Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU

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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope performance in harsh climates: Methods for geographically dependent design
A frost decay exposure index for porous, mineral building materials Kim Robert Lisø *, a, c , Tore Kvande b , Hans Olav Hygen d , Jan Vincent Thue c and Knut Harstveit d a Norwegian Building Research Institute (NBI), P.O. Box 123 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo E-mail: kim.robert.liso@byggforsk.no, fax +47 22 96 57 25 b Norwegian Building Research Institute (NBI), Høgskoleringen 7B, N-7491 Trondheim c Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Høgskoleringen 7A, N-7491 Trondheim d Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43 Blindern, NO-0313 Oslo, Norway Abstract The disintegrative process of freezing and thawing of porous, mineral materials represents a significant challenge in the design and construction of building enclosures. In this paper we present a simple method for assessing the relative potential of a climate to accelerate frost decay based on multi-year records of daily air temperatures and rainfall, with special emphasis on masonry. Distributions of 4-day rainfall prior to days with freezing events provide quantitative information on the geographically dependent frost decay risk in porous, mineral building materials in a given climate. Data from 168 weather stations in Norway are analysed, using weather data from the reference 30-year period 1961 - 1990. Keywords: building defects, building enclosure performance, building materials, climate adaptation, climatic impact, decay, freezing, Norway. 1. Introduction Norway’s climate is extremely varied. From its southernmost point (Lindesnes) to its northernmost (North Cape) there is a span of 13 degrees of latitude, or the same as from Lindesnes to the Mediterranean Sea. Furthermore there are large variations in received solar energy during the year. The largest differences are found in Northern Norway, having midnight sun in the summer months and no sunshine at all during winter. The rugged topography of Norway is one of the main reasons for large local differences over short distances. Norway is often regarded as a cold and wet country. The country shares the same latitude as Alaska, Greenland and Siberia, but has a rather pleasant climate compared to these areas. Thanks to its westerly location, on the east side of a vast ocean, with a huge, warm and steady ocean current near its shores and a dominating southwesterly air flow from the Atlantic Ocean, Norway has a much friendlier climate than the latitude indicates. The highest annual temperatures can be found in the coastal areas of the southern and western part of Norway. Skudeneshavn (Rogaland County) on the southwest coast has an annual normal temperature of 7.7°C. In 1994, Lindesnes lighthouse (Vest-Agder County) recorded the highest annual temperature ever, with 9.4°C. When excluding uninhabited mountain areas, the coldest area throughout the year is the Finnmark Plateau. One of the stations there, Sihccajavri, has an annual normal temperature of -3.1°C. The coldest year ever was in 1893, when Kautokeino (Finnmark County) recorded an annual temperature of -5.1°C. Sihccajavri equalled this in 1985. In the mountains, large areas have an annual * Corresponding Author Page 1 of 13
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Building envelope performance asses
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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LisÖ et al. on how to cope with an
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LisÖ et al. the exposure to contin
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LisÖ et al. business premises. The
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LisÖ et al. construction industry
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Research in Building Physics, Carme
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4 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR NORW
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with large amounts of precipitation
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will most likely be worse, even wit
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Graves, H.M. & Phillipson, M.C. 200
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766 Nordvik and Lisø The topic of
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768 Nordvik and Lisø into the futu
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770 Nordvik and Lisø climate chang
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772 Nordvik and Lisø 0 Â Â = p d
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774 Nordvik and Lisø probably to a
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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cost of repairing process-induced b
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change in quality (Mehus et al., 20
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on the impacts of different climati
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different strategies: risk-based, p
Page 83 and 84: Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
Page 85 and 86: Learning from experience - an analy
Page 87 and 88: An important aspect of the programm
Page 89 and 90: Concrete walls 32 % LECA masonry 10
Page 91 and 92: construction industry, and academic
Page 93 and 94: BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (JAN
Page 95 and 96: greater variations (Lisø et al., 2
Page 97 and 98: Typical problem areas and recommend
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3b Recommended design of win
Page 101 and 102: Figure 7 Example showing the recomm
Page 103 and 104: Figure 11a Poor solution for a £as
Page 105 and 106: Acknowledgements This paper was wri
Page 107 and 108: Climate adapted design of masonry s
Page 109 and 110: 2. Masonry defects in Norway 2.1. S
Page 111 and 112: Fig. 2. Example illustrations of th
Page 113 and 114: The presented results are in good a
Page 115 and 116: appropriate in a more severe type o
Page 117 and 118: screen in a two-stage weatherproofi
Page 119 and 120: INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIO
Page 121 and 122: The hurricane (Beaufort number 12)
Page 123 and 124: The extensive revisions of the code
Page 125 and 126: The number of buildings investigate
Page 127 and 128: As is apparent from the values in t
Page 129 and 130: climate change is now dominated by
Page 131: TABLE 3. Summary of findings Struct
Page 136 and 137: temperature of -4°C or less. See F
Page 138 and 139: Today, frost resistance of brick, c
Page 140 and 141: degree of saturation, freezing will
Page 142 and 143: accelerated frost damage or frost d
Page 144 and 145: A possible objection to the present
Page 146 and 147: [17] Dührkop H., Saretok V., Sneck
Page 149 and 150: Decay potential in wood structures
Page 151 and 152: Wood decaying fungi will only be ac
Page 153 and 154: to promote decay prevails. Two of t
Page 155: Acknowledgements This paper has bee
Page 158 and 159: (a driving rain gauge), however, is
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 1. Map of Norwayshowing the lo
Page 162 and 163: Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 highest p
Page 164 and 165: interesting to compare those result
Page 167 and 168: Effects of wind exposure on roof sn
Page 169 and 170: In ISO 4355 ”Bases for design of
Page 171 and 172: variety of roofs and wind exposures
Page 173 and 174: Li and Pomeroy [13] evaluated hourl
Page 175 and 176: Fig. 5. Exposure coefficients for 3
Page 177 and 178: meteorological stations are expecte
Page 179 and 180: Many of the meteorological stations
Page 181 and 182: the ground with return period of 30
Page 183: References [1] Standards Norway. De
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