Franz Brentano_The True and the Evident.pdf

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70 The True and the Evident non-existence of a carnivorous horse. I had asked, then, whether this non-existence of a carnivorous horse is a universal having exemplifications in different places—say, one of them in Prague and another in Zurich—or whether it is itself an individual. I received no definite answer, but I gather that there was some inclination towards the latter view. I was then led to ask whether that individual which is the non-being of a carnivorous horse includes among its parts the non-being of a carnivorous stallion, and whether the latter individual, in turn, includes the non-being of a carnivorous Arab stallion. These questions could be answered only in the affirmative. Then I asked about the nature of these parts. Are they to be thought of as a part of a continuum, or as parts of a definition pertaining to an individual, or as marks which, belonging to a complicated idea, are included in the thought of the whole? Each of these alternatives was patently absurd, and it turned out that one had to appeal to still more fictions, making it obvious that the whole thing is a monstrous confusion. And there are still other difficulties: if there is the non-being of a carnivorous horse, then there is also the non-being of a winged horse, in which case the non-being of a winged, carnivorous horse would have to be a part of each of these two individuals. But it would be childish to press this dialectic any further; half of what has been said is enough to show that one has become lost in a realm of chimeras. As for the other point you touch upon, I continue to feel that we have not yet understood each other. Neither you nor any other sound thinker would say that, because someone happens to think about a thing, the thing therefore may be said to exist, in the strict or proper sense of “exist”. Gorgias refuted the view by saying that, if it were true, then there would be a chariot battle at sea as soon as he thought about one. On the other hand, Marty certainly did not want to deny that there is one ordinary linguistic usage in which we may say that, if a person thinks about something, then that thing exists “as thought by him” or “in his mind”. But he felt it necessary to warn against confusing the “being” that a thing is supposed to have “in the mind”, with “being” in the primary sense. “Being in the mind” is simply “being thought”, and what does not exist in the strict or proper sense is capable of being thought, provided that there is someone who thinks about it. As for relations and relative determinations, Aristotle paved the way for the distinction by means of still another distinction he had made in his theory of relations. He divided relations into three classes: comparative, causal, and intentional. He said of the first two that a real relation corresponds to a real correlative. If Caius is taller than Titus, then there exists not only the taller, but also the shorter; if one thing causes something else, then there exists—in the primary sense—not only that which is causing, but also that which is affected. But when something is merely thought of, then the thinker exists in the strict sense but that which is thought does not. When Aristotle made these distinctions, however, he did not take note of the following: not only do we compare things in the present with other things in the present; we can also compare things which exist in the present with things which have existed in the past or with things which will exist in the future. I can say, not only that Caius is taller than Titus is now, but also that Caius is taller than Titus was a year ago, and that he is taller than Titus will be a year from now. It is only when I compare Caius now with Titus now that the language allows me to say simply, Caius is taller than Titus. Only in this case does the correlative exist as well as the relative. When we say that Titus was smaller than Caius now is, the correlative is something which formerly existed; when we say that, in a year from now, Titus will be smaller than Caius is now, the correlative
Contents of Judgement, Propositions, Objectives, States of Affairs 71 is something which will exist. Let us note, moreover, that a thing may be compared with something that is merely thought about, or with something that is judged about, whether truly or falsely, or with something that is hoped or feared. For example: “The damage is less than I thought it was”. We have a similar situation when one says that the number of discernible stars is less than a million: here one is thinking, not of a million real things but of a concept which has a familiar place in the decimal system. If the Aristotelian theory of relations is developed in this way, then the difficulty which gave rise to the distinction between relations and relative determinations disappears completely. In Friendship, Yours, F.B.
