfl;a sf/0f ePdf 

dfq sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ;Demf}tfdf 

klxnf lglZrt ul/Psf] cjlw kl5 ylkPsf] 

Dofbsf] cf}lrTootf ;Demf}tfkq tyf 

cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgoddf ePsf] 

To:tf] Joj:yf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ 

7]s]bf/n] g;s]df lghaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] 

tyf h/Ljfgf gnufpg] ;Ddsf nflu xf] . 

o;/L Dofb yk u/]sf] cjlw;d]tsf] xsdf 

lgdf{0f sfo{ 7]Ssf lng] To:tf] kmd{ jf 

sDkgL jf JolQmsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu 

lghL?kdf k|of]u ePsf 3/ef8f, 

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna ;a} k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=^_ 

;Dk"0f{ vr{;d]t n]vfh]vf u/L 7]Ssf 

;Demf}tfsf nflu cfJxfg ePsf] af]nkqdf 

jfbLn] ;f]df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ k|:tfj :jLsf/ 

u/L ;Demf}tf u/]kl5 To;df Joj:yf 

gePsf yk ;'ljwf dfu ug{ / kfpg ;Sb}g 

o:tf] dfu sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] . 

zt{adf]lhd lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f gu/L 

gf]S;fgL ePsf] egL bfjL lng] kIf jfbLn] 

g} ;dodf lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? gug]{, yk 

ePsf] Dofbdf klg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg 

gu/L sfd aLrdf g} 5f8L bfloTj k"/f 

gu/L zt{sf] kl/kfngf ug{ g;s]sf] 

cj:yfdf cfkm\g} sf/0fn] cfkm}nfO{ kg{ 

uPsf] cfly{s Jooef/sf] kl/kfngf k|ltjfbL 

kIfaf6 u/fO{ gf]S;fgL ljuf] e/fO dfUg 

gkfpg] . 

-k|s/0f g++=&_ 

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf 

>L dx]zs'df/ yfkf 

180 

180 

k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljåfg clwjQmf >L lqnf]rg 

uf}td 

cjnlDat ghL/M 

;Da4 sfg"gM 

cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)$@ 

km};nf 

Gof=e/t/fh pk|]tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt 

kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] 

bkmf ( adf]lhd s[lif ljefusf] tk{maf6 kg{ cfPsf] 

k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M– 

s[lif k|;f/ tyf cg';Gwfg cfof]hgf cGtu{t 

alb{of lhNnfsf] d}gfkf]v/, jugfxf, kz'kltgu/ / 

/fhfk'/df h]=6L=Sjf6{/ / 6«]lgª xn rf/j6f @)$& 

h]i7 d;fGtleqdf lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf d lkm/fbL 

cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf / ljkIfL s[lif k|;f/ 

cfof]hgf aLr ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf] 

lyof] . pQm ;Demf}tfsf] sfo{ ug{ g]kfn ef/t 

;DaGwdf ult/f]w eO{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw 

gePsf] / ;fO6;d]t pknAw gePsf]n] lgdf{0f sfo{ 

x'g g;s] klg aiff{ofd kl5 lgdf{0f sfo{ z'¿ ug]{ 

;xdlt ePcg'¿k ldlt @)$^.(.@) df 

kz'kltgu/df lgdf{0f sfo{ z'¿ u/]sf] lyPF . ;f] 

afx]s cGo :yfgdf ;dodf ;fO6 pknAw gePsf] 

x'Fbf ;fO6 pknJw u/fPkl5 dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ z'¿ 

ul/Psf] lyof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng / g]kfn 

ef/t aLrsf] Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGwsf] ult/f]wsf] 

sf/0f sfa' aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] / s[lif 

ljsf; zfvf alb{ofsf] ldlt @)$&.&.@! sf] kq 

;d]tn] cGoqaf6 eP klg lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] sfo{ 

;DkGg ug'{ eGg] lgb]{zfg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? u/]sf]df 

;fdfgdf d"Noa[l4 x'g u} ¿=&,*@,#$$.&! a9L bfloTj 

Joxf]g'{ k¥of] . a9L bfloTj Joxf]g'{ k/]sf] ;f] /sd 

lbnfO{kfpFm egL ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf ^ ;d]tsf] cwLgdf 

/xL ldlt @)$&.^.$ df lgj]bg u/]sf]df lgdf{0f 

;fdu|Lx¿sf] d"Noa[l4 ePsf] Joxf]/f bzf{O ljkIfL 

s[lif ljsf; zfvf alb{ofn] s[lif k|;f/ cfof]hgfnfO{ 

cg'/f]w;d]t u/]sf] / d"Noa[l4sf ;DaGwdf dfu 

ul/Psf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ljkIfL cfof]hgf;dIf k|:t't

*%%)–s[lif *%%)–s[lif ljefu ljefu lj?4 lj?4 cdfTo cdfTo lgdf{0f lgdf{0f ;]jf, ;]jf, nlntk'/ nlntk'/ 

nlntk'/ 

u/]sf] lyPF . ldlt @)$&.!).* df @)$* h]7 !% 

leqdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;dfKt ug'{ egL Dofb yk ul/Psf] 

hfgsf/L lbPtfklg d"Noa[l4sf] /sd pknJw 

u/fOPg . @)$^.)$& df ePsf] d"Noj[l¢n] Joxf]g'{ 

k/]sf] Iflt ¿=&,*@,#$$.^! ;dodf e'QmfgL kfPsf] 

