Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This paper has been written within the ongoing SINTEF Research & Development Programme “Climate 2000 - Building Constructions in a More Severe Climate” (2000 - 2006), strategic institute project “Impact of Climate Change on the Built Environment” (Lisø et al. 2005). The authors gratefully acknowledge all construction industry partners and the Research Council of Norway. A special thanks to Prof. Jan Vincent Thue, Prof. Karl Vincent Høiseth and Prof. Tore Kvande for comments on the text. REFERENCES International Organization for Standardization (1998). Bases for design on structures – Determination of snow loads on roofs, ISO 4355, 2 nd ed. 1998, International Organization for Standardization, Genève, Switzerland. Karl, T.R. and Trenberth, K.E. (2003). “Modern Global Climate Change.” Science, 302, 1719 – 1723. Lisø, K.R., Prestrud, O., Gjestvang, M., Rasmussen, F. (2000). Snølast på eksisterende tak-konstruksjoner. Tiltak for utsatte bygninger (in Norwegian), NBI Report No. O10210-1, Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, Norway. Lisø, K.R., Kvande, T. and Thue, J.V. (2005). “Climate 2000 - Building Enclosure Performance in a More Severe Climate.” Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries, the Icelandic Building Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland, 211 – 218. McCarthy, J.J. et al. (2001). Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Meløysund, V., Lisø, K.R., Siem, J. and Apeland, K. (2004). “Investigation of snow loads and wind actions on existing buildings in Norway. ”Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Snow Engineering, Davos, Switzerland, A.A. Balkema Publishers, Leiden, Netherlands, 113 – 127. National Office of Building Technology and Administration (1949). Byggeforskrifter av 15. desember 1949 utferdiget i henhold til § 6 i lov om bygningsvesenet av 22. februar 1924 (in Norwegian), National Office of Building Technology and Administration, Oslo, Norway. National Office of Building Technology and Administration et al. (1993). Orkan 1992 (in Norwegian), Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, Norway. National Office of Building Technology and Administration (2001). Råd om snø på tak, Melding HO-1/2001 (in Norwegian), National Office of Building Technology and Administration, Oslo, Norway. Siem, J., Meløysund, V., Lisø, K.R., Strandholmen, B. and Prestrud, O. (2003). Snø- og vindlaster på eksisterende bygninger. Rapport fra prosjekt 1 og 2 i FoU-programmet “Klima 2000” (in Norwegian), NBI Report No. 114, Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (1970). Beregninger av belastninger (in Norwegian), NS 3052, 1 st ed. March 1970, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (1979). Prosjektering av bygningskonstruksjoner – Dimensjonerende laster (in Norwegian), NS 3479, 1 st ed. Feb. 1979, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (1994). Amendments to NS 3479:1990 – Design of structures – Design loads (in Norwegian), NS 3479/A1, 1 st ed. May 1994, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (1999). Design of structures - Requirements to reliability (in Norwegian), NS 3490, 1 st ed. June 1999, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (2001). Design of structures - Design actions - Part 3: Snow loads (in Norwegian), NS 3491- 3, 1 st ed. March 2001, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (2002a). Design of structures - Design actions - Part 4: Wind loads (in Norwegian), NS 3491-4, 1 st ed. May 2002, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Standards Norway (2002b). Greenhouses – Design and constructions - Part 1: Commercial production (in Norwegian), NS-EN 13031-1, 1 st ed. 2002, Standards Norway, Oslo, Norway. Manuscript No. ST/2005/024694 12 of 13
TABLE 3. Summary of findings Structural calculations available? Max. utilisation ratio Changes in design wind loads Changes in design roof snow loads Wind 4) (kN/m 2 ) Snow 2) (kN/m 2 ) Max. span (m) Roof slope (º) Width/Length/Height (m) Type of building Material 1) Built (year) Wind 3) (m/s) Building Andøy 1 1989 Greenhouse Alum. 12/26/6 26 12 0.7 5) /4.5 31 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.2 Yes Andøy 2a 1979 Terminal building Timb./steel 14/45/7 15 18 4.5 31 1.5 2.0 1.2 1.5 Yes Andøy 2b 1991 4.5 31 1.5 1.3 1.1 4.0 No Bardu 1 1994 Community centre Timber 18/42/9 22 12 5.0 24 0.8 1.2 0.7 0.8 No Bardu 2 1984 Shopping centre Steel/concr. 21/-/8
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Building envelope performance asses
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Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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LisÖ et al. on how to cope with an
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LisÖ et al. the exposure to contin
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LisÖ et al. business premises. The
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LisÖ et al. construction industry
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Research in Building Physics, Carme
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4 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR NORW
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with large amounts of precipitation
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will most likely be worse, even wit
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Graves, H.M. & Phillipson, M.C. 200
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766 Nordvik and Lisø The topic of
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768 Nordvik and Lisø into the futu
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770 Nordvik and Lisø climate chang
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772 Nordvik and Lisø 0 Â Â = p d
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774 Nordvik and Lisø probably to a
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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cost of repairing process-induced b
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change in quality (Mehus et al., 20
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Page 81 and 82: different strategies: risk-based, p
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Page 85 and 86: Learning from experience - an analy
Page 87 and 88: An important aspect of the programm
Page 89 and 90: Concrete walls 32 % LECA masonry 10
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Page 93 and 94: BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (JAN
Page 95 and 96: greater variations (Lisø et al., 2
Page 97 and 98: Typical problem areas and recommend
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3b Recommended design of win
Page 101 and 102: Figure 7 Example showing the recomm
Page 103 and 104: Figure 11a Poor solution for a £as
Page 105 and 106: Acknowledgements This paper was wri
Page 107 and 108: Climate adapted design of masonry s
Page 109 and 110: 2. Masonry defects in Norway 2.1. S
Page 111 and 112: Fig. 2. Example illustrations of th
Page 113 and 114: The presented results are in good a
Page 115 and 116: appropriate in a more severe type o
Page 117 and 118: screen in a two-stage weatherproofi
Page 119 and 120: INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIO
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Page 123 and 124: The extensive revisions of the code
Page 125 and 126: The number of buildings investigate
Page 127 and 128: As is apparent from the values in t
Page 129: climate change is now dominated by
Page 134 and 135: Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
Page 136 and 137: temperature of -4°C or less. See F
Page 138 and 139: Today, frost resistance of brick, c
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Page 142 and 143: accelerated frost damage or frost d
Page 144 and 145: A possible objection to the present
Page 146 and 147: [17] Dührkop H., Saretok V., Sneck
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Page 151 and 152: Wood decaying fungi will only be ac
Page 153 and 154: to promote decay prevails. Two of t
Page 155: Acknowledgements This paper has bee
Page 158 and 159: (a driving rain gauge), however, is
Page 160 and 161: Fig. 1. Map of Norwayshowing the lo
Page 162 and 163: Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 highest p
Page 164 and 165: interesting to compare those result
Page 167 and 168: Effects of wind exposure on roof sn
Page 169 and 170: In ISO 4355 ”Bases for design of
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Page 175 and 176: Fig. 5. Exposure coefficients for 3
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Page 179 and 180: Many of the meteorological stations
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the ground with return period of 30
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References [1] Standards Norway. De
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