Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU
Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU
Acknowledgements This paper has been written within the ongoing SINTEF Building and Infrastructure Research & Development Programme “Climate 2000 – Building Constructions in a More Severe Climate” (2000 – 2006). The authors gratefully acknowledge all construction industry partners and the Research Council of Norway. References [1] Martens, D.R.W. and Vermeltfoort, A.T. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 13 th International Brick/Block Masonry Conference. Schaubroeck, Eindhoven, 2004. [2] Thompson, G. (Ed.) Masonry (9) Proceedings of the Sixth International Masonry Conference. Stoke-on-Trent: British Masonry Society, 2002. [3] Lisø, K.R., Kvande, T. and Thue, J.V. Learning from experience – an analysis of process induced building defects in Norway, 3 rd International Building Physics/Science Conference, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 2006 (accepted). [4] Lisø, K.R., Kvande, T. and Thue, J.V. High-performance weather-protective flashings. Building Research & Information 2005;33(1);41-54. [5] Ingvaldsen, T. Skader på bygg: grunnlag for systematisk måling (Building defects: A basis for systematic evaluation, in Norwegian). NBI Project Report 308. Oslo: Norwegian Building Research Institute, 2001. [6] De Jong, P. (1992) Bouwschade ter lering (I) (Lessons from defects in building industry (I), in Dutch). Cement 1992;2;26-28. [7] Kvande, T., Lisø, K.R. and Waldum, A.M. Rehabilitering av tak og teglfasader. HM Kongens Garde Huseby Leir (Rehabilitation of roofs and masonry façades. His Majesty the King’s Guard Huseby Barracks, in Norwegian). NBI Report 116. Oslo: Norwegian Building Research Institute, 2003. [8] Stirling, C. Thermal insulation: avoiding risks: a good practice guide supporting building regulations requirements. BR 262. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 2002. [9] Hens, H., Roels, S. and Desadeleer, W. Glued concrete block veneers with open head joints: rain leakage and hygrothermal performance. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Building Physics in the Nordic Countries. Reykjavik: the Icelandic Building Research Institute, 2005, p. 670-674 [10] British Standard BS 5628-3:2001 Codes of practice for use of masonry. Part 3 Materials and components, design and workmanship. London: British Standards, 2001. [11] British Standard BS 8104:1992 Code of practice for assessing exposure of walls to winddriven rain. London: British Standards, 1992. [12] Neville A.M. Properties of concrete. Essex: Prentice Hall 1995. [13] Norwegian Standard NS-EN 771-1:2003 Specification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay masonry units. Oslo: Standards Norway, 2003. [14] Hanson Brick. The specification of Hanson Bricks for Durability 2006. See www.hanson.co.uk/Products-Services/Bricks/technical/pdfs/durability.pdf [15] Edgell, G. and Haseltine, B.A. Building mortar for low rise housing, Recommendations, problems and solutions. Stoke-on-Trent: British Masonry Society, 2005. [16] Martens, D.R.W. and Vermeltfoort, A.T. The mystery of movement joints in veneer walls. Proceedings of the 9 th Canadian Masonry Symposium. New Brunswick, 2001. [17] Kvande, T. and Lisø, K.R. Regendichter Putz für gemaurte Fassaden. das Mauerwerk 2003;2;59-65. Page 12 of 12
INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIONS ON EXISTING BUILDINGS: RELIABILITY OF THE NORWEGIAN BUILDING STOCK 1 By Vivian Meløysund 2,3 , Kim Robert Lisø 2,4 , Jan Siem 5 , Kristoffer Apeland 6 ABSTRACT: Results from an investigation of snow loads and wind actions on 20 existing buildings in Norway are presented. The objective has been to investigate to what extent existing buildings meet current regulatory requirements relating to safety against collapse owing to snow loads or wind actions. 18 buildings have a utilization ratio of more than 1.0 under current regulations. The new design rules have led to most of the buildings investigated having reduced safety against collapse owing to snow loads and greater safety against collapse owing to wind actions than the regulations now demand. The investigation indicates too low reliability for a considerable number of buildings according to current building regulations, when evaluating the possible consequences of the conclusions in a national perspective. Scenarios for future climate change indicate both increased winter precipitation and increased temperatures, and thus changing the snow loads on roofs. Wind scenarios for the decades to come indicate an increase in frequencies of strong winds in areas also exposed today. Thus, the future reliability of the buildings in these areas could decrease. CE Database subject headings: bearing capacity, buildings, climatic changes, Norway, reliability, snow loads, structural design, structural safety, wind loads INTRODUCTION Background Large snow loads on roofs during the winter of 1999/2000 led to the collapse of several buildings in northern Norway. The accident at Bardufoss Community Centre, where the roof caved in and claimed three lives, was the most serious of these accidents (Fig. 1). The most important causes of this collapse were a faulty construction of the roof when the building was erected and larger snow loads on the roof than it was designed for. Earlier, many roof structures in Norway have not been designed to withstand sufficiently large snow loads, from the viewpoint of current design rules. Several roof structures in parts of the country have presumably a so low load carrying capacity in relation to the current design codes that they may 1 Preliminary results presented at the Fifth International Conference on Snow Engineering, Davos, Switzerland, July 2004, (Meløysund et al. 2004). 