5}g . ;f]xL sf/0faf6 cfly{s cefj x'g uO{ cgfjZos 

3/ ef8f tyf :6fkm tnj vr{ ;d]t u/L 

¿=%,%%,!$!.$) cgfjZos gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{ k/]sfn] 

/sd Ifltk"lt{jfkt lbnfO{ kfpFm egL rf6{;d]t ;+nUg 

u/L ldlt @)$*.$.@$ df b=g+=!#@ sf] lgj]bg btf{ 

u/L ljkIfL cfof]hgfnfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L lbO{ cg'/f]w 

u/]sf] lyPF . ;f]xL ;dodf d}n] lgdf{0f sfo{ u/]sf] 

glhs} sfo{/t sflnsf lgdf{0f ;]jfnfO{ ;dfg 

cj:yfdf sa'n u/]sf] cÍsf] !*=^* k|ltzt d"Noa[l4 

lbOPsf] s'/f ldlt @)$*.(.!^ sf] kqn] k|dfl0ft 

u/]sf] 5 . c¿ 7]s]bf/n] d"Noj[l4sf] !*=^* 

k|ltzt;Dd kfPsf 5g t/ dnfO{ 8]9aif{ kl5 !=&$ 

k|ltzt lbg] egL xr'jf lg0f{o u/L c;dfg Jojxf/ 

ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ldlt 

@)$*.!!.@! df d"Noj[l4 @)=$#%.*) :jLs[t ePsf] 

/ o; ;DaGwdf k'gM tfs]tf ubf{ ldlt @)$*.(.@& 

sf] /fo cg';f/ ¿=@$,)^@.$) ;d]t u/L 

¿=$$,$(*.@) lbg] egL ldlt @)$*.!!.#) df 

lg0f{o ePsf] Joxf]/f pknJw u/fOPtfklg ;f] /sd 

cBflk k|fKt u/]sf] 5}g . To;kl5 ePsf] d"Noj[l4sf] 

/sd kfpFm egL k6s–k6s tfs]tf ubf{ klg s'g} 

sf/jfxL gePsf] x'Fbf lkm/fb u/]sf] 5' . ctM ljkIfL 

s[lif k|;f/ cfof]hgf;d]tsf] sfdsf/jfxLaf6 xflg 

gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] ¿=!$,^%,)$^.() / d'2f lsgf/f 

e} el/e/fp x'Fbf;Ddsf] Aofh tyf sf]6{kmLsf] /sd 

;d]t ljkIfLx¿af6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpmF eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 

lkm/fb kq . 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ sf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 

/fhfk'/, kz'kltgu/, d}gfkf]v/ / augfxfdf ;d]t 

u/L $ j6f h]=6L=6«]lgË xn ¿=@%,@^,(%(.&^ df 

lgdf{0f ug{ lkm/fbLn] 7]Ssf lnPsf x'g . pQm 

xnx¿ @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq ;DkGg u/L a'emfpg] 

;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . 7]s]bf/ cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f 

;]jfn] lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f u/L ldlt @)$& h]i7 

d;fGtleq x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/L o; cfof]hgf;Fu 

181 

181 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf u/]sf] lyof] . 

cfˆg}tk{maf6 l9nf] sfd z'¿ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;fO6 

;dodf pknJw gu/fPsf] tyf g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ 

tyf kf/jxgdf ult/f]w cfPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Noj[l4 

ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Dofb yksf] cfwf/df bfjL 

ug'{ ePsf] /sd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xf]Og . bfjL 

u/]sf] cGo s'/fx¿sf] ;DaGwdf s[lif k|;f/ 

cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt k|ltpQ/adf]lhd g} o; 

ljefusf] hjfkm x'g] x'Fbf d'2f vf/]h ul/kfpmF eGg] 

;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[lif ljsf; ljefu xl/x/ejgsf 

dxflgb]{zssf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf / o; 

dGqfnocGtu{t s[lif k|;f/ tyf cg';Gwfg 

cfof]hgfaLr s[lif ljsf; sfof{nocGtu{t alb{of 

lhNnfsf] d}gfkf]v/, augfxf, kz'kltgu/ / /fhfk'/df 

h]=6L=Sjf6{/ / 6]«lgª xn ¿=@%,%^,(%(.&^ df lgdf{0f 

ug]{ u/L ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . 

;Demf}tfcg';f/ lkm/fbLn] @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq 

lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{df cBlk;Dd ;DkGg u/]sf] 

5}g . g]kfn ef/t kf/jxg tyf Jofkf/ ;lGwsf] 

ult/f]wsf] sf/0f / @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] 

sf/0f pNn]v u/L lkm/fbLn] ljleGg ldltdf d"Noj[l4 

/ 9'jfgL ef8f kfpmF egL lgj]bg u/]sfn] o; 

dGqfnon] lgdf{0f sfo{df ePsf] d"Noj[l4 jfkt 

cf=j= )$^÷)$& sf nflu ¿=@),$#%.*) ;Demf}tf 

cg';f/ lbg ;lsg] eGg] ;fljs s[lif ljefusf] 

l;kmfl/zdf ¿=@),$#%.*) d"Noj[l4 lbg] u/L ldlt 

@)$*.%.@! df g]kfn ;/sf/ -;lrj:t/_ af6 lg0f{o 

ePsf] / ;fljs s[lif ljefusf] /focg';f/ 

cf=a=)$&÷$* sf] nflu ¿=@$,)(@.$) ;fdfgsf] 

