Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU

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<strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R./ Building envelope performance in harsh climates: Methods for geographically dependent design A national map of the potential for decay in wood structures is developed. Detailed scenarios for climate change for selected locations in Norway are used to provide an indication of the possible future development of decay rates. A method for assessing driving rain exposures based on multi-year records of synoptic observations of present weather, wind speed and direction is also presented. These climate indices can be used as a tool for evaluation of changes in performance requirements or decay rates due to climate change under global warming incorporating data from regional- and local-level climate change scenarios. Historical records of climate data have finally been used to illuminate challenges arising when introducing international standards at the national level, without considering the need for adjustments to reflect varying local climatic conditions. At present, building standards and design guidelines presuppose use of historic weather data. Historically, location-specific climate data have only to a very limited extent been applied systematically for design purposes, life cycle assessments, and climate differentiation of the suitability of a given technical solution in a given climate. The work is a first step towards methods and approaches allowing for geographically dependent climate considerations to be made in the development of design guidelines for high-performance building envelopes, and also approaches to assess the risks associated with the future performance of building envelopes due to climate change. The dissertation focuses on methods for assessing impacts of external climatic parameters on a local scale, but with the use of daily and monthly averages of climate data. The reliability of climate indices or climate differentiated design guidelines is strongly dependent on the geographical spreading of the observing station network. The Norwegian network is not optimally distributed to fully embrace local variations, but provides a solid platform for the development of methods for geographically dependent design and guidelines on the appropriateness of different solutions in different climates. Climate indices (using geographic information systems technology) allowing for quantitative assessment of building envelope performance or decay potential may be an important element in the development of adaptation measures to meet the future risks of climate change in different parts of the world. Finally, the work offers a conceptual point of departure for the development of a vintage model of the robustness of the Norwegian building stock. vi
<strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R./ Building envelope performance in harsh climates: Methods for geographically dependent design Table of contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................. III SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................V TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................VII LIST OF PAPERS ............................................................................................................................. IX 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1 1.1 PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE ......................................................................................1 1.2 THE CLIMATE OF NORWAY ...................................................................................................1 1.3 CLIMATE DATA AND THE WEATHER OBSERVATION NETWORK ..............................................3 1.4 CLIMATE CHANGE ................................................................................................................4 1.5 CLIMATE ADAPTATION AND BUILDING DEFECTS...................................................................6 2 MAIN FINDINGS .....................................................................................................................11 2.1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................11 2.2 METHODOLOGY OVERVIEW................................................................................................12 2.3 PART A: APPROACHES TO PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS UNDER A CHANGING CLIMATE ....13 Preparing for climate change impacts (Paper I).........................................................................13 Building envelope performance in harsh climates (Paper II) .....................................................13 The building economics of climate change (Paper III) ...............................................................14 Integrated approach to risk management of climate change impacts (Paper IV).......................15 2.4 PART B: REVIEW OF THE NORWEGIAN BUILDING STOCK AND BUILDING PRACTICE ............16 Process induced building defects in Norway (Paper V)..............................................................16 High-performance weather-protective flashings (Paper VI).......................................................16 Climate adapted design of masonry structures (Paper VII)........................................................17 Reliability of the existing building stock (Paper VIII).................................................................18 2.5 PART C: METHODS FOR CLIMATE ADAPTED DESIGN ...........................................................19 A frost decay index for porous, mineral building materials (Paper IX)......................................19 Decay potential in wood structures (Paper X) ............................................................................20 A driving rain exposure index for Norway (Paper XI)................................................................21 Effects of wind exposure on roof snow loads (Paper XII)...........................................................21 3 CONCLUDING REMARKS....................................................................................................23 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................................25 COMPLEMENTARY WORK CARRIED OUT AS PART OF THE PHD STUDY....................27 COMPLEMENTARY WORK CARRIED OUT BY MASTER STUDENTS...............................28 INDIVIDUAL PAPERS .....................................................................................................................29 vii
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will most likely be worse, even wit
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Graves, H.M. & Phillipson, M.C. 200
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766 Nordvik and Lisø The topic of
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768 Nordvik and Lisø into the futu
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770 Nordvik and Lisø climate chang
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772 Nordvik and Lisø 0 Â Â = p d
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774 Nordvik and Lisø probably to a
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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cost of repairing process-induced b
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change in quality (Mehus et al., 20
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on the impacts of different climati
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different strategies: risk-based, p
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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
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Learning from experience - an analy
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An important aspect of the programm
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Concrete walls 32 % LECA masonry 10
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construction industry, and academic
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (JAN
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greater variations (Lisø et al., 2
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Typical problem areas and recommend
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Figure 3b Recommended design of win
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Figure 7 Example showing the recomm
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Figure 11a Poor solution for a £as
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Acknowledgements This paper was wri
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Climate adapted design of masonry s
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2. Masonry defects in Norway 2.1. S
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Fig. 2. Example illustrations of th
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The presented results are in good a
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appropriate in a more severe type o
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screen in a two-stage weatherproofi
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INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIO
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The hurricane (Beaufort number 12)
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The extensive revisions of the code
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The number of buildings investigate
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As is apparent from the values in t
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climate change is now dominated by
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TABLE 3. Summary of findings Struct
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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
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temperature of -4°C or less. See F
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Today, frost resistance of brick, c
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degree of saturation, freezing will
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accelerated frost damage or frost d
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A possible objection to the present
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[17] Dührkop H., Saretok V., Sneck
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Decay potential in wood structures
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Wood decaying fungi will only be ac
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to promote decay prevails. Two of t
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Acknowledgements This paper has bee
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(a driving rain gauge), however, is
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Fig. 1. Map of Norwayshowing the lo
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Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 highest p
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interesting to compare those result
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Effects of wind exposure on roof sn
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In ISO 4355 ”Bases for design of
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variety of roofs and wind exposures
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Li and Pomeroy [13] evaluated hourl
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Fig. 5. Exposure coefficients for 3
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meteorological stations are expecte
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Many of the meteorological stations
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the ground with return period of 30
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References [1] Standards Norway. De
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