2 PhD fellow, SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, P.O.Box 124 Blindern, NO-0314 Oslo, Norway. E-mail: vivian.meloysund@sintef.no. 3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Structural Engineering, Richard Birkelandsvei 1 A, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 4 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Høgskoleringen 7 A, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 5 Professor, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Department of Architectural Design, History and Technology, Alfred Getz vei 3, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. 6 Dr.techn., Dr. techn. Kristoffer Apeland AS, P.O.Box 7029 Majorstuen, NO-0306 Oslo, Norway. Manuscript No. ST/2005/024694 1 of 13
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Acknowledgements<br />
This paper has been written within the ongoing SINTEF Building and Infrastructure<br />
Research & Development Programme “Climate 2000 – Building Constructions in a More<br />
Severe Climate” (2000 – 2006). The authors gratefully acknowledge all construction<br />
industry partners and the Research Council of Norway.<br />
References<br />
[1] Martens, D.R.W. and Vermeltfoort, A.T. (Eds.) Proceedings of the 13 th International<br />
Brick/Block Masonry Conference. Schaubroeck, Eindhoven, 2004.<br />
[2] Thompson, G. (Ed.) Masonry (9) Proceedings of the Sixth International Masonry<br />
Conference. Stoke-on-Trent: British Masonry Society, 2002.<br />
[3] <strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R., Kvande, T. and Thue, J.V. Learning from experience – an analysis of process<br />
induced building defects in Norway, 3 rd International Building Physics/Science<br />
Conference, Montreal, Canada, August 27-31, 2006 (accepted).<br />
[4] <strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R., Kvande, T. and Thue, J.V. High-performance weather-protective flashings.<br />
Building Research & Information 2005;33(1);41-54.<br />
[5] Ingvaldsen, T. Skader på bygg: grunnlag for systematisk måling (Building defects: A basis<br />
for systematic evaluation, in Norwegian). NBI Project Report 308. Oslo: Norwegian<br />
Building Research Institute, 2001.<br />
[6] De Jong, P. (1992) Bouwschade ter lering (I) (Lessons from defects in building industry<br />
(I), in Dutch). Cement 1992;2;26-28.<br />
[7] Kvande, T., <strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R. and Waldum, A.M. Rehabilitering av tak og teglfasader. HM<br />
Kongens Garde Huseby Leir (Rehabilitation of roofs and masonry façades. His Majesty the<br />
King’s Guard Huseby Barracks, in Norwegian). NBI Report 116. Oslo: Norwegian<br />
Building Research Institute, 2003.<br />
[8] Stirling, C. Thermal insulation: avoiding risks: a good practice guide supporting building<br />
regulations requirements. BR 262. Watford: Building Research Establishment, 2002.<br />
[9] Hens, H., Roels, S. and Desadeleer, W. Glued concrete block veneers with open head<br />
joints: rain leakage and hygrothermal performance. Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on<br />
Building Physics in the Nordic Countries. Reykjavik: the Icelandic Building Research<br />
Institute, 2005, p. 670-674<br />
[10] British Standard BS 5628-3:2001 Codes of practice for use of masonry. Part 3 Materials<br />
and components, design and workmanship. London: British Standards, 2001.<br />
[11] British Standard BS 8104:1992 Code of practice for assessing exposure of walls to winddriven<br />
rain. London: British Standards, 1992.<br />
[12] Neville A.M. Properties of concrete. Essex: Prentice Hall 1995.<br />
[13] Norwegian Standard NS-EN 771-1:2003 Specification for masonry units - Part 1: Clay<br />
masonry units. Oslo: Standards Norway, 2003.<br />
[14] Hanson Brick. The specification of Hanson Bricks for Durability 2006. See<br />
www.hanson.co.uk/Products-Services/Bricks/technical/pdfs/durability.pdf<br />
[15] Edgell, G. and Haseltine, B.A. Building mortar for low rise housing, Recommendations,<br />
problems and solutions. Stoke-on-Trent: British Masonry Society, 2005.<br />
[16] Martens, D.R.W. and Vermeltfoort, A.T. The mystery of movement joints in veneer walls.<br />
Proceedings of the 9 th Canadian Masonry Symposium. New Brunswick, 2001.<br />
[17] Kvande, T. and <strong>Lisø</strong>, K.R. Regendichter Putz für gemaurte Fassaden. das Mauerwerk<br />
2003;2;59-65.<br />
Page 12 of 12
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