d"Noj[l4 lbg] cyf{t hDdf ¿=$$,$(*.@) lbg] u/L 

g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k'gM ldlt @)$*.!!.#) df lg0f{o 

ePsf] xf] . ;Demf}tfadf]lhd h]=6L=Sjf6{/ / 6«]lgË 

xn rf/j6f Dofbleq lgdf0f{ sfo{ k"/f ug'{kg]{ 

bfloTjaf6 aRg g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwdf ult/f]w / 

hgcfGbf]ngsf] axfgf agfO{ sfd} gePsf] ;dodf 

:6fkm tnj vr{ / 3/ef8f cflbsf] jf;nft tof/ 

u/]sf 5g h;af6 tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf sfo{ k"/f geO{ 

g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] 5 . 

;Demf}tfadf]lhd sa'lnot k"/f gu/L aLr}df sfo{


j}zfv 

5f8]sf] x'Fbf jfbL bfjL vf/]h u/L lghnfO{ g} 

sfg"gadf]lhd sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

s[lif dGqfnosf ;lrjsf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf / o; 

cfof]hgfaLr ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df s[lif ljsf; 

zfvf alb{ofcGtu{t d}gfkf]v/, augfxf, kz'kltgu/ 

/ /fhfk'/df h]=6L=Sjf6{/ / 6«]lgË xn 

¿=@%,%(,(%(.&^ df @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq lgdf{0f 

sfo{ k"/f ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . o; 

cfof]hgfn] ;dod} sfd z'¿ ug{ k6s–k6s tfstf 

u/L ;fO6;d]t pknJw u/fPsf] cj:yfdf ljkIfLn] 

;dodf sfd z'¿ gu/]sf] / lgdf{0f:yndf cg'kl:yt 

ePsf]n] k'gM o; cfof]hgfaf6 tfs]tf ubf{ OGwg 

/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] cefj tyf aiff{sf] sf/0f b]vfO{ 

! aif{ Dofb yk dfu u/]sf] / a}+s Uof/]G6L dfu u/L 

ldlt @)$&.!).* sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ @)$* h]i7 !% 

;Dd Dofb yk ePsf] / klxnf] k6s Dofb yk ubf{ 

k]z u/]sf] sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ sfo{ k|ult gu/L 

k'gM ;f]xL sf/0f b]vfO{ ! aif{sf] Dofb yk dfu 

u/]sf]df @)$*.%.@$ sf] ljefuLo lg0f{ocg';f/ 

@)$* k'; d;fGt;Dd Dofb yk ePsf]df xfn;Dd 

klg lgh 7]s]bf/n] sfd ;DkGg u/]sf] 5}g . ;fy} 

@)$* ;fn cflZjg dlxgf b]lv ;fO{6sf] sfo{ 

k"0f{?kn] aGb /x]sf] / 7]s]bf/ klg cg'kl:yt /x]sf 

5g . g]kfn ef/t aLr ult/f]w ePs} ;dodf 

;Demf}tf ePsf] / ;f]sf] af/]df cfof]hgfsf] ldlt 

@)$^.@.@^ sf] kqaf6 cjut ePsf] 5 . ldlt 

@)$^.@.@^ df !% lbgleq sfd z'¿ ug]{ u/L 

;Demf}tf u/]sf]df k'gM g]kfn ef/taLrsf] 

;DaGwnfO{ sf/0f agfO{ xhf{gf bfjL ug{ ;lsg] 

cj:yf 5}g . cf=a+=)$^.)$& ;fn;Dd ;DkGg 

u/]sf] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] d"Noj[l4 jfkt 7]s]bf/af6 

¿=&,*@,#$$.&! bfjL k]z u/]sf]df ;Demf}tfsf] 

bkmf !^ cg';f/ k|of]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] 

d"Noj[l4 lhNnfn] u/]sf] b//]6sf] cfwf/df lbg] 

eGg] ePsf] t/ 9'jfgL ef8fjfkt /sd ;DaGwdf 

;Demf}tfdf pNn]v gePsf]n] ;lrj:t/Lo 

lg0f{ofg';f/ ¿=@),$#%.*) d"Noj[l4jfkt lbg] egL 

:jLs[lt ePsf] / ;f] /sd s[lif ljsf; zfvf 

alb{ofaf6 e'QmfgL lng' egL hfgsf/L u/fPsf]df 

182 

182 

;f] /sd lgh 7]s]bf/n] cem;Dd klg e'QmfgL 

lnPsf 5}gg\ . ;dodf sfd ;DkGg gu/]sf] sf/0fn] 

kg{ uPsf] cfly{s ef/ bfloTjaf6 d'Qm /xg ljleGg 

axfgf agfO{ d"Noj[l4 tyf cGo vr{ /sd;d]t 

u/L ¿=!$,$*,^#).)( u/]sf] bfjL ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt 

