Lisø PhD Dissertation Manuscript - NTNU

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LisÖ et al. Gable £ashing A flanged sheet metal covering that protects the upper side of a gable wall. Gable gutter A gutter (1) that abuts gable (see above). Parapet £ashing A flanged sheet metal covering that protects the top (and possibly sides) of a roof parapet. Ridge £ashing A flanged sheet metal covering that protects a roof ridge. Valley gutter An inclined valley gutter (1) between adjacent, sloping roof surfaces (see above). 54 Water £ange A bend in the inclined flashing (1) to facilitate insertion of the flashing into a horizontal notch (2), with a reverse bend to prevent water running underneath the flashing (see above). Weatherboard £ashing A flanged sheet metal covering (1) that conceals the weatherboard over openings in walls (e.g. over and under windows) (see above). Windowsill £ashing A flanged sheet metal covering (1) that covers the lower side of an opening in walls (e.g. under windows) (see above).
Climate adapted design of masonry structures Tore Kvande a, c ∗, b, c and Kim Robert <strong>Lisø</strong> a SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, N-7465 Trondheim E-mail: tore.kvande@sintef.no, fax +47 22 96 57 25 b SINTEF Building and Infrastructure, P.O.Box 124 Blindern, N-0314 Oslo E-mail: kim.robert.liso@sintef.no c Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<strong>NTNU</strong>), Høgskoleringen 7A, N-7491 Trondheim Abstract Empirical data on the design and performance of masonry buildings in Norway is presented, based on a comprehensive analysis of 302 process induced masonry defect assignments in the 20-year period 1983-2002. Masonry structures are considered “maintenance-free” if properly designed and constructed, and when located in dry climates with low driving rain exposure. However, solutions for a sheltered inland climate are not necessarily appropriate in more exposed climates. It is therefore of utmost importance to establish the most significant challenges concerning design of masonry structures in harsh climates. The results are a first approach towards improved design guidelines for climate adapted masonry structures. Keywords: brickwork, building defects, building envelope, building pathology, building performance, building stock, climate adaptation, climatic impact, durability, masonry, moisture, Norway 1. Background 1.1. A brief historic overview Brick and masonry walls dominate the visual landscape of the built environment in most European countries. Experience-based knowledge gained over the last few centuries has established masonry walls in relatively dry climates with low driving rain exposure as reliable and durable building envelopes. In the Scandinavian countries wood are the most common building material, and also the most common cladding material for domestic buildings in Norway – due to easy access to wood. External walls below ground level have, for domestic buildings, traditionally been carried out in LECA masonry (Light Expanded Clay Aggregate), particularly widespread in the period 1960-1990. There are few masonry houses in Norway older than 200-250 years. Most of them are to be found in cities like Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Kristiansand, Stavanger and Ålesund. There are also rather few masonry buildings in the three northernmost counties of Norway. Nevertheless, masonry has a longestablished and natural place also in Norwegian building traditions. Legislation and building regulation has undoubtedly had a major influence on the historical development of masonry structures in several European countries from the middle age until the beginning of the 20 th century, great city fires being one of the most ∗ Corresponding author Page 1 of 12
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Building envelope performance asses
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BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
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LisÖ et al. on how to cope with an
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LisÖ et al. the exposure to contin
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LisÖ et al. business premises. The
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LisÖ et al. construction industry
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Research in Building Physics, Carme
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4 CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS FOR NORW
Page 55 and 56: with large amounts of precipitation
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Page 62 and 63: 766 Nordvik and Lisø The topic of
Page 64 and 65: 768 Nordvik and Lisø into the futu
Page 66 and 67: 770 Nordvik and Lisø climate chang
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Page 70 and 71: 774 Nordvik and Lisø probably to a
Page 73 and 74: BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (200
Page 75 and 76: cost of repairing process-induced b
Page 77 and 78: change in quality (Mehus et al., 20
Page 79 and 80: on the impacts of different climati
Page 81 and 82: different strategies: risk-based, p
Page 83 and 84: Lisø, K.R./ Building envelope perf
Page 85 and 86: Learning from experience - an analy
Page 87 and 88: An important aspect of the programm
Page 89 and 90: Concrete walls 32 % LECA masonry 10
Page 91 and 92: construction industry, and academic
Page 93 and 94: BUILDING RESEARCH &INFORMATION (JAN
Page 95 and 96: greater variations (Lisø et al., 2
Page 97 and 98: Typical problem areas and recommend
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3b Recommended design of win
Page 101 and 102: Figure 7 Example showing the recomm
Page 103 and 104: Figure 11a Poor solution for a £as
Page 105: Acknowledgements This paper was wri
Page 109 and 110: 2. Masonry defects in Norway 2.1. S
Page 111 and 112: Fig. 2. Example illustrations of th
Page 113 and 114: The presented results are in good a
Page 115 and 116: appropriate in a more severe type o
Page 117 and 118: screen in a two-stage weatherproofi
Page 119 and 120: INCREASED SNOW LOADS AND WIND ACTIO
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Page 127 and 128: As is apparent from the values in t
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Page 131: TABLE 3. Summary of findings Struct
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Page 136 and 137: temperature of -4°C or less. See F
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Page 144 and 145: A possible objection to the present
Page 146 and 147: [17] Dührkop H., Saretok V., Sneck
Page 149 and 150: Decay potential in wood structures
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(a driving rain gauge), however, is
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Fig. 1. Map of Norwayshowing the lo
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Frequency 25 20 15 10 5 0 highest p
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interesting to compare those result
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Effects of wind exposure on roof sn
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In ISO 4355 ”Bases for design of
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variety of roofs and wind exposures
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Li and Pomeroy [13] evaluated hourl
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Fig. 5. Exposure coefficients for 3
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meteorological stations are expecte
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Many of the meteorological stations
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the ground with return period of 30
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References [1] Standards Norway. De
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