Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU

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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope performance in harsh climates: Methods for geographically dependent design Finally, overall estimates on the robustness of the Norwegian building stock and the need for local climate considerations can be assessed through analyses of statistical data on the state of buildings, and systematic analyses of experience based building defects. The Ground Property, Address and Building Register (GAB Register) provide some information on the state of different vintages of buildings. Aggregated information on material combinations, technical solutions, design, craftsmanship and location would form an ideal starting point for a “vintage model” based on the data set in the GAB register (as indicated in Paper III). Valuable information can be drawn from the year of completion alone. A relevant description of localisation could determine the climatic impacts the buildings have been exposed to, using historic weather data and geographic information systems technology (GIS). To generate the suggested vintage model it is primarily required to describe the building stock along dimensions necessary to obtain reliable estimates on how building operating costs and defect occurrence are being affected by climatic strains. The necessary degree of detail along these dimensions must be clarified, together with assessments on the amount of data necessary for single buildings. There are large inconsistencies in the data set in the GAB register, but information on building types, year of construction and geographical localisation are readily available. The aggregation of data from these buildings is a matter of data handling to be considered in parallel with the development of a vintage model. The dissertation work offers a conceptual point of departure for the development of a vintage model of the robustness of the building stock. Historic trends in the design and construction of buildings and built environments are valuable sources of information in this context. Historic weather data and statistical data from insurance companies (natural damage) could serve as an enlarged basis for such a vintage model. Building standards and design guidelines presuppose use of historic climate data. Location-specific climate data have only to a very limited extent been applied systematically for design purposes, life cycle assessments, and climate differentiation of the suitability of a given technical solution in a given climate. Projected changes in climatic conditions due to global warming will further enhance vulnerability within the construction industry and the built environment. GIS-based climate indices allowing for quantitative assessment of building envelope performance or decay potential may be a significant component in the development of risk mapping and adaptation measures to meet the future risks of climate change in different parts of the world. 24
Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope performance in harsh climates: Methods for geographically dependent design References Almås, A.J. (2005) Nye klimadata for bygningsfysisk prosjektering (New climate data for design of building enclosures, in Norwegian), Master Thesis, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim. Benestad, R.E. (2005) Climate change scenarios for northern Europe from multimodel IPCC AR4 climate simulations. Geophysical Research Letters 32. L17704. Crowley, T.J. (2000) Causes of Climate Change Over the Past 1000 Years. Science 289, 270-277. Du Plessis, C., Irurah, D.K. and Scholes, R.J (2003) The built environment and climate change in South Africa. Building Research & Information 31(3-4), 240-256. Hasselmann, K., Latif, M., Hooss, G., Azar, C., Edenhofer, O., Jaeger, C.C., Johannessen, O.M., Kemfert, C., Welp, M. and Wokaun, A. (2003) The Challenge of Long-Term Climate Change. Science 302, 1923-1925. Hertin, J., Berkhout, F., Gann, D.M. and Barlow, J. (2003) Climate change and the UK house building sector: perceptions, impacts and adaptive capacity. Building Research & Information 31(3-4), 278-290. Houghton et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ingvaldsen, T. (1994) Byggskadeomfanget i Norge (Building defects in Norway, in Norwegian). NBI Project Report 163. Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo. Karl, T.R. and Trenberth, K.E. (2003) Modern Global Climate Change. Science 302, 1719-1723. Larsson, N. (2003) Adapting to climate change in Canada. Building Research & Information 31(3-4), 231-239. McCarthy, J. J. et al. (2001) Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Mehus, J., Rolstad, A.N., Nordvik, V. and Stenstad, V. (2004) Endring i byggekvalitet : kvantitativ registrering av byggskadeomfang (Changes in building quality - Quantitative registration of amounts of building defects, in Norwegian), NBI Project Report 379, Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo. 25
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Learning from experience - an analy
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An important aspect of the programm
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Concrete walls 32 % LECA masonry 10
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construction industry, and academic
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (JAN
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greater variations (Lisø et al., 2
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Typical problem areas and recommend
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Figure 3b Recommended design of win
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Figure 7 Example showing the recomm
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Figure 11a Poor solution for a £as
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Acknowledgements This paper was wri
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Climate adapted design of masonry s
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2. Masonry defects in Norway 2.1. S
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Fig. 2. Example illustrations of th
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The presented results are in good a
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appropriate in a more severe type o
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screen in a two-stage weatherproofi
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INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIO
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The hurricane (Beaufort number 12)
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The extensive revisions of the code
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The number of buildings investigate
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As is apparent from the values in t
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climate change is now dominated by
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TABLE 3. Summary of findings Struct
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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
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temperature of -4°C or less. See F
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Today, frost resistance of brick, c
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degree of saturation, freezing will
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accelerated frost damage or frost d
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A possible objection to the present
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[17] Dührkop H., Saretok V., Sneck
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Decay potential in wood structures
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Wood decaying fungi will only be ac
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to promote decay prevails. Two of t
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Acknowledgements This paper has bee
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(a driving rain gauge), however, is
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Fig. 1. Map of Norwayshowing the lo
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Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 highest p
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interesting to compare those result
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Effects of wind exposure on roof sn
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In ISO 4355 ”Bases for design of
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variety of roofs and wind exposures
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Li and Pomeroy [13] evaluated hourl
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Fig. 5. Exposure coefficients for 3
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meteorological stations are expecte
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Many of the meteorological stations
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the ground with return period of 30
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References [1] Standards Norway. De
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