5 . ;Demf}tfcg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L 

x:tfGt/0f ug]{ bfloTj axg gu/]sf]n] g]kfn 

;/sf/nfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf cfly{s ef/ 

a9\g'sf] ;fy} s[lif k|;f/sf] sfo{qmddf jfwf;d]t 

kg{ uPsf]n] ;Demf}tf cg';f/ sfg"gadf]lhd xf]; 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[lif k|;f/ cfof]hgfsf sf=d'= 

sf]cl8g]6/sf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

cfˆgf] bfloTj k'/f gu/]sf] sf/0faf6 Joxf]g'{ 

kg]{ xflg gf]S;fgLaf6 aRg agfj6L nut v8f u/L 

/sd bfjL u/]sf] x'Fbf lkm/fb vf/]h u/L jfbLnfO{ 

g} sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[lif 

ljsf; zfvf, alb{ofsf] k|ltpQ/kq . 

jfbLsf ;fIfLx¿ afa'sfhL anfdL, hut 

/]UdL, sfG5fsfhL >]i7 / k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfLx¿ 

v]daxfb'/ kf7s, dx]Gb|k|;fb rf}w/L, z]/axfb'/ 

rGb, dx]Gb| gf/fo0f nfdfskLn] u/]sf] askq . 

k|:t't ;Demf}tfsf] sfo{nfO{ s/f/sf] ;+1f 

lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df b'O{ kIfaLr 

ePsf] sa'lnotgfdf s/f/ P]gsf] kl/efiff cGtu{t 

s} kg{ ;d]t b]lv+bf To:tf] sa'lnotgfdfsf 

cfwf/af6 p7]sf] k|:t't bfjLsf] ;DaGwdf Gofo 

k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf & sf] cfwf/df jfbLn] 

k|:t't lkm/fb ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdf bfo/ 

ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 . pkrf/sf af6f w]/} x'Fbf 

jfbLn] OR5fg';f/sf] dfu{ canDag u/L o; 

cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ ug{ kfpg] xf] sL eGg 

k|:t't d'2fdf ldNg] b]lvb}g . lsgeg] gful/s 

clwsf/ P]gsf] bkmf !& sf] cfz+sf eO{ lgif]wf1fsf] 

bfjL gePsf] / s/f/s} kl/efiffsf] tYo k|:t't 

d'2fdf ljBdfg b]lvPsf]n] klg jfbLsf] OR5fg';f/ 

o; cbfntdf lkm/fb nfUg] b]lvPg . ctM pko'Qm 

cfwf/x¿af6 k|:t't d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L 

OG;fkm lbg ldn]g . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] 

bkmf &, gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf (, !& 

/ !* s/f/ P]g, @)@# ;d]tsf cfwf/df c=a+=!*)

*%%)–s[lif *%%)–s[lif ljefu ljefu lj?4 lj?4 lj?4 cdfTo cdfTo lgdf{0f lgdf{0f ;]jf, ;]jf, nlntk'/ 

nlntk'/ 

g+=adf]lhd k|:t't lkm/fb kq vf/]h x'g] f:7x5{ 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] 

ldlt @)%#.^.!^ sf] k}m;nf . 

tYoleq k|j]z gu/L lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 

u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf 

ab/ u/L jfbL bfjLadf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

kq . 

k|:t't d'2fsf] ljifoj:t' s/f/ P]g cGtu{t 

geO{ 7]Ssf aGbf]a:t / xh{gfsf] ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf 

s/f/ P]g cGtu{tsf] ljifo dfgL z'? lhNnf 

cbfntaf6 z'? sf/jfxL ul/g' kg]{ eGg] cy{ nufO{ 

gful/s clwsf/ P]g, @)!@ sf] bkmf !* n] k|:t't 

d'2fsf] z'? sf/jfxL / lsgf/f ug]{ clwsf/If]q k|i6 

?kdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ tf]lsPsf]df OG;fkmleq 

k|j]z gu/L lkm/fb g} vf/]h ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt, kf6gsf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{ b]lv+bf ab/ 

ul/lbPsf] 5, cj hf] h] a'‰g'k5{ a'emL sfg"gadf]lhd 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt :jodn] 7x/ lg0f{o ug'{ egL 

tf/]vdf /x]sf kIfnfO{ tf/]v tf]sL k|:t't d'2fsf] 

ldl;n k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gdf k7fO{ lbg' eGg] 

o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.!!.!$.$ sf] k}m;nf . 

lkm/fbkqsf] k|s/0f ^ df plNnlvt lhNnf 

k|zf;g sfof{no ;d]tsf] ljleGg ldltsf] kqn] 

d"Noj[l4 ePsf] / alb{of aflx/af6 lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ 

NofO{ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]df klg ljjfb 

b]lvb}g . t;y{ o;df k|df0faf6 jfbL k|ltjfbLaLr 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|s/0f !^ 

df plNnlvt zt{adf]lhd Aofhafx]ssf] /sd 

jfbLn] k|ltjfbLaf6 e/L kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t 

Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, kf6gsf] ldlt 

@)^@.!).!* sf] k}m;nf . 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ sf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 

alb{of lhNnfsf] /fhfk'/, kz'kltgu/, d}gfkf]v/ / 

augfxfdf ;d]t u/L $ j6f h]=6L=Sjf6/ ljy 

6«]lgË xn ¿=@%,@^,(%(.&^ df lgdf{0f ug{ lkm/fbLn] 

7]Ssf lnPsf x'g . pQm xnx¿ @)$& h]i7 

d;fGtleq ;DkGg u/L a'emfpg] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 

lyof] . @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq lgdf{0f sfo{ k'/f 

183 

183 

u/L x:tfGt/0f ug]{ u/L cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jfn] 

o; cfof]hgf;+u ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf 

u/]sf] lyof] . cfˆg}tk{maf6 9Lnf] sfd z'¿ u/]sf] 

cj:yfdf ;fO6 ;dodf pknJw gu/fPsf] tyf 

@)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 g]kfn ef/t Jofkf/ 

tyf kf/jxgdf ult/f]w cfPsf] sf/0faf6 d"Noj[l4 

ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df Dofb yksf] cfwf/df bfjL 

ug'{ ePsf] /sd ltg'{ a'emfpg' kg]{ xf]Og . 

