Franz Brentano_The True and the Evident.pdf

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II BEING IN THE SENSE OF THE TRUE (Fragment. Written not later than 1902) 1. In distinguishing the various senses of being, Aristotle contrasts a being in the sense of a thing—a substance and its properties—and being in the sense of the true, of that which is the case. 2. The latter concept requires clarification. 3. The two concepts do not exclude each other. Quite to the contrary: a thing has being only if it is the case that there is such a thing. Every object that there is, to the extent that it is, is a being in the sense of the true; there can be no thing which is not a being in the sense of the true…. 4. There are those who doubt whether there are any objects other than things. But this doubt is easily set aside. In thinking about things, our mind forms various concepts of which a part are fictions, to which nothing corresponds—for example, when we form the concept of a golden mountain or, even more to the point, the concept of a wooden flat-iron. There is no golden mountain, and it is completely impossible that there be such a thing as a wooden flat-iron. But to another part of these concepts, something does correspond. For if we consider the concepts of being golden, or of a mountain, or of being wood, or of a flat-iron, we may say that there actually are mountains and flat-irons and things which are golden and things which are wood. One might think this: that since the mind has formed these concepts in its concern with things, every concept to which something corresponds must be the concept of some thing. But we can readily see that this is not the case throughout. Consider the following example. We form with respect to ourselves the concept of a thinking being whose thought is directed upon a certain object A. The concept of this object A, like that of the person who is thinking, is the concept of a thing. We may also say of this thing A that it is an object which is contemplated or thought about. It is just as true that this A is a contemplated A [ein gedachtes A] as it is that this A is an actual A, existing in reality. A can cease to be actual and yet continue to be thought about—so long as the thinking person does in fact think about it. And conversely it can cease to be thought about—if the person stops thinking about it—and yet continue to be actual. In contrasting the A which is contemplated or thought about with the A which is actual, are we saying that the contemplated A is itself nothing actual or true? By no means! The contemplated A can be something actual and true without being an actual A. It is an actual contemplated A and therefore—since this comes to the same thing—it is an actual
Being in the Sense of the True 19 contemplated A which may be contrasted with a mere contemplated contemplated A. (One may think that someone is thinking about an A.) There cannot be anyone who contemplates an A unless there is a contemplated A; and conversely. But we must not infer from this fact that the one who is thinking about the A is identical with the A which he is thinking about. The two concepts are not identical, but they are correlative. 29 Neither one can correspond to anything in reality unless the other does as well. But only one of these is the concept of a thing—the concept of something which can act and be acted upon. The second is the concept of a being which is only a sort of accompaniment to the first; when the first thing comes into being, and when it ceases to be, then so too does the second. Thus it is incorrect to say that there are only things. For we may also form a concept of something else to which something in reality corresponds. But in the example we have considered (and the same would be true of any other example) the assertion of this something else affirms nothing which may not also be expressed in judgements which do refer to things. For the judgement “There is a contemplated A” is equivalent to “There is something which thinks about an A”. 30
Page 2 and 3: Routledge Revivals The True and the
Page 4 and 5: Translated from the German WAHREIT
Page 6 and 7: x Contents To Anton Marty, 2 Septem
Page 8 and 9: xii Preface fortune to be able to c
Page 10 and 11: INTRODUCTION by OSKAR KRAUS I. ON T
Page 12 and 13: xvi Introduction to the confusion.*
Page 14 and 15: xviii Introduction of view—just a
Page 16 and 17: xx Introduction 9. The dictations o
Page 18 and 19: xxii Introduction These irrealia, o
Page 20 and 21: xxiv Introduction 13. Ehrenfels has
Page 22 and 23: xxvi Introduction The motivation be
Page 24 and 25: I ON THE CONCEPT OF TRUTH (Lecture
Page 26 and 27: 4 The True and the Evident 9. What,
Page 28 and 29: 6 The True and the Evident 16. In t
Page 30 and 31: 8 The True and the Evident No furth
Page 32 and 33: 10 The True and the Evident of cert
Page 34 and 35: 12 The True and the Evident this ex
Page 36 and 37: 14 The True and the Evident be give
Page 38 and 39: 16 The True and the Evident referen
Page 42 and 43: III DESCARTES’ CLASSIFICATION OF
Page 44 and 45: 22 The True and the Evident somethi
Page 46 and 47: 24 The True and the Evident Psychol
Page 48 and 49: 26 The True and the Evident Unfortu
Page 50 and 51: 28 The True and the Evident logicia
Page 52 and 53: 30 The True and the Evident which i
Page 54 and 55: 32 The True and the Evident There i
Page 56 and 57: 34 The True and the Evident Are we
Page 58 and 59: 36 The True and the Evident way. On
Page 60 and 61: 38 The True and the Evident It is c
Page 62 and 63: 40 The True and the Evident is basi
Page 64 and 65: Part Two TRANSITION TO THE LATER VI
Page 66 and 67: 44 The True and the Evident concept
Page 68 and 69: 46 The True and the Evident 13. But
Page 70 and 71: 48 The True and the Evident each of
Page 72 and 73: 50 The True and the Evident 8. Such
Page 74 and 75: I ON THE SO-CALLED “IMMANENT OR I
Page 76 and 77: II ENS RATIONIS AND ENS IRREALE To
Page 78 and 79: III IN OPPOSITION TO THE SO-CALLED
Page 80 and 81: 58 The True and the Evident When do
Page 82 and 83: 60 The True and the Evident I have
Page 84 and 85: 62 The True and the Evident the con
Page 86 and 87: 64 The True and the Evident to supp
Page 88 and 89: 66 The True and the Evident degree
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68 The True and the Evident concept
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70 The True and the Evident non-exi
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Part Four THE LATER VIEW AS SET FOR
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74 The True and the Evident 6. And
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76 The True and the Evident 14. Any
Page 100 and 101:
II ON THE MEANING OF “VERITAS EST
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80 The True and the Evident that re
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82 The True and the Evident in whic
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84 The True and the Evident would s
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86 The True and the Evident 6. If e
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VI ON THE EVIDENT (Fragment of 12 J
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APPENDICES
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92 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
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94 Appendix 1: On the General Valid
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2 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE ERRONEOUS DO
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NOTES by Oskar Kraus
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100 Notes between saying (i) that i
Page 124 and 125:
102 Notes and futural thinking are
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104 Notes 20 Later Brentano declare
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106 Notes he held instead that the
Page 130 and 131:
108 Notes any kind of a thing, and
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110 Notes given in some way or othe
Page 134 and 135:
112 Notes 15 “Meaning” is here
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114 Notes The Rehmke school refuses
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116 Notes in the sentence “The tr
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118 Notes 24 Compare the letter abo
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120 Notes 39 Brentano’s expressio
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122 Notes these consequences, which
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124 Notes someone who is judging wi
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126 Notes 4 Brentano’s hope of le
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INDEX abstracta, 63-4, 71, 162, 178
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130 Index Husserl, E., xv, xvi, xvi
Page 154 and 155:
132 Index propositions; see content
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