Franz Brentano_The True and the Evident.pdf

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x Contents To Anton Marty, 2 September, 1906 To Oskar Kraus, 6 September, 1909 To Oskar Kraus, 24 September, 1909 To Oskar Kraus, 25 September, 1909 To Oskar Kraus, 11 October, 1909 To Oskar Kraus, 31 October, 1914 To Oskar Kraus, 8 November, 1914 To Oskar Kraus, 16 November, 1914 To Franz Hillebrand, 25 February, 1911 To Franz Hillebrand, 21 May, 1916 PART FOUR: THE LATER VIEW AS SET FORTH IN ESSAYS I. On the Existence of Contents and the Doctrine of the Adaequatio Rei et Intellectus (20 November, 1914) II. On the Meaning of “Veritas est Adaequatio Rei et Intellectus” (11 May, 1915) III. On the Thesis: “Veritas est Adaequatio Rei et Intellectus” (5 March, 1915) 81 IV. Reflections on the Theory of the Evident (8 July, 1915) 83 V. The Evident (9 July, 1915) 85 VI On the Evident (Fragment of 12 July, 1915) 88 APPENDICES I. On the General Validity of Truth and the Basic Mistakes in a so-called “Phenomenology” (From Letters to E.Husserl, 1905) II. On the Origin of the Erroneous Doctrine of Entia Irrealia (Notes taken by A.Kastil, May 1914) Notes by Oskar Kraus Index 128 73 78 91 96 98
PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION Franz Brentano’s Wahrheit und Evidenz, edited by Oskar Kraus of the University of Prague, was first published in 1930 by Felix Meiner at Leipzig. Professor Kraus compiled and edited the material and contributed an Introduction as well as extensive explanatory notes. The Introduction and notes are included in the present edition with certain minor alterations. No further introduction is needed, but certain features of the translation require brief comment. Brentano divides mental phenomena, or states of consciousness, into three fundamental classes: Vorstelkn, Urteilen, and Gemütstätigkeiten, identifying these classes with what Descartes had called “ideas” (ideae), “judgements”, and “volitions or affections”. The most natural translation of “Vorstellung”, therefore, is “idea”, but “presentation” and “thought” are sometimes also used. The verb “vorstellen” is more difficult; it is here translated variously as “to think of”, “to contemplate”, and “to have before the mind”. According to Brentano’s later view, set forth in Parts Three and Four, our states of consciousness take only realia as their objects. Realia is to be understood in contrast with irrealia—the pseudo-objects (according to Brentano) which may seem to be designated by such expressions as “the existence of God”, “the non-being of the round square”, “Socrates being mortal”, “that Socrates is mortal”, “redness”, “the absence of food”, and “nothing”. A man who is thinking about a unicorn, however, is thinking about ein Reales, despite the fact that unicorns do not exist or have any other kind of being or reality. Hence “realities” and “real entities” are to be avoided as translations of realia and of the various German words (e.g. Realitäten) which Brentano uses as synonyms. “Things” would seem to be the best translation; “concrete things” has been avoided because it is not adequate for the expression of certain parts of Brentano’s theory of categories. Judgements, then, have only things or realia as their objects, and not so-called “propositions” or “states of affairs”. The theist, for example, accepts or affirms God, and not the existence of God or the proposition that God exists. Brentano, therefore, does not use that-clauses or other propositional objects with his two verbs “anerkennen” and “leugnen”; these verbs are here translated by means of the disjunctive expressions, “accept or affirm” and “reject or deny”. Judgements and feelings, according to Brentano, are either correct (richtig) or incorrect. And of those judgements and feelings that are correct, some are also als richtig charakterisiert. Since a literal translation of the latter expression would be entirely misleading, “seen to be correct” has been used instead. By reference to those judgements which the subject “sees to be correct”, Brentano constructs his theory of the true and the evident. The first selection in Part One and the notes that accompany it were translated in collaboration with Prof. Kurt R.Fischer of Mill’s College, and the remainder in collaboration with Mrs Ilse Politzer of Providence, R.I. In preparing the final version, I have had the good
Page 2 and 3: Routledge Revivals The True and the
Page 4 and 5: Translated from the German WAHREIT
Page 8 and 9: xii Preface fortune to be able to c
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION by OSKAR KRAUS I. ON T
Page 12 and 13: xvi Introduction to the confusion.*
Page 14 and 15: xviii Introduction of view—just a
Page 16 and 17: xx Introduction 9. The dictations o
Page 18 and 19: xxii Introduction These irrealia, o
Page 20 and 21: xxiv Introduction 13. Ehrenfels has
Page 22 and 23: xxvi Introduction The motivation be
Page 24 and 25: I ON THE CONCEPT OF TRUTH (Lecture
Page 26 and 27: 4 The True and the Evident 9. What,
Page 28 and 29: 6 The True and the Evident 16. In t
Page 30 and 31: 8 The True and the Evident No furth
Page 32 and 33: 10 The True and the Evident of cert
Page 34 and 35: 12 The True and the Evident this ex
Page 36 and 37: 14 The True and the Evident be give
Page 38 and 39: 16 The True and the Evident referen
Page 40 and 41: II BEING IN THE SENSE OF THE TRUE (
Page 42 and 43: III DESCARTES’ CLASSIFICATION OF
Page 44 and 45: 22 The True and the Evident somethi
Page 46 and 47: 24 The True and the Evident Psychol
Page 48 and 49: 26 The True and the Evident Unfortu
Page 50 and 51: 28 The True and the Evident logicia
Page 52 and 53: 30 The True and the Evident which i
Page 54 and 55: 32 The True and the Evident There i
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34 The True and the Evident Are we
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36 The True and the Evident way. On
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38 The True and the Evident It is c
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40 The True and the Evident is basi
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Part Two TRANSITION TO THE LATER VI
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44 The True and the Evident concept
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46 The True and the Evident 13. But
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48 The True and the Evident each of
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50 The True and the Evident 8. Such
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I ON THE SO-CALLED “IMMANENT OR I
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II ENS RATIONIS AND ENS IRREALE To
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III IN OPPOSITION TO THE SO-CALLED
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58 The True and the Evident When do
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60 The True and the Evident I have
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62 The True and the Evident the con
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64 The True and the Evident to supp
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66 The True and the Evident degree
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68 The True and the Evident concept
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70 The True and the Evident non-exi
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Part Four THE LATER VIEW AS SET FOR
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74 The True and the Evident 6. And
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76 The True and the Evident 14. Any
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II ON THE MEANING OF “VERITAS EST
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80 The True and the Evident that re
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82 The True and the Evident in whic
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84 The True and the Evident would s
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86 The True and the Evident 6. If e
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VI ON THE EVIDENT (Fragment of 12 J
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APPENDICES
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92 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
Page 116 and 117:
94 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
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2 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ERRONEOUS DO
Page 120 and 121:
NOTES by Oskar Kraus
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100 Notes between saying (i) that i
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102 Notes and futural thinking are
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104 Notes 20 Later Brentano declare
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106 Notes he held instead that the
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108 Notes any kind of a thing, and
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110 Notes given in some way or othe
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112 Notes 15 “Meaning” is here
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114 Notes The Rehmke school refuses
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116 Notes in the sentence “The tr
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118 Notes 24 Compare the letter abo
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120 Notes 39 Brentano’s expressio
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122 Notes these consequences, which
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124 Notes someone who is judging wi
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126 Notes 4 Brentano’s hope of le
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INDEX abstracta, 63-4, 71, 162, 178
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130 Index Husserl, E., xv, xvi, xvi
Page 154 and 155:
132 Index propositions; see content
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