;Demf}tfcg';f/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L x:tfGt/0f 

ug]{ bfloTj axg gu/]sf] / ;f]sf] sf/0fn] g]kfn 

;/sf/nfO{ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf?kdf cfly{s ef/ 

a9\g'sf] ;fy} s[lif k|;f/ cfof]hgfsf] sfo{qmddf 

jfwf kg{ uPsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt sfo{ 

ug]{ / lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg gu/L ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt 

gf]S;fgL lauf] dfu ul/Psf]] bfjLsf cfwf/df 

gf]S;fgL k/]sf] egL lauf] /sd e/fO{lbg] 7x/ 

u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 

x'Fbf ab/ ul/kfpmF eGg];d]t Aoxf]/fsf] ;fljs 

s[lif ljsf; ljefu xfn s[lif ljefusf] tkm{af6 

P]=sf dxflgb]{zssf] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

kq . 

@)$& ;fn h]i7 d;fGtleq sfd ;DkGg 

ug]{ u/L ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df b'O{ kIf aLr lgdf0f{ 

;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] b]lvG5 . pQm @)$& h]i7 

d;fGtleq oL jfbLn] ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] lgdf{0f 

sfo{ ;DkGg gu/]sf] / ;f] cjlwleq d"Noj[l¢ ePsf] 

egL d"Noa[l¢sf] /sdsf] dfu klg oL jfbLn] gu/]sf] 

b]lvG5 . @)$& h]i7 d;fGtkl5 klg g]kfn ef/t 

aLr Jofkfl/s cj/f]w eO{ ;fdfg pknAw x'g 

g;s]sf] eGg] cj:yf gb]lvPsf]n] ;Demf}tf cjlw 

gf3]kl5 d"Noj[l¢ xhf{gf ;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf]df 

bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd lbnfpg] u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfntsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ eO{ km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvbf 

k|ToyL{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o; 

cbfntsf] ldlt @)^&.#.@(.# sf] cfb]z . 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ePsf] 

;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ ug{ ljkIfLn] ;dodf ;fO6 

pknAw u/fpg g;s]sf] / s/f/sf] bkmf !^ 

adf]lhdsf] bfloTj;d]t lgjf{x ul/Psf] 5}g .


j}zfv 

d}gfkf]v/sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ ;DkGg u/L a/a'emf/y 

;d]t u/]sf] / cGo :yfgsf] xsdf k|ltjfbLn] 

;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] d"No a[l¢sf] /sdsf;fy} cGo 

ljnx¿sf] ;d]t e'QmfgL gu/]sf] x'Fbf cGo lgdf{0f 

sfo{, a/a'emf/y ug]{ sfo{ x'g g;s]sf] xf] . d]n} 

k|fKt ug]{ ;DklQ u}/ sfg"gL?kdf x8Kg] sn'lift 

dg;fo /fv]sf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bgkq vf/]h u/L 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ;b/ sfod 

/fvL kfpmF eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] o; 

cbfntdf k/]sf] lnlvt k|ltjfb . 

lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf 

k'g/fj]bs tkm{af6 ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L 

dx]zs'df/ yfkfn] d"Noj[l¢sf] /sd jfbLn] 

kfO;s]sf 5g . jfbLn] sfo{tflnsfdf pNn]v u/]sf] 

cg'dflgt /sd lbg' kg]{ xf]Og ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] 

dfq /sd lbg'kg]{ xf] . 9'jfgLsf] /sd d"Noj[l¢df 

;dfj]z ug{ ldNb}g . d"Noj[l¢sf ;DaGwdf 

:yfgLo:t/af6 sfod ePsf] /sd pknAw x'g] 

egL ;Demf}tfdf g} pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf jfbLn] 

cg'dfg u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd e/fOlbg] 7x/ u/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g 

eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

k|ToyL{ jfbLtkm{sf ljåfg clwjQmf >L 

lqnf]rg uf}tdn] ;dodf ;fO6 pknAw gu/fPsf] 

sf/0fn] lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{ gkfPsf] xf] cfkm\g} sf/0fn] 

xf]Og . af]nkq bflvnf ubf{ g]kfn ef/taLrsf] 

;Ldfgf aGb lyPg t/ ;f] af]nkq :jLs[t x'Fbf ;Ldfgf 

aGb ePsf] / ;f] ult/f]wsf] sf/0fn] ;fdfgsf] d"Noj[l¢ 

x'g uof] . ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !^ df 9'jfgL ef8f kfpg] 

pNn]v ePkl5 To;df;d]t ePsf] d"Noj[l¢sf] ef8f 

kfpg] xs 7]s]bf/sf] xf] . bfjLdf plNnlvt d"Noj[l¢sf] 

/sd el/kfpg] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 

km};nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] 

ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] . 

b'a} tkm{sf ljåfg ;xGofoflwjQmf tyf 

ljåfg clwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{ePsf] ax;;d]t ;'gL 

ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] 

km};nf ldn]sf] 5 5}g ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ 

b]lvof] . 