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Routledge Revivals The True and the
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Translated from the German WAHREIT
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x Contents To Anton Marty, 2 Septem
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xii Preface fortune to be able to c
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INTRODUCTION by OSKAR KRAUS I. ON T
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xvi Introduction to the confusion.*
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xviii Introduction of view—just a
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xx Introduction 9. The dictations o
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xxii Introduction These irrealia, o
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xxiv Introduction 13. Ehrenfels has
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xxvi Introduction The motivation be
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I ON THE CONCEPT OF TRUTH (Lecture
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4 The True and the Evident 9. What,
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6 The True and the Evident 16. In t
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8 The True and the Evident No furth
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10 The True and the Evident of cert
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12 The True and the Evident this ex
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14 The True and the Evident be give
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16 The True and the Evident referen
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II BEING IN THE SENSE OF THE TRUE (
Page 42 and 43: III DESCARTES’ CLASSIFICATION OF
Page 44 and 45: 22 The True and the Evident somethi
Page 46 and 47: 24 The True and the Evident Psychol
Page 48 and 49: 26 The True and the Evident Unfortu
Page 50 and 51: 28 The True and the Evident logicia
Page 52 and 53: 30 The True and the Evident which i
Page 54 and 55: 32 The True and the Evident There i
Page 56 and 57: 34 The True and the Evident Are we
Page 58 and 59: 36 The True and the Evident way. On
Page 60 and 61: 38 The True and the Evident It is c
Page 62 and 63: 40 The True and the Evident is basi
Page 64 and 65: Part Two TRANSITION TO THE LATER VI
Page 66 and 67: 44 The True and the Evident concept
Page 68 and 69: 46 The True and the Evident 13. But
Page 70 and 71: 48 The True and the Evident each of
Page 72 and 73: 50 The True and the Evident 8. Such
Page 74 and 75: I ON THE SO-CALLED “IMMANENT OR I
Page 76 and 77: II ENS RATIONIS AND ENS IRREALE To
Page 78 and 79: III IN OPPOSITION TO THE SO-CALLED
Page 80 and 81: 58 The True and the Evident When do
Page 82 and 83: 60 The True and the Evident I have
Page 84 and 85: 62 The True and the Evident the con
Page 86 and 87: 64 The True and the Evident to supp
Page 88 and 89: 66 The True and the Evident degree
Page 90 and 91: 68 The True and the Evident concept
Page 94 and 95: Part Four THE LATER VIEW AS SET FOR
Page 96 and 97: 74 The True and the Evident 6. And
Page 98 and 99: 76 The True and the Evident 14. Any
Page 100 and 101: II ON THE MEANING OF “VERITAS EST
Page 102 and 103: 80 The True and the Evident that re
Page 104 and 105: 82 The True and the Evident in whic
Page 106 and 107: 84 The True and the Evident would s
Page 108 and 109: 86 The True and the Evident 6. If e
Page 110 and 111: VI ON THE EVIDENT (Fragment of 12 J
Page 112 and 113: APPENDICES
Page 114 and 115: 92 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
Page 116 and 117: 94 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
Page 118 and 119: 2 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ERRONEOUS DO
Page 120 and 121: NOTES by Oskar Kraus
Page 122 and 123: 100 Notes between saying (i) that i
Page 124 and 125: 102 Notes and futural thinking are
Page 126 and 127: 104 Notes 20 Later Brentano declare
Page 128 and 129: 106 Notes he held instead that the
Page 130 and 131: 108 Notes any kind of a thing, and
Page 132 and 133: 110 Notes given in some way or othe
Page 134 and 135: 112 Notes 15 “Meaning” is here
Page 136 and 137: 114 Notes The Rehmke school refuses
Page 138 and 139: 116 Notes in the sentence “The tr
Page 140 and 141: 118 Notes 24 Compare the letter abo
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120 Notes 39 Brentano’s expressio
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122 Notes these consequences, which
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124 Notes someone who is judging wi
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126 Notes 4 Brentano’s hope of le
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INDEX abstracta, 63-4, 71, 162, 178
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130 Index Husserl, E., xv, xvi, xvi
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132 Index propositions; see content
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