184 

184 

@= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s[lif k|;f/ tyf 

cg';Gwfg cfof]hgfcGtu{t alb{of lhNnfsf] 

d}gfkf]v/, jugfxf, kz'kltgu/ / /fhfk'/df 

h]=6L=Sjf6{/ / 6«]lgª xn u/L rf/ j6f xn @)$& 

h]i7 d;fGtleqdf lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cd[t 

cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf / s[lif k|;f/ cfof]hgfaLr 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf]df g]kfn ef/t 

;DaGwdf ult/f]w pTkGg ePsf] sf/0fn] lgdf{0f 

;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g g;s]sf] tyf ;fdfgdf 

d"Noa[l4 x'g u} ¿=&,*@,#$$.&! a9L bfloTj Joxf]g'{ 

k/]sf] / 3/ ef8f tyf :6fkm tnj vr{ 

¿=%,%%,!$!.$) ;d]t u/L ¿=!$,^%,)$^.() 

cgfjZos gf]S;fg Joxf]g'{ k/]sf]df ¿=$$,$(*.@) 

dfq lbg] egL ldlt @)$*.!!.#) df lg0f{o ePsf] 

x'Fbf jf:tljs d"Noj[l¢ / xflg gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] 

¿=!$,^%,)$^.() / d'2f lsgf/f e} el/e/fp 

x'Fbf;Ddsf] Aofh tyf sf]6{kmLsf] /sd;d]t e/fO{ 

kfpmF eGg] dfu bfjL ePsf]df Aofhafx]ssf] 

¿=!@,&$,$*%.–e/fOlbg] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfpk/ s[lif ljefusf] 

k'g/fj]bg k/L lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g cfPsf] kfOof] . 

#= alb{of lhNnfsf] /fhfk'/, kz'kltgu/, 

d}gfkf]v/ / augfxfdf rf/j6f h]=6L=Sjf6/ ljy 6«]lgË 

xn ¿=@%,@^,(%(.&^ df @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq 

lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug]{ u/L cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf 

/ s[lif k|;f/ tyf cg';Gwfg cfof]hgf b'O{ kIfaLr 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf] tYodf ljjfb 

ePg . g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwdf ult/f]w ePsf] sf/0fn] 

lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ pknAw x'g g;sL sfa'aflx/sf] 

kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'g uPsf]n] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ 

ubf{ ;fdfgdf ePsf] d"Noa[l4 ¿=&,*@,#$$.&! tyf 

3/ ef8f tyf :6fkm tnj vr{ ¿=%,%%,!$!.$) 

;d]t u/L ¿=!$,^%,)$^.() gf]S;fgL ePsf]df 

jf:tljs d"Noj[l¢sf] /sd glbPsf] eGg] bfjL tyf 

ldlt @)$^.@.@^ df !% lbgleq sfd z'¿ ug]{ u/L 

;Demf}tf u/]sf]df g]kfn ef/t aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ 

sf/0f agfO{ xhf{gf bfjL ug{ ldNb}g . ;Demf}tfsf] 

bkmf !^ cg';f/ k|of]u ePsf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] d"Noj[l4 

lhNnfn] u/]sf] b//]6sf] cfwf/df lbg] eGg] ePsf] t/

*%%)–s[lif *%%)–s[lif ljefu ljefu lj?4 lj?4 cdfTo cdfTo lgdf{0f lgdf{0f ;]jf, ;]jf, nlntk'/ 

nlntk'/ 

9'jfgL ef8fjfkt /sd ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v sfdaLrdf g} cw"/f] 5f8]sf] b]lvof] . 

gePsf]n] lhNnfn] u/]sf] b//]6sf] cfwf/df d"Noj[l4 ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f gu/L cw'/f] g} 

jfkt cf=a=)$^÷)$& sf nflu ¿=@),$#%.*) cf=a= 5f8]sf] eGg] tYo jfbLn] o; cbfntdf lnlvt 

)$&÷$* sf] nflu ¿=@$,)(@.$) ;d]t u/L hDdf k|ltjfb ubf{ d}gfkf]v/sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ ;DkGg u/L 

¿=$$,$(*.@) ;fdfgsf] d"Noj[l4 jfktsf] /sd a/a'emf/y u/]sf] t/ cGo :yfgsf] xsdf sfo{ 

lbg] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] egL :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 

bfjLadf]lhdsf] /sd lbg' kg]{ xf]Og egL k|ltjfbLsf] 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfo{ lgwf{l/t ;dodf 

k|ltjfb tyf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /xL lgdf{0f ;fdu|Ldf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ klxnf] bfloTj jfbLdf lglxt /x]sf]df 

ePsf] d"Noj[l¢sf] /sd ;DaGwdf b'O{ kIfaLr d'v yk ePsf] Dofb @)$* k'; d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlw 

gldnL ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvg cfof] . 

;d]t JotLt x'Fbf / jfbL cbfntdf k|j]z ubf{sf] 

$= cd[t cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jf / s[lif k|;f/ 

tyf cg';Gwfg cfof]hgf b'O{ kIfaLr ldlt 

@)$^.@.@^ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf ! df ælgdf0f{ 

sfo{ sa'lnotgfdfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltn] !% 

lbgleq sfd z'? u/L ldlt @)$& ;fn h]i7 dlxgfsf] 

d;fGtleqdf ;Dk"0f{ sfd k"/f u/L cfof]hgfnfO{ 

x:tfGt/0f ug]{ 5'Æ eGg] tyf ;f]xL ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf 

!^ df ælgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] b/efp ;DaGwdf ldlt 

@)$%.!).@^ df jlb{of lhNnf k~rfotaf6 tf]lsPsf] 

b/efp sfod x'g] 5 . lgdf{0f sfndf alb{of lhNnf 

k~rfotaf6 lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] tf]lsPsf] b/efp 

!) k|ltzteGbf d"Nodf 3l6a9L x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf 

pQm !) k|ltzteGbf 36L jf a9Lsf] d"No cfly{s 

k|zf;gsf] lgodfg';f/ lng lbg d~h"/ 5Æ eGg] 

pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;Demf}tfsf lglZrt zt{x¿, 

lglZrt k|of]hg / lglZrt sfo{ ;DkGg ;do;Ldf 

cfk;L ;xdltsf cfwf/df to x'g] / To;/L to 

ul/Psf cfk;L dfkb08sf cfwf/x¿ b'a} kIfnfO{ 

aGwgsf/L x'G5g . ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt aGwgsf/L 

zt{x¿ s'g} kIfn] k"/f gu/]df ;f]af6 l;lh{t x'g 

k'u]sf] bfloTj zt{ k"/f gug]{ kIfn] Joxf]g'{ kb{5 . 

%= @)$& h]i7 d;fGtleq lgdf{0f sfo{ k"/f 

ug'{kg]{ / lgdf0f{ sfo{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] @)$^.@.@^ 

sf] ldltn] !% lbgleq z'? ug'{kg]{ eGg] :ki6 pNn]v 

ePsf] zt{sf] ljk/Lt @)$^.(.@) df dfq 

kz'kltgu/df lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? u/]klg ljleGg sf/0f 

b]vfO{ Dofb yk dfu u/L k6s–k6s u/L @)$* 

k'; d;fGt;Ddsf] cjlw yk ePsf]df @)$*.$.@$ 

;Dddf *) k|ltzt sfd u/L afFsL @) k|ltzt 

ldlt @)$(.%.@( ;Dddf klg ;Demf}tfcg';f/ 

;DkGg ug{'kg]{ lgdf0f{ sfo{ k"/f u/L cfof]hgfnfO{ 

x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] b]lvPg . t/ hlt sfd u/]sf] 5 

;f]sf] /sd eg] oL jfbLn] e'QmfgL lnO;s]sf] cj:yf 

5 . @)$& h]7 d;fGtleq oL jfbLn] ;Demf}tf 

cg';f/sf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg gu/]sf / ;f] cjlwleq 

d"Noj[l¢ ePsf] egL d"Noa[l¢sf] /sdsf] dfu gu/L 

;f] cjlw Joltt ePkl5 ldlt @)$&.^.$ df dfq 

lgj]bg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !^ df 

plNnlvt k|fjwfgsf cfwf/df lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 

d"Noj[l¢ :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 tf]lsPsf] b/efp / 

cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)$@ sf] bkmf 

@@-^_ / @@-*_ sf] cwLgdf /xL cf=a=)$^÷)$& 

sf nflu @)$*.%.@! df ¿=@),$#%.*) tyf 

cf=a=)$&÷$* sf] nflu @)$*.!!.#) df 

¿=@$,)(@.$) ;fdfgsf] d"Noj[l4 g]kfn ;/sf/af6 

lbg] lg0f{o ePsf] kfOG5 . tTsfnLg alb{of lhNnf 

k~rfotaf6 lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf] tf]lsPsf] b/efpdf 

!) k|ltzt eGbf d"Nodf 3l6a9L x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf 

pQm !) k|ltzteGbf 36L jf a9Lsf] d"No cfly{s 

k|zf;gsf] lgodfg';f/ lng lbg d~h"/ 5' egL 

sa'lnot ul/;s]kl5 ;f] lgsfon] sfod u/]sf] 

b/efp / cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)$@ 

sf] cwLgdf /xL bfjL ug'{kg]{df a9 ePsf] d"Nosf] 

sfo{tflnsf cfkm\gf] dgf]dfgL9+un] PQmkmL{?kdf k]z 

u/L c;Lldt?kdf d"Noj[l¢sf] dfu ul/Psf] bfjL 

pQm ;Demf}tf ljk/Lt 5 . 

^= sfof{b]z cg';f/sf] ;do;Ldfdf sfo{ 

;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] d'gfl;a sf/0f ePdfdfq sfo{ 

185 

185


j}zfv 

;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ;Demf}tfdf klxnf lglZrt ul/Psf] 

cjlw kl5 ylkPsf] Dofbsf] cf}lrTootf ;Demf}tfkq 

tyf cfly{s k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgoddf ePsf] To:tf] 

Joj:yf tf]lsPsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ 7]s]bf/n] g;s]df 

lghaf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] tyf h/Ljfgf gnufpg] 

;Ddsf nflu xf] . o;/L Dofb yk u/]sf] cjlw;d]tsf] 

xsdf lgdf{0f sfo{ 7]Ssf lng] To:tf] kmd{ jf sDkgL 

jf JolQmsf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu lghL?kdf k|of]u ePsf 

3/ef8f, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] tna ;a} k|fKt ug]{ eGg] 

xf]Og . ldlt @)$&.&.@!sf] kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ 

d"Noj[l¢sf] dfu ul/Psf] 5 t/ pQm kqsf] cfzo 

c;Lldt?kdf d"Noj[l¢ lbg] eGg] cy{ ug{ ldNg] 

b]lvPg . ;f] kqn] 7]s]bf/nfO{ lghsf] bfloTjjf]wdfq 

u/fPsf] 5 / d"Noj[l¢sf ;DaGwdf s'g} k|ltj¢tf 

hfx]/ u/]sf] cj:yf gx'Fbf ;f]xL kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gn] jfbL cdfTo lgdf{0f ;]jfnfO{ 

Aofh afx]s ¿=!@,&$,$*%.–e/fpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o 

;Demf}tfsf] zt{ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} s'g} vf; sf/0fdf 

cfwfl/t ePsf] b]lvPg . 

&= d"Noj[l¢sf] /sd afx]s 3/ef8f, 

sd{rf/Lsf] tna / sf7df8f}F ;d]taf6 ;fdfg 9'jfgL 

u/]sf] egL ¿=%%!$!.%) sf] /sd ;d]t bfjL 

u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 7]Ssf /sddf slG6h]G;Lsf nflu 

lglZrt /sd k|bfg ul/;s]sf] ;Gbe{df 3/ef8f / 

cGo sd{rf/Lsf] cfly{s bfloTjsf] Jooef/ 7]Ssf 

lbg] kIfdf /xb}g . ;fy} 9'jfgL ef8fsf] j[l¢sf] /sdsf] 

bfjLtkm{ x]bf{ ;Demf}tfsf] bkmf !^ df lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] 

b/efpsf] ljifodfdfq pNn]v ul/Psf] x'Fbf lgdf{0f 

;fdu|Lsf] 9'jfgL :yfgLo ahf/df k|fKt u/L k|of]u 

ug]{ jf aflx/L lhNnfaf6 9'jfgL u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ 

;DkGg ug]{ eGg] ljifo 7]Ssf :jLsf/ ug]{sf] lghL 

OlR5t ljifo xf], 7]Ssf lbg] kIfsf] xf]Og . kIf ljkIfx¿ 

aLr 7]Ssf ;Demf}tf x'Fbf to ul/Psf a'FbfeGbf aflx/ 

uP/ s'g} kIfåf/f yk ;'ljwf dfluG5 eg] To:tf] dfu 

sa'lnotgfdf -7]Ssf ;Demf}tf_ ljk/Ltsf] dfu xf] . 

;Dk"0f{ vr{;d]t n]vfh]vf u/L 7]Ssf ;Demf}tfsf 

nflu cfJxfg ePsf] af]nkqdf jfbLn] ;f]df ePsf 

;Dk"0f{ k|:tfj :jLsf/ u/L ;Demf}tf u/]kl5 To;df 

Joj:yf gePsf yk ;'ljwf dfu ug{ / kfpg ;Sb}g 

o:tf] dfu sfg"g;Ddt x'Fb}g . zt{adf]lhd lgdf{0f 

186 

186 

sfo{ k"/f gu/L gf]S;fgL ePsf] egL bfjL lng] kIf 

jfbLn] g} ;dodf lgdf{0f sfo{ z'? gug]{, yk ePsf] 

Dofbdf klg lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg gu/L sfd aLrdf 

g} 5f8L bfloTj k"/f gu/L zt{sf] kl/kfngf ug{ 

g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cfkm\g} sf/0fn] cfkm}nfO{ kg{ uPsf] 

cfly{s Jooef/sf] kl/kfngf k|ltjfbLkIfaf6 u/fO{ 

gf]S;fgL ljuf] e/fO dfUg kfpg] clwsf/ jfbLdf 

lglxt /x]sf] b]lvPg . 

*= ctM dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/ k|df0faf6 

jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/ ug'{ kg]{df jfbL bfjLsf] 

Aofh afx]s ?=!@,&$,$*%.–e/fOlbg] 7x/ u/]sf] 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^@.!).!* sf] 

km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvbf pN6L x'G5 . gf]S;fgL ljuf] 

/ ;f]sf] Aofh ;d]t e/fO kfpFM eGg] jfbL bfjL 

k'Ug ;Sb}g . c?df tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{" . 

tk;Ln 

dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd 

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)^@.!).!* sf] 

km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bg 

cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nfsf] tk;Ln v08sf] k|s/0f 

! df ljuf] e/fpg] eGg] / k|s/0f @ df sf]6{kmL 

e/fpg sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL k7fpg] 

egL /fv]sf] nut sfod g/xg] x'Fbf ;f]sf] 

hfgsf/L sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf n]vL 

k7fOlbg'====================================================== ! 

km};nfsf] hfgsf/L k'g/fj]bsnfO{ 

dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ / ljkIfL 

jfbLnfO{ ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfkm{t\ 

lbg" ============================================================@ 

k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L 

ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" ==================== # 


Gof=k|f=8f=e/taxfb'/ sfsL{ 

Olt ;+jt\ @)^& ;fn df3 $ ut] /f]h # z'ed 

Ohnf; clws[tM–bLks 9sfn

Baisakh for press 1.pmd - Supreme Court Of Nepal

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